Ankylosing spondylitis coexisting with Clonorchis sinensis infection: A case report

BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease.The prevailing theory links AS onset to infections in susceptible individuals.Furthermore,infections may impair the immune responses.Numerous studies have investigated links between AS and various infections-bacterial,viral,fungal,and other microorganism infections.However,limited attention has been given to the association between AS and Clonorchis sinensis(C.sinensis)infection.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old male with a 10-yr history of AS presented to our hospital with inflammatory lower back pain as the primary manifestation.Ten years ago,the patient had achieved a stable condition after treatment with biological agents.However,he experienced a recurrence of lumbosacral pain with an unexplained cause 10 d before hospital admission.A lumbosacral magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)scan revealed bone marrow edema in the left sacroiliac joint,and laboratory indicators were elevated.Moreover,the presence of C.sinensis eggs was detected in the stool.The patient was prescribed praziquantel,resulting in the disap-pearance of C.sinensis eggs in subsequent routine stool tests and relief from lumbosacral pain.A follow-up MRI scan performed after 4 months revealed a reduction in bone marrow edema around the left sacroiliac joint.CONCLUSION C.sinensis infections could potentially trigger the exacerbation of AS.Clinicians should pay attention to investigating the presence of infections.INTRODUCTION Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)is a chronic inflammatory and rheumatic disease resulting from an imbalance between innate and acquired immune responses[1].While it can affect any part of the spine,its primary symptoms are persistent back pain and stiffness in the lower back and pelvis.The prevalence of AS per 10000 individuals is 23.8 in Europe,31.9 in North America,16.7 in Asia,10.2 in Latin America,and 7.4 in Africa[2].Infections commonly occur in the first 3 months and may act as potential triggers for the first symptoms of AS,often manifesting as gastrointestinal,urinary tract,and respiratory infections of microbiological origin[3,4].Clonorchis sinensis(C.sinensis)infection is a severe parasitic disease affecting millions globally,especially prevalent in China,South Korea,the Far East of Russia,and Vietnam,with an estimated 15 million cases[5].Transmission occurs through the consumption of undercooked freshwater fish containing metacercariae.Adult C.sinensis parasites then establish themselves within the human hepatobiliary system[6].C.sinensis infection triggers the activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2,leading to the injury and fibrosis of the hepatobiliary[7].Recent research in a rat model found that C.sinensis infection increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by stimulating hepatic progenitor cell proliferation[8].Complications of C.sinensis infection include cholestasis,cholangitis,biliary system fibrosis,and in severe cases,the development of cholangiocarcinoma[9].Consequently,the primary preventive measure is to abstain from consuming raw or undercooked freshwater fish.Praziquantel is the recommended and effective treatment for this infection[10].While there is existing literature on the coexistence of AS and parasitic infections,there is limited research specifically addressing the simultaneous presence of AS and C.sinensis infection.This case report details a rare scenario of AS coexisting with C.sinensis infection,underscoring the potential impact of C.sinensis infection on AS disease activity.

Hounsfield units in assessing bone mineral density in ankylosing spondylitis patients with cervical fracture-dislocation

BACKGROUND Cervical spine fracture-dislocations in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)are mostly unstable and require surgery.However,osteoporosis,one of the comorbidities for AS,could lead to detrimental prognoses.There are few accurate assessments of bone mineral density in AS patients.AIM To analyze Hounsfield units(HUs)for assessing bone mineral density in AS patients with cervical fracture-dislocation.METHODS The HUs from C2 to C7 of 51 patients obtained from computed tomography(CT)scans and three-dimensional reconstruction of the cervical spine were independently assessed by two trained spinal surgeons and statistically analyzed.Inter-reader reliability and agreement were assessed by interclass correlation coefficient.RESULTS The HUs decreased gradually from C2 to C7.The mean values of the left and right levels were significantly higher than those in the middle.Among the 51 patients,25 patients(49.02%)may be diagnosed with osteoporosis,and 16 patients(31.37%)may be diagnosed with osteopenia.CONCLUSION The HUs obtained by cervical spine CT are feasible for assessing bone mineral density with excellent agreement in AS patients with cervical fracture-dislocation.

