Convolutional neural network-based segmentation network applied to image recognition of angiodysplasias lesion under capsule endoscopy

BACKGROUND Small intestinal vascular malformations(angiodysplasias)are common causes of small intestinal bleeding.While capsule endoscopy has become the primary diagnostic method for angiodysplasia,manual reading of the entire gastrointestinal tract is time-consuming and requires a heavy workload,which affects the accuracy of diagnosis.AIM To evaluate whether artificial intelligence can assist the diagnosis and increase the detection rate of angiodysplasias in the small intestine,achieve automatic disease detection,and shorten the capsule endoscopy(CE)reading time.METHODS A convolutional neural network semantic segmentation model with a feature fusion method,which automatically recognizes the category of vascular dysplasia under CE and draws the lesion contour,thus improving the efficiency and accuracy of identifying small intestinal vascular malformation lesions,was proposed.Resnet-50 was used as the skeleton network to design the fusion mechanism,fuse the shallow and depth features,and classify the images at the pixel level to achieve the segmentation and recognition of vascular dysplasia.The training set and test set were constructed and compared with PSPNet,Deeplab3+,and UperNet.RESULTS The test set constructed in the study achieved satisfactory results,where pixel accuracy was 99%,mean intersection over union was 0.69,negative predictive value was 98.74%,and positive predictive value was 94.27%.The model parameter was 46.38 M,the float calculation was 467.2 G,and the time length to segment and recognize a picture was 0.6 s.CONCLUSION Constructing a segmentation network based on deep learning to segment and recognize angiodysplasias lesions is an effective and feasible method for diagnosing angiodysplasias lesions.

Tranexamic acid may be a useful pharmacotherapy for endoscopically resistant small bowel angiodysplasia

Small bowel angiodysplasia(SBAD)is reported to account for nearly 50%of cases of small bowel bleeding.When SBAD occurs frequently,it is difficult to treat all the angiodysplasias endoscopically,and gastrointestinal bleeding often recurs.Hormone therapy,somatostatin analogs,thalidomide and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-neutralizing antibodies have been reported to reduce gastrointestinal angiodysplasia(GIAD)bleeding.However,there is no strong evidence to recommend them.Also,there are no guidelines for their use.Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia(HHT)is a hereditary disease caused by abnormalities in VEGF,resulting in multiple GIADs.A treatment guideline has been created for GIAD in HHT,and the use of tranexamic acid,an antifibrinolytic agent,is the first recommendation pharmacotherapy for GIAD with gastrointestinal bleeding that is difficult to treat endoscopically.It has been reported that fibrinolysis is accelerated in GIAD patients who are not HHT,similar to HHT patients.The use of tranexamic acid for gastric antral vascular ectasia in GIAD has been reported to be useful.However,there are very few reports of its use for SBAD.There are concerns with tranexamic acid use regarding the development of thrombosis/embolism,but there are few reports of such side effects.Future clinical trials including tranexamic acid for SBAD are desired.

Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of gastrointestinal angiodysplasias: A critical review and view points

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasias (GIADs), also called angioectasias, are the most frequent vascular lesions. Its precise prevalence is unknown since most of them are asymptomatic. However, the incidence may be increasing since GIADs affect individuals aged more than 60 years and population life expectancy is globally increasing worldwide. They are responsible of about 5% to 10% of all gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) cases. Most GIADs are placed in small bowel, where are the cause of 50 to 60% of obscure GIB diagnosed with video capsule endoscopy. They may be the cause of fatal severe bleeding episodes;nevertheless, recurrent overt or occult bleeding episodes requiring repeated expensive treatments and disturbing patient’s quality-of-life are more frequently observed. Diagnosis and treatment of GIADs (particularly those placed in small bowel) are a great challenge due to insidious disease behavior, inaccessibility to affected sites and limitations of available diagnostic procedures. Hemorrhagic causality out of the actively bleeding lesions detected by diagnostic procedures may be difficult to establish. No treatment guidelines are currently available, so there is a high variability in the management of these patients. In this review, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of GIADs and the status in the diagnosis and treatment, with special emphasis on small bowel angiodysplasias based on multiple publications, are critically discussed. In addition, a classification of GIADs based on their endoscopic characteristics is proposed. Finally, some aspects that need to be clarified in future research studies are highlighted.

