Effect of gas blowing nozzle angle on multiphase flow and mass transfer during RH refining process

A three-dimensional mathematical model was developed to investigate the effect of gas blowing nozzle angles on multiphase flow,circulation flow rate,and mixing time during Ruhrstahl-Heraeus(RH) refining process.Also,a water model with a geometric scale of 1:4 from an industrial RH furnace of 260 t was built up,and measurements were carried out to validate the mathematical model.The results show that,with a conventional gas blowing nozzle and the total gas flow rate of 40 L·min^(-1),the mixing time predicted by the mathematical model agrees well with the measured values.The deviations between the model predictions and the measured values are in the range of about 1.3%–7.3% at the selected three monitoring locations,where the mixing time was defined as the required time when the dimensionless concentration is within 3% deviation from the bath averaged value.In addition,the circulation flow rate was 9 kg·s^(-1).When the gas blowing nozzle was horizontally rotated by either 30° or 45°,the circulation flow rate was found to be increased by about 15% compared to a conventional nozzle,due to the rotational flow formed in the up-snorkel.Furthermore,the mixing time at the monitoring point 1,2,and 3 was shortened by around 21.3%,28.2%,and 12.3%,respectively.With the nozzle angle of 30° and 45°,the averaged residence time of 128 bubbles in liquid was increased by around 33.3%.

Dynamic strength of rock with single planar joint under various loading rates at various angles of loads applied

Intact rock-like specimens and specimens that include a single, smooth planar joint at various angles are prepared for split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） testing. A buffer pad between the striker bar and the incident bar of an SHPB apparatus is used to absorb some of the shock energy. This can generate loading rates of 20.2-4627.3 GPa/s, enabling dynamic peak stresses/strengths and associated failure patterns of the specimens to be investigated. The effects of the loading rate and angle of load applied on the dynamic peak stresses/strengths of the specimens are examined. Relevant experimental results demonstrate that the failure pattern of each specimen can be classified as four types： Type A, integrated with or without tiny flake-off; Type B, slide failure; Type C, fracture failure; and Type D, crushing failure. The dynamic peak stresses/strengths of the specimens that have similar failure patterns increase linearly with the loading rate, yielding high correlations that are evident on semi-logarithmic plots. The slope of the failure envelope is the smallest for slide failure, followed by crushing failure, and that of fracture failure is the largest. The magnitude of the plot slope of the dynamic peak stress against the loading rate for the specimens that are still integrated after testing is between that of slide failure and crushing failure. The angle of application has a limited effect on the dynamic peak stresses/strengths of the specimens regardless of the failure pattern, but it affects the bounds of the loading rates that yield each failure pattern, and thus influences the dynamic responses of the single jointed specimen. Slide failure occurs at the lowest loading rate of any failure, but can only occur in single jointed specimen that allows sliding.Crushing failure is typically associated with the largest loading rate, and fracture failure may occur when the loading rate is between the boundaries for slide failure and crushing failure.

An Improved DITC Control Method Based on Turn-on Angle Optimization

Switched reluctance motor(SRM)usually adopts Direct Instantaneous Torque Control(DITC)to suppress torque ripple.However,due to the fixed turn-on angle and the control mode of the two-phase exchange region,the conventional DITC control method has low adaptability in different working conditions,which will lead to large torque ripple.For this problem,an improved DITC control method based on turn-on angle optimization is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the improved BP neural network is used to construct a nonlinear torque model,so that the torque can be accurately fed back in real time.Secondly,the turn-on angle optimization algorithm based on improved GRNN neural network is established,so that the turn-on angle can be adjusted adaptively online.Then,according to the magnitude of inductance change rate,the two-phase exchange region is divided into two regions,and the phase with larger inductance change rate and current is selected to provide torque in the sub-regions.Finally,taking a 3-phase 6/20 SRM as example,simulation and experimental verification are carried out to verify the effectiveness of this method.

Single-beam leaky-wave antenna with wide scanning angle and high scanning rate based on spoof surface plasmon polariton

We propose a single-beam leaky-wave antenna(LWA) with a wide-scanning angle and a high-scanning rate based on spoof surface plasmon polariton(SSPP) in this paper. The SSPP transmission line(TL) is etched with periodically arranged circular patches, which converts the slow-wave mode into the fast-wave region for radiation. The proposed LWA is designed, fabricated, and tested. The simulated results imply that the proposed LWA not only achieves a high radiation efficiency of about 81.4%, and a high scanning rate of 12.12, but also has a large scanning angle of 176° over a narrow operation bandwidth of 8.3-9.6 GHz(for |S_(11)| <-10 dB). In addition, the simulated average gain of the LWA can reach as high as 10.9 d Bi. The measured scanning angle range is 175° in the operation band of 8.2-9.6 GHz, and the measured average gain is 10.6 dBi. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation, validating its performance. An antenna with high radiation efficiency, wide scanning angle range, and high scanning rate has great potential for application in radar and wireless communication systems.