Effects of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores on ankylosing spondylitis patients with sleep disorder

BACKGROUND Patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)frequently suffer from comorbid sleep disorders,exacerbating the burden of the disease and affecting their quality of life.AIM To investigate the clinical significance of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores in patients with AS complicated by sleep disorders.METHODS A total of 106 AS patients with comorbid sleep disorders were included in the study.The patients were grouped into the desirable and undesirable prognosis groups in accordance with their clinical outcomes.The serum levels of inflammatory factors,including C-reactive protein,erythrocyte sedimentation rate,interleukin(IL)-6,tumour necrosis factor-αand IL-1β,were measured.Disease activity scores,such as the Bath AS functional index,Bath AS disease activity index,Bath AS metrology index and AS disease activity score,were assessed.The health index was obtained through the Short Form-36 questionnaire.RESULTS The study found significant associations amongst serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores in AS patients with comorbid sleep disorders.Positive correlations were found between serum inflammatory factors and disease activity scores,indicating the influence of heightened systemic inflammation on disease severity and functional impairment.Conversely,negative correlations were found between disease activity scores and health index parameters,highlighting the effect of disease activity on various aspects of healthrelated quality of life.Logistic regression analysis further confirmed the predictive value of these factors on patient outcomes,underscoring their potential utility in risk assessment and prognostication.CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the intricate interplay amongst disease activity,systemic inflammation and patientreported health outcomes in AS patients complicated by sleep disorders.The results emphasise the need for comprehensive care strategies that address the diverse needs and challenges faced by these patients and underscore the potential relevance of serum inflammatory factors,health index and disease activity scores as prognostic markers in this patient population.

Research Progress in the Treatment of New Bone Formation of Ankylosing Spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)has a very high disability rate.How to effectively inhibit the formation of new bones has become a difficult point in clinical treatment.In recent years,research has shown that different treatment plans can have an impact on inhibiting new bone formation.In this paper,the different effects of new bone formation in the treatment of AS with traditional Chinese and Western medicine are systematically listed.

Ultrasound-guided intra-articular corticosteroid injection in a patient with manubriosternal joint involvement of ankylosing spondylitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Manubriosternal joint(MSJ)disease is a rare cause of anterior chest pain but can be a major sign of systemic arthritic involvement.In patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS),a type of systemic arthritis,chest pain can be due to MSJ involvement and can be improved by ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injection into the joint.CASE SUMMARY A 64-year-old man visited our pain clinic complaining of anterior chest pain.There were no abnormal findings on lateral sternum X-ray,but arthritic changes in the MSJ were observed on single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography.We performed additional laboratory tests,and he was finally diagnosed with AS.For pain relief,we performed ultrasound-guided intra-articular(IA)corticosteroid injections into the MSJ.After the injections,his pain nearly resolved.CONCLUSION For patients complaining of anterior chest pain,AS should be considered,and single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography can be helpful in diagnosis.In addition,ultrasound-guided IA corticosteroid injections may be effective for pain relief.

Research progress on the regulation mechanism of non-coding RNA on ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)is a chronic progressive inflammatory immune disease,which mainly affects the spine and sacroiliac joints,with a high rate of late disability.At present,because the pathogenesis of the disease is not clear,its treatment targets are not clear,and there is no consensus on intervention measures.Therefore,further exploration of the mechanism of the disease has certain guiding significance for clinical application.At the same time,non-coding RNA can regulate protein translation,participate in the physiological and pathological changes of AS,and is closely related to the progress of AS.Its internal mechanism and potential targets are worthy of in-depth study.This article summarizes the research progress of non-coding RNA involved in AS through the regulation of bone metabolism,inflammation,cell death and autophagy,in order to provide a theoretical basis for exploring potential clinical diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of AS.

Use of Ilizarov technique for bilateral knees flexion contracture in Juvenile-onset ankylosing spondylitis: A case report

BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)is a chronic rheumatic disease that primarily affects the spine and the sacroiliac and peripheral joints.Juvenile-onset AS(JoAS)patients will likely present with peripheral joint symptoms.Knee flexion contracture(KFC)and hip flexion contracture(HFC)are common in these patients due to subchondral bone inflammation.The Ilizarov technique is the most commonly used technique for treating KFC.However,its use to treat JoAS-associated KFC has not been reported.CASE SUMMARY This report presents a case study of a 31-year-old male patient with a squatting gait due to severe bilateral KFC and HFC.The patient had a normal walking pattern until the age of eight,after which he experienced knee and hip pain,leading to the gradual development of KFC and HFC.The patient’s primary complaint was an inability to walk upright.The patient was diagnosed with JoAS and under-went hip dissection and release,limited soft tissue release of the hamstring,and gradual traction using the Ilizarov method.Ultimately,the patient was able to walk upright.CONCLUSION The incidence of squatting gait due to KFC in individuals diagnosed with JoAS was low.Utilizing the Ilizarov technique has proven to be a secure and effective method for managing KFC in JoAS patients.Although the Ilizarov technique cannot substitute for total knee arthroplasty(TKA),its application can delay the need for primary TKA in JoAS patients and alleviate the intricacy and potential complications associated with the procedure.

Advances in Research of Ankylosing Spondylitis with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

This paper reviews the advances in research of co-pathogenesis and clinical treatment of ankylosing spondylitis(AS)and inflammatory bowel disease(IBD),in order to offer ideal therapeutic effects for comorbid patients and to provide new ideas for clinical practice.