Secondary angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease: Results from the nationwide inpatient sample

BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease is associated with angiodysplasia of gastrointestinal tract leading to increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.AIM To determine the nationwide prevalence,trends,predictors and resource utilization of angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease hospitalizations.METHODS The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2009 to 2014,was utilized to conduct a retrospective study on patients with angiodysplasia associatedgastrointestinal bleeding and end-stage renal disease.Hospitalizations with endstage renal disease were included in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database and a subset of hospitalizations with end-stage renal disease and angiodysplasiaassociated gastrointestinal bleeding were identified with International Classification of Diseases,9th revision,Clinical Modification codes for both endstage renal disease(585.6)and angiodysplasia(569.85,537.83).RESULTS The prevalence of angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding was 0.45%(n=24709)among all end-stage renal disease patients(n=5505252)that were hospitalized.Multivariate analysis indicated that the following were significant factors associated with higher odds of angiodysplasia associated-gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease patients:an increasing trend from 2009-2014(P<0.01),increasing age(P<0.0001);African American race(P=0.0206);increasing Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity Index(P<0.01);hypertension(P<0.0001);and tobacco use(P<0.0001).Diabetes mellitus(P<0.0001)was associated with lower odds of angiodysplasia associated-gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease patients.In comparison with urban teaching hospitals,rural and urban nonteaching hospitals were associated with decreased odds of angiodysplasia associated-gastrointestinal hemorrhage.CONCLUSION Angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal disease patients showed an increasing trend from 2009-2014.Advanced age,African American race,overall high comorbidities,hypertension and smoking were significant factors for angiodysplasia-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in bleeding in these patients.

Assessment of serum angiogenic factors as a diagnostic aid for small bowel angiodysplasia in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and anaemia

AIM To assess the use of serum levels of angiopoietin-1(Ang1), Ang2 and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNFα) as predictive factors for small bowel angiodysplasia(SBA).METHODS Serum samples were collected from patients undergoing capsule endoscopy for any cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding(OGIB) or anaemia. Based on small bowel findings patients were divided into 3 groups:(1) SBA;(2) other bleeding causes; and(3) normal, according to diagnosis. Using ELISA technique we measured serum levels of Ang1, Ang2 and TNFα and compared mean and median levels between the groups based on small bowel diagnosis. Using receiver operator curve analysis we determined whether any of the factors were predictive of SBA.RESULTS Serum samples were collected from a total of 120 patients undergoing capsule endoscopy for OGIB or anaemia: 40 with SBA, 40 with other causes of small bowel bleeding, and 40 with normal small bowel findings. Mean and median serum levels were measured and compared between groups; patients with SBA had significantly higher median serum levels of Ang2(3759 pg/mL) compared to both other groups, with no significant differences in levels of Ang1 or TNFα based on diagnosis. There were no differences in Ang2 levels between the other bleeding causes(2261 pg/mL) and normal(2620pg/mL) groups. Using Receiver Operator Curve analysis, an Ang2 level of > 2600 pg/mL was found to be predictive of SBA, with an area under the curve of 0.7. Neither Ang1 or TNFα were useful as predictive markers.CONCLUSION Elevations in serum Ang2 are specific for SBA and not driven by other causes of bleeding and anaemia. Further work will determine whether Ang2 is useful as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for SBA.

Angiodysplasia Presenting with Multiple Polypoid Lesions: An Unusual Cause of Small Bowel Obstruction

Angiodysplasia (AD), a morphologic vascular abnormality, is a common cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. We present a rare case of polypoid AD lesions. Three years after treatment for adhesive bowel obstruction, a 57-year-old man was admitted with recurrent abdominal distension, anorexia, and lower extremity edema. Computed tomography showed his dilated proximal and collapsed distal small bowel loops had disparate calibers. The transition point demonstrated mucosal enhancement and mesenteric lymphadenopathy. We observed small intestinal wall outpouching with strong mucosal enhancement and polypoid lesions dotting the dilated intestine. Intraoperative findings revealed a hard but elastic intraluminal nodule causing small bowel obstruction and the outpouching’s occurrence on the ileum’s antimesenteric border. We performed partial resection of the small intestine involving the nodule and Meckel’s diverticulum. Macroscopically, the nodule, diverticulum, and intestinal mucosa had polypoid lesions. Histopathologically, these lesions had foci within dilated thin- or thick-walled vascular channels in the submucosa, without specific histological abnormalities. These features led to a diagnosis of AD.