Genetic Analysis and QTL Mapping of Large Flag Leaf Angle Trait in Japonica Rice

Genetic segregation analysis for flag leaf angle was conducted using six generations of P1, P2, F1, B1, B2 and F2 derived from a cross of 863B （a maintainer line of japonica rice） and A7444 （a germplasm with large flag leaf angle）. Genotypes and phenotypes of flag leaf angle were investigated in 863B （P1）, A7444 （P2） and 141 plants in BC^F~ （863BIA744411863B） population. An SSR genetic linkage map was constructed and QTLs for flag leaf angle were detected. The genetic map containing 79 information loci was constructed, which covers a total distance of 441.6 cM, averaging 5.6 cM between two neighboring loci. Results showed that the trait was controlled by two major genes plus polygene and the major genes were more important. Fifteen markers showed highly significant correlations with flag leaf angle based on single marker regression analysis. Two QTLs （qFLA2 and qFLA8） for flag leaf angle were detected by both composite interval method in software WinQTLCart 2.5 and composite interval method based on mixed linear model in QTL Network 2.0. The qFLA2 explained 10.50% and 13.28% of phenotypic variation, respectively, and was located at the interval of RM300 and RM145 on the short arm of chromosome 2. The qFLA8 explained 9.59% and 7.64% of phenotypic variation, respectively, and was located at the interval flanking RM6215 and RM8265 on the long arm of chromosome 8. The positive alleles at the two QTLs were both contributed from A7444.

Discharge flow of granular particles through an orifice on a horizontal hopper:Effect of the hopper angle

We experimentally investigate the effect of the hopper angle on the flow rate of grains discharged from a twodimensional horizontal hopper on a conveyor belt.The flow rate grows with the hopper angle,and finally reaches a plateau.The curve feature appears to be similar for different orifice widths and conveyor belt-driven velocities.On the basis of an empirical law of flow rate for a flat-bottom hopper,we propose a modified equation to describe the relation between the flow rate and hopper angle,which is in a good agreement with the experimental results.

RELIABILITY ANALYSIS FOR A REPAIRABLE PARALLEL SYSTEM WITH TIME-VARYING FAILURE RATES

To solve a real problem:how to calculate the reliability of a system with time-varying failure rates in industry systems,this paper studies a model for the load-sharing parallel system with time-varying failure rates,and obtains calculating formulas of reliability and availability of the system by solving differential equations.In this paper,the failure rates are expressed in polynomial configuration.The constant,linear and Weibull failure rate are in their special form.The polynomial failure rates provide flexibility in modeling the practical time-varying failure rates.

Undrained vane shear strength of sand-foam mixtures subjected to different shear rates

The shear strength of sand-foam mixtures plays a crucial role in ensuring successful earth pressure balance(EPB)shield tunneling.Since the sand-foam mixtures are constantly sheared by the cutterhead and the screw conveyor with varied rotation speeds during tunneling,it is non-trivial to investigate the effect of shear rates on the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures under chamber pressures to extend the understanding on the tunneling process.This study conducted a series of pressurized vane shear tests to investigate the role of shear rates on the peak and residual strengths of sand-foam mixtures at different pore states.Different from the shear-rate characteristics of natural sands or clay,the results showed that the peak strength of sand-foam mixtures under high vertical total stress(σ_(v)≥200 kPa)and low foam injection ratio(FIR30%)decreased with the increase in shear rate.Otherwise,the peak strength was not measurably affected by shear rates.The sand-foam mixtures in the residual state resembled low-viscous fluid with yield stress and the residual strength increased slightly with shear rates.In addition,the peak and residual strengths were approximately linear with vertical effective stress regardless of the total stress and FIR.The peak effective internal friction angle remained almost invariant in a low shear rate(γ′<0.25 s1)but decreased when the shear rate continued increasing.The residual effective internal friction angle was lower than the peak counterpart and insensitive to shear rates.This study unveiled the role of shear rates in the undrained shear strength of sand-foam mixtures with various FIRs and vertical total stresses.The findings can extend the understanding of the rate-dependent shear characteristics of conditioned soils and guide the decision-making of soil conditioning schemes in the EPB shield tunneling practice.

