Meal timing plays a crucial role for cardiometabolic health,given the circadian regulation of cardiometabolic function.However,to the best of our knowledge,no concept of meal timing exists in traditional European medi...Meal timing plays a crucial role for cardiometabolic health,given the circadian regulation of cardiometabolic function.However,to the best of our knowledge,no concept of meal timing exists in traditional European medicine(TEM).Therefore,in this narrative review,we aim to define the optimal time slot for energy intake and optimal energy distribution throughout the day in a context of TEM and explore further implications.By reviewing literature published between 2002 and 2022,we found that optimal timing for energy intake may be between 06:00 and 09:00,12:00 and 14:00,and between 15:00 and18:00,with high energy breakfast,medium energy lunch and low energy dinner and possibly further adjustments according to one’s chronotype and genetics.Also,timing and distribution of energy intake may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to optimize coction,a concept describing digestion and metabolism in TEM.展开更多
Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such a...Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.展开更多
In order to assure the safety and efficacy of the Chinese Medicines in Europe, the quality of TCM herbals should be guaranteed so that they can be freely imported in the European Union and other Western European Count...In order to assure the safety and efficacy of the Chinese Medicines in Europe, the quality of TCM herbals should be guaranteed so that they can be freely imported in the European Union and other Western European Countries which are signatories of the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. Consequently, new Ph Eur TCM herbal drug Monographs should be elaborated, based on preexisting Monographs in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Ch P) 2010.Such a program has been inaugurated in 2005 by the Ph Eur Groups of Experts 13 A and B(Phytochemistry). Since then good progress has been made, elaborating of about one third of the originally proposed 100 TCM herbals being identified as important monographs for the European Market. Taking into account the many challenges still laying ahead, the establishment of a specialized Working Party(WP) on TCM with specialists and experts from many EU Member States has been decided by the Ph Eur Commission in 2008 which is highly active ever since in the examination and elaboration of new TCM herbal drug monographs, primarily to assure the safety of the European patient and further to provide quality parameters extremely important for all registration and licensing procedures of the respective National Authorities all over Europe.This paper is a survey of results and difficulties obtained so far which has been encountered meanwhile in the elaboration process by the Ph Eur TCM WP of these monographs and will discuss these in detail. Moreover the role of Ph Eur TCM monographs in the European community is addressed.展开更多
Fior di Battaglia,中文译名《战斗之花》,是一部约完成于15世纪初期的武学文献,作者为意大利武师菲奥雷。这部著作全面系统地讲述了中世纪晚期的骑士格斗术,涵盖了徒手格斗以及长剑、战斧、矛、匕首等兵器格斗技,包括马上步下、有甲无...Fior di Battaglia,中文译名《战斗之花》,是一部约完成于15世纪初期的武学文献,作者为意大利武师菲奥雷。这部著作全面系统地讲述了中世纪晚期的骑士格斗术,涵盖了徒手格斗以及长剑、战斧、矛、匕首等兵器格斗技,包括马上步下、有甲无甲等各种战斗形式。这部著作透露很多骑士的战斗细节,是研究欧洲中世纪的骑士武艺绕不开的历史文献。文章依据保罗·盖蒂博物馆收藏的《战斗之花》手稿,并参考科林·哈彻尔的英文译本,对其进行解读分析,中世纪晚期的骑士武艺是一个全面而有层次的体系,为适应不同的战斗环境,骑士需要熟练掌握各种战斗技能。若与中国传统武术进行比较,也可以发现二者的诸多相通之处。展开更多
文摘Meal timing plays a crucial role for cardiometabolic health,given the circadian regulation of cardiometabolic function.However,to the best of our knowledge,no concept of meal timing exists in traditional European medicine(TEM).Therefore,in this narrative review,we aim to define the optimal time slot for energy intake and optimal energy distribution throughout the day in a context of TEM and explore further implications.By reviewing literature published between 2002 and 2022,we found that optimal timing for energy intake may be between 06:00 and 09:00,12:00 and 14:00,and between 15:00 and18:00,with high energy breakfast,medium energy lunch and low energy dinner and possibly further adjustments according to one’s chronotype and genetics.Also,timing and distribution of energy intake may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to optimize coction,a concept describing digestion and metabolism in TEM.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52008194)。
文摘Traditional wooden joinery is the craft of connecting wood pieces for buildings or producing utensils by utilizing only the geometry of the components and material properties of the wood,without other materials such as glue or metal connectors.In its thousands of years of tradition,this construction technique has achieved high accomplishment in both East Asian and European architectural civilizations.Although sharing the same basic principles,joinery techniques vary between regions and cultures,rooted in the geographical environment,available wood species and their material properties,characteristics of craftsmanship,tools,and structural systems.Wood framing systems from China,Japan,and Western Europe are selected for comparison to assess the relationship between wood joinery and other aspects of building technology.The main conclusions include:in East Asia,the building tradition pays great attention to the design and execution of joinery(sunmao榫卯),making it responsible for multiple functions including architectural mechanics and the stability of the entire frame,which leads to a broader role meant by the term“joint”itself,while in Europe joinery is treated as the“node”or literally“joint”of the structure.Although in both East Asia and Europe wooden joinery serves as an aesthetic factor of the structure,its expression in East Asia is subtle,veiled,and restrained,while in Europe it is explicit and direct.The most important lesson we learn from the study of traditional joinery technology is that it should be seen in the context of the building process as a whole,taking into account geographical environment,material resources,craftsmanship,tools,construction methods,structural form,and the structural system.
文摘In order to assure the safety and efficacy of the Chinese Medicines in Europe, the quality of TCM herbals should be guaranteed so that they can be freely imported in the European Union and other Western European Countries which are signatories of the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. Consequently, new Ph Eur TCM herbal drug Monographs should be elaborated, based on preexisting Monographs in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia(Ch P) 2010.Such a program has been inaugurated in 2005 by the Ph Eur Groups of Experts 13 A and B(Phytochemistry). Since then good progress has been made, elaborating of about one third of the originally proposed 100 TCM herbals being identified as important monographs for the European Market. Taking into account the many challenges still laying ahead, the establishment of a specialized Working Party(WP) on TCM with specialists and experts from many EU Member States has been decided by the Ph Eur Commission in 2008 which is highly active ever since in the examination and elaboration of new TCM herbal drug monographs, primarily to assure the safety of the European patient and further to provide quality parameters extremely important for all registration and licensing procedures of the respective National Authorities all over Europe.This paper is a survey of results and difficulties obtained so far which has been encountered meanwhile in the elaboration process by the Ph Eur TCM WP of these monographs and will discuss these in detail. Moreover the role of Ph Eur TCM monographs in the European community is addressed.
文摘Fior di Battaglia,中文译名《战斗之花》,是一部约完成于15世纪初期的武学文献,作者为意大利武师菲奥雷。这部著作全面系统地讲述了中世纪晚期的骑士格斗术,涵盖了徒手格斗以及长剑、战斧、矛、匕首等兵器格斗技,包括马上步下、有甲无甲等各种战斗形式。这部著作透露很多骑士的战斗细节,是研究欧洲中世纪的骑士武艺绕不开的历史文献。文章依据保罗·盖蒂博物馆收藏的《战斗之花》手稿,并参考科林·哈彻尔的英文译本,对其进行解读分析,中世纪晚期的骑士武艺是一个全面而有层次的体系,为适应不同的战斗环境,骑士需要熟练掌握各种战斗技能。若与中国传统武术进行比较,也可以发现二者的诸多相通之处。