Artificial intelligence as a means to improve recognition of gastrointestinal angiodysplasia in video capsule endoscopy

Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia(GIAD)is defined as the pathological process where blood vessels,typically venules and capillaries,become engorged,tortuous and thin walled–which then form arteriovenous connections within the mucosal and submucosal layers of the gastrointestinal tract.GIADs are a significant cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and are the main cause for suspected small bowel bleeding.To make the diagnosis,gastroenterologists rely on the use of video capsule endoscopy(VCE)to“target”GIAD.However,the use of VCE can be cumbersome secondary to reader fatigue,suboptimal preparation,and difficulty in distinguishing images.The human eye is imperfect.The same capsule study read by two different readers are noted to have miss rates like other forms of endoscopy.Artificial intelligence(AI)has been a means to bridge the gap between human imperfection and recognition of GIAD.The use of AI in VCE have shown that detection has improved,however the other burdens and limitations still need to be addressed.The use of AI for the diagnosis of GIAD shows promise and the changes needed to enhance the current practice of VCE are near.

Gastric angiodysplasia in a hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 patient

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia(HHT)is a rare autosomal-dominantly inherited disease that occurs in approximately one in 5000 to 8000 people.Clinical diagnosis of HHT is made when a person presents three of the following four criteria:family history,recurrent nosebleeds,mucocutaneous telangiectasis,and arteriovenous malformations(AVM)in the brain,lung,liver and gastrointestinal(GI)tract.Although epistaxis is themost common presenting symptom,AVMs affecting the lungs,brain and GI tract provoke a more serious outcome.Heterozygous mutations in endoglin,activin receptor-like kinase 1(ACVRL1;ALK1),and SMAD4,the genes involved in the transforming growth factor-βfamily signaling cascade,cause HHT.We report here the case of a 63 year-old male patient who presented melena and GI bleeding episodes,proven to be caused by bleeding from multiple gastric angiodysplasia.Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed multiple angiodysplasia throughout the stomach.Endoscopic argon plasma coagulation was performed to control bleeding from a gastric angiodysplasia.The patient has been admitted several times with episodes of hemoptysis and hematochezia.One year ago,the patient was hospitalized due to right-sided weakness,which was caused by left basal ganglia hemorrhage as the part of HHT presentation.In family history,the patient's mother and elder sister had died,due to intracranial hemorrhage,and his eldest son has been suffered from recurrent epistaxis for 20 years.A genetic study revealed a mutation in exon 3 of ALK1(c.199C>T;p.Arg67Trp)in the proband and his eldest son presenting epistaxis.

Challenges in Diagnosing and Managing Dieulafoy’s Lesions: A Case Report Highlighting the Importance of Clinical Suspicion and Multidisciplinary Approach in Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding remains a significant cause of hospital admissions. Even though the incidence of peptic ulcer disease and gastritis is decreasing, the incidence rates in neoplasm, Dieulafoy’s lesions, angiodysplasia, and esophagitis are trending up, which necessities physicians to be aware of those pathologies and their specifics. Here, we represent a case of a 62-year-old male on dual antiplatelet therapy who was transferred to our hospital due to severe melena with suspicion of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Due to hemodynamic instability, the patient was intubated and started on vasopressors. However, several repeated EGDs and CTs of the abdomen with GI bleeding protocol did not reveal the location of active bleeding to stop it. At the same time, clinically, the patient was hemodynamically unstable with continued melena. On the last EGD, a small area of concern resembling gastric varix was clipped for identification purposes, and the patient underwent a selective angiogram with further diagnosis of Dieulafoy’s lesion, which was successfully embolized. Our case demonstrates that Dieulafoy’s lesions can present as severe life-threatening hemorrhage, hard to diagnose with traditional methods such as EGD or CTs, in which case it is recommended to proceed with an angiogram sooner rather than later for further diagnosis and treatment if needed.