Experimental and Modeling Study of the Regular Polygon Angle-spiral Liner in Ball Mills

Load behavior is one of the most critical factors affecting mills＇ energy consumption and grinding efficiency, and is greatly affected by the liner profiles. Generally, as liner profiles vary, the ball mill performances are extremely different. In order to study the performance of the ball mill with regular polygon angle-spiral liners（RPASLs）, experimental and numerical studies on three types of RPASLs, including regular quadrilateral, pentagonal and hexagonal, are carried out. For the fine product of desired size, two critical parameters are analyzed： the energy input to the mill per unit mass of the fine product, E＊, and the rate of production of the fine product, F＊. Results show that the optimal structure of RPASLs is Quadrilateral ASL with an assembled angle of 50°. Under this condition, the specific energy consumption E＊ has the minimum value of 303 J per fine product and the production rate F＊ has the maximum value of 0.323. The production rate F＊ in the experimental result is consistent with the specific collision energy intensity to total collision energy intensity ratio Es/Et in the simulation. The relations between the production rate F＊ and the specific energy consumption E＊ with collision energy intensity Es and Et are obtained. The simulation result reveals the essential reason for the experimental phenomenon and correlates the mill performance parameter to the collision energy between balls, which could guide the practical application for Quadrilateral ASL.

ON THE ASYMPTOTIC ASSIGNMENT OF THE BOUNDS OF DECREASING RATE FOR A TIME-VARYING LINEAR CONTROL SYSTEM

In the paper the problem on the assignment of the bounds of decreasing rate for a time-varying linear control system is discussed. The sufficient and necessary condition for bounds of decreasing rate of a time-varying linear system to be assigned arbitrarily is presented. It is pointed out that for any given real number m, M, m<M, there exists a linear state feedback with time-varying gain matrix which makes the corresponding closed-loop system possess M and m as its upper bound and lower bound of the decreasing rate respectively. For the purposes of its application to system design the concept of the asymptotic assignment of the bounds of decreasing rate is also proposed. The method dealing with the asymptotic assignment is given too.

Detailed electronic structure of three-dimensional Fermi surface and its sensitivity to charge density wave transition in ZrTe3 revealed by high resolution laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy

The detailed information of the electronic structure is the key to understanding the nature of charge density wave （CDW） order and its relationship with superconducting order in the microscopic level. In this paper, we present a high resolution laser-based angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy （ARPES） study on the three-dimensional （3D） hole-like Fermi surface around the Brillouin zone center in a prototypical quasi-one-dimensional CDW and superconducting system ZrTe3. Double Fermi surface sheets are clearly resolved for the 3D hole-like Fermi surface around the zone center. The 3D Fermi surface shows a pronounced shrinking with increasing temperature. In particular, the quasiparticle scattering rate along the 3D Fermi surface experiences an anomaly near the charge density wave transition temperature of ZrTe3 - 63 K）. The signature of electron-phonon coupling is observed with a dispersion kink at -20 meV; the strength of the electron-phonon coupling around the 3D Fermi surface is rather weak. These results indicate that the 3D Fermi surface is also closely connected to the charge-density-wave transition and suggest a more global impact on the entire electronic structure induced by the CDW phase transition in ZrTe3.

电动汽车行驶稳定性模型预测控制仿真研究

为了提高电动汽车行驶的稳定性,提出了一种集成的汽车和车轮稳定性控制系统,并对汽车行驶的稳定性控制效果进行仿真。创建电动汽车模型简图,给出电动汽车动力学方程式。采用模型预测控制技术,设计了一种集成的汽车和车轮稳定性控制器。采用MATLAB软件对电动汽车横摆角速度、行驶速度和侧滑角进行仿真,与无模型预测控制器输出结果进行对比。结果显示:采用无模型预测控制器,电动汽车横摆角速度、行驶速度跟踪误差较大,振动幅度较大,产生的侧滑角较大。采用模型预测控制器,电动汽车横摆角速度、行驶速度跟踪误差较小,振动幅度较小,产生的侧滑角较小。采用模型预测控制器,能够提高电动汽车行驶的稳定性,避免汽车在突然转弯时发生侧翻现象。