主动脉弓左侧静脉变异的MSCT诊断价值

目的探讨主动脉弓左侧静脉变异的CT影像特征,提高诊断及鉴别诊断的能力,避免误诊漏诊。方法选取我院住院患者经彩色多普勒超声心动图及CT共同诊断的18例主动脉弓左侧静脉变异的CT图像。结果心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流2例,左上肺部分型肺静脉异位引流2例,永存左上腔静脉11例,主动脉弓下左头臂静脉2例,食管后左头臂静脉1例。结论主动脉弓左侧异常血管断面是心上型完全型肺静脉异位引流、左上肺部分型肺静脉异位引流、永存左上腔静脉、主动脉弓下左头臂静脉、食管后左头臂静脉的共同CT征象,不同的是血管走行,通过此征象可以提高CT对主动脉弓旁先天静脉畸形的诊断水平,避免误诊漏诊。

血管超声评估永存颈内动脉-椎基底动脉吻合的血流动力学特征

目的采用颈动脉多普勒超声(CDU)及经颅彩色多普勒超声(TCCS)联合评估永存颈内动脉-椎基底动脉吻合(PCVBA)的血管结构与血流动力学特征。方法回顾性连续纳入2016年7月至2018年7月就诊于首都医科大学宣武医院神经内、外科,经CDU及TCCS联合筛查并经CT血管成像(CTA)证实为PCVBA的患者14例,测量双侧椎动脉、基底动脉、大脑后动脉的收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、血管阻力指数(RI),以及双侧椎动脉颅外段的管径。结果(1) 12例(12/14)患者出现头晕症状,5例存在后循环缺血性卒中,其中4例合并同侧颈内动脉狭窄≥50%。(2)永存三叉动脉(PTA) 6例,CDU显示双侧椎动脉颅外段血流阻力升高,压迫同侧颈总动脉后,基底动脉远段流速明显下降。(3)永存舌下动脉(PHA) 5例,寰前节间动脉(PIA) 3例,其中Ⅰ型PIA 1例,Ⅱ型PIA 2例,CDU探及PHA及Ⅰ型PIA均自颈内动脉颅外段发出,Ⅱ型PIA自颈外动脉发出。8例患者均合并同侧椎动脉缺如,CDU显示颅外段管径纤细合并无血流或PSV减低及RI升高,而TCCS探及同侧颅内段椎动脉及基底动脉血流正常,压迫同侧颈总动脉后其流速明显下降;4例患者合并对侧椎动脉缺如,另4例合并对侧椎动脉发育不良。结论 CDU联合TCCS可通过颅内外异常的血流动力学变化筛查出PCVBA,PTA仍易误诊或漏诊,而PHA或PIA具有典型的超声表现,即一侧颈内动脉或颈外动脉存在异常分支、双侧椎动脉颅外段发育不良合并同侧椎动脉颅内段与基底动脉血流正常。

彩色多普勒血流显像对椎动脉发育不良的检测

目的探讨椎动脉先天性发育不良对椎动脉颅外段血流动力学的影响。方法选择2008年4月1日—6月30日,首都医科大学宣武医院血管超声诊断科应用多普勒血流显像(CDFI),连续检测可疑后循环缺血的脑血管病患者5500例,从中筛查出一侧椎动脉发育不良者288例。比较双侧椎动脉椎间隙段的管径、收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期流速(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)及血流频谱的差异。结果①椎动脉发育不良侧平均管径为(2.21±0.20)mm,与健侧管径(3.39±0.47)mm比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。②288例患者中,发育不良侧管径≤2.0 mm者61例(21.2%),2.0 mm<管径≤2.5 mm者227例(78.8%),P<0.01;左侧发育不良者81例(28.1%),右侧207例(71.9%),P<0.01;女性162例(56.3%),男性126例(43.7%),P<0.05。③发育不良侧椎动脉椎间隙段PSV、EDV及RI为(52±11)、(17±6)cm/s及0.66±0.07,健侧分别为(59±10)、(23±5)cm/s及0.61±0.06,均P<0.01。发育不良侧椎动脉椎间隙段为高阻力型血流频谱改变。结论椎动脉发育不良可引起椎动脉血流动力学变化。