纺织品表面抗湿性测试方法的分析及相关性探讨

阐述了纺织品表面抗湿性的测试标准、方法及技术指标,分析了不同测试方法的结果差异以及相关性。结果表明:测试方法应根据使用情况进行选择,沾水等级与滚动角(水)、接触角(正十二烷)显著相关,与接触角(水)无显著相关。

低应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩的动力响应规律

岩体中节理面的存在是引起冲击应力波衰减的主要原因,会造成爆炸能量的衰减及降低爆破效果。为探讨低应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学性质、应力波传递规律和能量传递规律,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)试验装置对低应变率下3种不同冲击气压、4种不同倾角的节理花岗岩进行冲击试验。结果表明:(1)在含节理的岩样中,其峰值应力随节理倾角的增大呈下降趋势,随冲击荷载的增大呈上升趋势;(2)透射系数随节理倾角的增加先增大后减小,随冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大;(3)能量传递系数随节理倾角的增加先增高后降低,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0º和45º的岩样,其能量传递系数都随着冲击荷载的增大而减小,而节理倾角θ=15º和30º的岩样,其能量传递系数随着冲击荷载的增大先减小后增大。

大功率花瓣加速器X射线闪光放射治疗设备设计研究

目的:研究设计一种用于超高剂量率的闪光放射治疗(Flash-RT)设备,用于超高剂量率Flash-RT的机制研究。方法:Flash-RT设备的设计基于大功率花瓣加速器技术路线,可实现Flash-RT对超高剂量率及多照射角度的需求。从设备总体设计、主要组件及特点、束流动力学设计、移动及初步实验平台搭建等方面开展相应设计与研究。结果:设计的Flash-RT设备剂量率在距离靶点0.8 m处可达到100 Gy/s,并且容易实现多角度的放射治疗方式。结论:基于大功率花瓣加速器技术路线设计的X射线设备,可实现超高剂量率的医用Flash-RT设备机制的研究。

高应变率冲击荷载下节理花岗岩损伤机制研究

针对冲击荷载作用下贯通节理花岗岩动力响应特征和能量演化规律这一研究目标,以含不同倾角节理花岗岩为研究对象,基于不同倾角节理岩体损伤力学理论模型,开展了高应变率下不同节理倾角花岗岩的分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar,简称SHPB)冲击试验,完成了高应变率下花岗岩的损伤特征研究,获取了岩体动态力学性质和能量耗散特征。研究结果表明:(1)基于Druck-Prager准则和Weibull强度分布准则,结合弹性波理论,建立了不同倾角节理岩体的应力-应变理论模型,该模型能够较好地反映花岗岩的抗压强度、弹性模量随节理倾角变化的动态力学特性,具有较强的倾角效应;(2)相同冲击荷载下,随节理倾角的增大,能量反射系数呈线性上升趋势,能量传递系数呈线性下降趋势,岩样的峰值应力逐渐而减小;相同节理倾角下,随冲击荷载增大,能量反射系数先增大后减小,能量传递系数先减小再增大,能量吸收率随节理倾角的增大而减小;(3)当冲击荷载相同时,完整岩样、节理倾角θ=0°和θ=15°岩样的破碎程度较大,而节理倾角θ=30°和θ=45°岩样的破碎程度较小;当节理倾角相同时,随冲击荷载增大,超过岩样最大抗压强度时,岩样由剪切和拉伸破坏逐渐转化成压碎破坏,且破碎程度也随之增大。

分布式驱动车辆直接横摆力矩与转向控制

为了进一步提高车辆在转向行驶过程中的横向稳定性,针对分布式驱动电动汽车,提出了一种在分层集成架构下利用相平面法确定稳定区域控制车辆运动状态稳定的控制策略。由二自由度模型得到的理想侧向速度、理想横摆角速度与实际差值作为上层控制器输入值,上层控制器采用双滑膜控制器结构分别对理想侧向速度和理想横摆角速度进行追踪,分别得到控制量附加转角和附加横摆力矩;下层控制器主要依据相平面法得到的边界值协调控制转向控制和横摆力矩控制的输入输出值,通过最优分配算法将轮胎力和转向角分配到四轮,最终实现对车辆稳定性控制。对控制算法进行仿真验证,证明了所提控制策略的有效性和可行性。