肠血管发育不良的血管造影诊断及标记定位（附36例报告）

目的：肠血管发育不良是引发消化道出血的原因之一。应用血管造影诊断并同时放置标记物为外科手术定位以减少手术中的盲目性。材料与方法：选择性血管造影术前诊断３８例肠血管发育不良，其中８例放置了钢丝或造影导管作为手术定位标记，并即刻或择期手术。结果：肠血管发育不良造影表现可归纳为：①动静脉疹和静脉早显；②局部异常增多的血管丛；③局部染色浓密；④肠壁内静脉扩张、迂曲。３Ｏ例病理证实中，２例为炎症；诊断正确率为９３％。８例放置定位标记患者中，术中未见肠缺血改变。结论：选择性血管造影是目前诊断该病的最好办法，同时放置定位标记能帮助外科医师顺利寻找并切除病灶，且无并发症。该法是一全新定位方法，值得推广应用。

应用血管超声分析椎动脉管径发育不良与眩晕的关系

目的探讨椎动脉管径发育不良与眩晕的关系。方法选择一侧椎动脉管径发育不良的患者288例，按是否存在眩晕分为眩晕组（201例）和非眩晕组（87例）。应用彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）和经颅多普勒超声（TCD），分析椎动脉管径发育不良与眩晕的关系。结果①椎动脉发育不良患者眩晕发生率为69．8％（201／288）。其中椎动脉管径≤2．0mm者61例，有83．6％（51／61）的患者发生眩晕；2．0mm〈管径≤2．5mm者227例，有66．1％（150／227）的患者发生眩晕，P=0．008。②眩晕组、非眩晕组患侧椎动脉管径分别为（2．18±0．21）、（2．27±0．17）mm；健侧为（3．54±0．46）、（3．03±0．27）mm。两组比较，均P〈0．01。③眩晕组患侧椎动脉椎间隙段、颅内段收缩期峰值流速为（51±10）、（49±9）cm／s；非眩晕组为（54±11）、（52±10）cm／s，两组比较，均P〈0．05。眩晕组患侧颅内段的收缩期峰值流速明显低于椎间隙段（P〈0．05），而非眩晕组差异无统计学意义。④椎动脉管径发育不良患者中，21～39岁、40～59岁、60～81岁眩晕发生率分别为47．6％、67．2％、80．5％，x^2=10．157，P〈0．01。结论眩晕与椎动脉管径发育不良密切相关。椎动脉管径纤细引起的血流动力学改变是造成眩晕的重要原因之一。

反应停在治疗血管发育不良所致消化道出血中的作用——附7例疗效观察

背景:血管发育不良所致的消化道出血常反复或持续发作,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗药物,而常规治疗又难以奏效,因此寻找一种安全有效的治疗方法已成为当前较为迫切的问题。目的:观察和研究反应停治疗血管发育不良所致的反复消化道出血患者的疗效。方法:予7例反复消化道出血的患者反应停100mg/d,疗程4个月,观察治疗前与治疗期间患者出血次数和血红蛋白含量的变化。结果:经4个月治疗患者的出血次数显著减少(P<0.05),血红蛋白含量显著上升,与治疗前4个月相比有显著性差异(P<0.01);临床症状亦明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:反应停治疗血管发育不良所致的消化道出血疗效显著。

彩色多普勒超声与DSA检测颅外段椎动脉狭窄和发育不良的临床对比研究

目的:与数字减影血管造影(DSA)比较,探讨彩色多普勒超声在颅外段椎动脉狭窄和发育不良诊断中的价值。方法:回顾性分析68例椎动脉狭窄或发育不良患者的彩色多普勒超声和DSA检测结果,进行彩色多普勒超声与DSA两种方法检测椎动脉狭窄或椎动脉发育不良的Kappa一致性检验。结果:彩色多普勒超声检测椎动脉狭窄与DSA检查比较,两种方法一致性较好,然而在检测椎动脉发育不良时,两种方法一致性差。结论:虽然DSA是诊断椎动脉疾病的金标准,但彩色多普勒超声在椎动脉狭窄疾病诊断方面已显示出极大的优越性,推荐彩色多普勒超声作为椎动脉狭窄疾病的初次筛查方法。

Dll4/Notch1在消化道血管发育不良出血患者中的表达以及沙利度胺的干预机制

DII4／Notch1信号通路是肿瘤血管形成、血管发育等领域的研究热点．然而其在消化道血管发育不良（AGD）中的作用机制尚未阐明。沙利度胺常用于治疗AGD所致的消化道出血。目的：探讨DII4／Notch1信号通路在消化道AGD形成中的作用以及沙利度胺的干预机制。方法：收集不明原因反复消化道出血、经胶囊内镜和（或）小肠镜检查确诊为AGD的患者25例和因AGD致消化道出血接受沙利度胺（100mg／d．疗程4个月）治疗者10例，18名健康志愿者作为正常对照。以ELISA法检测血清DII4、Notchl浓度。结果：AGD组血清DII4、Notch1浓度显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．01），且DII4与Notch1间呈正相关（r=0．900，P〈0．01）。沙利度胺治疗前后，AGD患者的血清DII4、Notch1浓度无明显改变；根据性别和疗效进行分层分析，差异亦无统计学意义。结论：DII4／Notch1信号通路可能参与了消化道AGD的形成．沙利度胺对该信号通路的调节作用不明显．

DSA对肠血管发育不良的诊断价值

目的 探讨数字减影血管造影 (DSA)对肠血管发育不良的诊断价值。资料与方法 对 9例经临床手术病理证实的肠血管发育不良的DSA资料作一回顾性分析。结果 综合分析DSA表现 ,可归纳为如下几种 :(1)局部畸形血管团伴引流静脉 ;(2 )从肠系膜缘侧至对侧缘走行的直小血管增粗、迂曲 ;(3)病变血管增多、增粗、聚集 ;(4)动静脉瘘和动脉期静脉早显 ;(5 )对比剂外溢。

Comparison of double balloon enteroscopy in adults and children

AIM: To compare results of double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) procedures in pediatric and adult patients. METHODS: The medical files of patients who underwent DBE at Gazi University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey between 2009 and 2011 were examined retrospectively. Adult and pediatric patients were compared according to DBE indications, procedure duration, final diagnosis, and complications. DBE procedures were performed in an operating room under general anesthesia by two endoscopists. An oral or anal approach was preferred according to estimated lesion sites. Overnight fasting of at least 6 h prior to the start of the procedure was adequate for preprocedural preparation of oral DBE procedures. Bowel cleansing was performed by oral administration of sennosides A and B solution, 2 mL/kg, and anal saline laxative en-ema. The patients were followed up for 2 h after the procedure in terms of possible complications. RESULTS: DBE was performed in 35 patients (5 pediatric and 30 adult). DBE procedures were performed for abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, bleeding, chronic vomiting, anemia, and postoperative evaluation of anastomosis. Final diagnosis was diffuse gastric angiodysplasia (n = 1); diffuse jejunal angiodysplasia (n = 1); ulceration in the bulbus (n = 1); celiac disease (n = 1); low differentiated metastatic carcinoma (n = 1); PeutzJeghers syndrome (n = 1); adenomatous polyp (n = 1) and stricture formation in anastomosis line (n = 1). During postprocedural follow-up, abdominal pain and elevated amylase levels were noted in three patients and one patient developed abdominal perforation. CONCLUSION: With the help of technological improvements, we may use enteroscopy as a safe modality more frequently in younger and smaller children.

中消化道出血患者小肠胶囊内镜的诊断和随访研究

背景:小肠胶囊内镜(SBCE)已成为小肠疾病的一线检查技术。目的:评估SBCE对中消化道出血(MGIB)患者的诊断能力和诊断价值。方法:选取2012年1月—2014年12月安徽省蚌埠市第三人民医院MGIB患者,行SBCE检查,分析SBCE对MGIB患者的诊断能力和诊断价值。通过门诊和电话随访患者发生消化道再出血的情况。结果:连续纳入44例MGIB患者行SBCE检查,病变检出率为95.5%,阳性率为65.9%。SBCE阳性组中前3位病因依次为血管发育异常(37.9%)、炎症改变(31.0%)和肿瘤(20.7%)。随访结果显示SBCE阳性组和非阳性组再出血发生率相比差异有统计学意义(41.4%对13.3%,P<0.05)。结论:血管发育异常仍是MGIB的最主要病因,同时炎症改变和肿瘤所占比例呈上升趋势。SBCE在MGIB患者初筛中有较高的检出率和阳性率,阴性结果预测发生消化道再出血的风险低。