高含水油藏CO_(2)人工气顶驱油-封存适宜条件研究

针对水驱油藏开发进入高含水阶段后,剩余油常富集在构造高部位或厚油层顶部,井网控制不到的问题,利用油藏自身特点注CO_(2)形成气顶驱,可有效改善开发效果并实现CO_(2)封存,但什么样的油藏适宜开展气顶驱尚待研究。通过剖析典型高含水油藏CO_(2)气顶驱见效特征,分析气顶驱油过程中油气界面移动规律,结合数值模拟、物理模拟,以提高采收率幅度、换油率、到达极限气油比时间、存气率等为主要评价标准,研究地层倾角、原油密度、黏度、油藏封闭性、渗透率、水动力强弱等相关参数对CO_(2)气顶驱油-封存效果的影响。按照到达极限气油比时提高采收率的幅度大小,评价各参数对驱油--封存效果的影响程度,确定高含水期油藏的CO_(2)气顶驱油-封存筛选条件主要受油藏封闭性、地层倾角、原油黏度、油层渗透率及厚度影响,为拓展CO_(2)驱应用范围提供了依据。

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸主胸弯悬吊位和矫形术后Cobb角分布差异分析

目的分析Lenke 1型青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者主胸弯Cobb角分布特征,以及不同节段间悬吊牵引法测得的柔韧性、矫正率、矫正指数的差异。方法纳入2015年1月至2018年12月于海军军医大学(第二军医大学)第一附属医院行一期脊柱侧凸后路三维矫形融合内固定术的48例Lenke 1型AIS患者。将主胸弯分为近段(T_(5)~T_(7)或T_(6)~T_(8))、中段(T_(7)~T_(9)或T_(8)~T_(10))、远段(T_(9)~T_(11)或T_(10)~T_(12)),并测量各段的Cobb角。计算不同节段的侧弯柔韧性、矫正率和矫正指数(术后矫正率/术前侧弯柔韧性)。采用随机区组的方差分析进行统计学分析。结果患者术前平均年龄为(14.31±2.24)岁,总Cobb角为(51.25±11.86)°,平均Risser分级为2.88±1.93;术后平均随访时间为(38.75±8.82)个月。术前近段Cobb角与远段Cobb角相似[(13.31±5.10)°vs(13.94±5.67)°,P=0.757],中段Cobb角[(24.00±5.61)°]大于近段及远段Cobb角(均P<0.001)。术前近段、中段、远段Cobb角占总Cobb角的比例分别为(25.72±7.97)%、(47.08±5.22)%、(27.20±8.00)%。术前远段侧弯柔韧性高于近段和中段[(64.01±24.18)%vs(35.00±18.02)%、(41.49±17.65)%,均P<0.001]。术后1周,近段、中段、远段矫正率分别为(74.61±15.80)%、(65.66±16.36)%和(73.76±19.41)%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.280);矫正指数分别为2.41±1.20、2.03±1.45和1.49±1.31,近段矫正指数高于远段(P=0.040)。末次随访时,近段、中段、远段矫正率分别为(71.10±14.07)%、(62.39±13.47)%和(69.75±17.53)%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.226);矫正指数分别为2.24±1.10、1.92±1.30和1.39±1.10,近段的矫正指数高于远段(P=0.026)。结论在Lenke 1型AIS患者中,近段、中段和远段Cobb角分别占主胸弯的25.72%、47.08%、27.20%。悬吊牵引法对远段柔韧性的评估能力最强,即悬吊位下远端节段最灵活,而各节段术后矫正率无明显差异。

基于多角度下TC4钛合金表面多颗粒动态冲蚀仿真研究

为了准确地预测TC4钛合金材料固体颗粒冲蚀的损伤过程,采用显式动力学有限元分析手段,建立了一个弹塑性有限元模型来模拟三维结构中多颗粒模型的动态冲蚀过程,并结合了Johnson-Cook材料模型和应变累积失效模型。结果表明:最大塑性变形发生在第一次碰撞时,且随着碰撞次数的增加而减小。冲蚀角度和速度显著影响颗粒和靶材表面之间的接触时间,动能损失随着冲蚀速度和角度的增加而增加。在低冲蚀角下,动态冲蚀过程中切向接触力和法向接触力有多个极大值和极小值,冲蚀机理主要是塑性变形和切向剪切。在高冲蚀角下,球形颗粒能很好地模拟冲蚀过程中对材料的剪切和挤压作用。从微观机制上解释了入射角度和入射速度对多颗粒连续冲蚀行为的影响,明确了冲蚀坑的动态冲蚀机理和几何演化规律。