Ankylosing Spondylitis in a West African Hospital

Introduction: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory rheumatic disease characterized by predominant axial and peripheral (enthesitis, sacroiliitis) involvement affecting young subjects aged 30 to 40 years, 80% to 98% of cases are associated with HLA-B27. Objective: To determine the epidemiological profile of ankylosing spondylitis in the rheumatology department of the Ignace Deen National Hospital in Conakry (Guinea). Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study carried out within the said department over a period of 18 months from July 1, 2018 to December 31, 2020, including all patients seen in consultation and/or hospitalized in the department in which the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis had been retained according to the modified New York criterion. The parameters studied were sociodemographic, clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic. Result: We collected 73 cases or 4.1% of ankylosing spondylitis out of a total of 1781 patients seen during the study period. The male gender was represented with 54.8% for a sex ratio of 1.2 M/F. The average age of our patients was 32.18 ± 12.44 years with extremes ranging from 17 to 54 years. Axial involvement was present in 89.9% of cases with a lumbar predominance (95.2%), followed by the sacroiliac seat (35.5%), cervical (14.5%) and dorsal at 4.8%. The pain was chronic in 93.2% of cases. The most common drug treatment was taking analgesics and NSAIDs (100%) followed by cortisone infiltration (41.1%), corticosteroids (30%), and physiotherapy (21.9%). Ankylosing spondylitis represents 83% of spondyloarthritis followed by undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (9.1%) and juvenile spondylitis (3.4%) were the most common conditions.

Overview of Research on the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis in Chinese Medicine

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), also known as spondylitis, is a rheumatic disorder that develops gradually in the sacroiliac, lumbar, thoracic and cervical spine and can involve peripheral joints in severe cases. The disease is insidious, starting in the sacroiliac and hip joints and gradually involving the entire spine. AS, also known as seronegative arthritis, is primarily due to a negative response to the susceptibility sheep blood clotting test (RF). Until the 1960s, it was known as “central rheumatoid arthritis” and “rheumatoid spondylitis”. At present, modern medicine has no effective treatment for this disease, but Chinese medicine treatment for ankylosing spondylitis is based on the concept of treating both the symptoms and the underlying cause of the disease, with few side effects and significant clinical effects, and has become a research hotspot in recent years, worthy of further investigation.

Intravoxel incoherent motion and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for assessing abnormalities of brucellosis spondylitis without conventional MRI changes

Objective To observe the value of intravoxel incoherent motion(IVIM)and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI(DCE-MRI)for assessing abnormalities of brucellosis spondylitis(BS)without conventional MRI changes.Methods Data of 36 brucellosis patients with definite spinal lesions displayed on conventional MRI(BS 1 group),14 cases without brucellosis infection nor abnormal spinal signals on MRI(control group)and 36 brucellosis patients without definite spinal lesions on conventional MRI(BS 2 group)were retrospectively analyzed.The values of IVIM parameters,including perfusion fraction(f),pure water diffusion coefficient(D)and pseudo-diffusion coefficient(D*),also of DCE-MRI parameters,including time-intensity curve(TIC)type,volume transport constant(K trans),the rate constant(K ep)and volume fraction of extravascular extracellular space per unit tissue volume(V e)were compared among groups.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to screen independent factors for discriminating BS 1 and BS 2.Receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn,and the areas under the curve(AUC)were calculated to evaluate the efficiency of the above parameters for discriminating BS 1 and BS 2.Results Among IVIM parameters,compared with control group,D*values decreased but D values increased in BS 1 group,while D*values increased in BS 2 group(all adjusted P<0.05).Compared with BS 2 group,BS 1 group had higher values of f and D and lower D*(all adjusted P<0.05).In BS 1 group,the TIC types were predominantly typeⅠ(23/36,63.89%),which were wholly or predominantly typeⅢin BS 2 group and control group,and of the former was significantly different with latter 2(both adjusted P<0.05).Compared with control group,K trans increased progressively in both BS 1 and BS 2 groups(both adjusted P<0.05).BS 1 group had lower K ep and higher V e than BS 2 and control groups(all adjusted P<0.05).Among univariate logistic regression models,the model including only f had lower capability for discriminating BS 1 and BS 2(AUC=0.759)than those including D,K trans and V e(AUC=0.951,0.833,0.894,all P<0.05).No significant different was found among multivariate logistic regression model including f and D,model including K trans and V e nor model including all above parameters(all P>0.05).Conclusion Both IVIM and DCE-MRI could be used to evaluate BS abnormality without conventional MRI changes.

Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis associated with acute anterior uveitis in Chinese patients

AIM: To characterize the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of uveitis associated with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Chinese patients. METHODS: Two hundred and three patients with uveitis associated with AS followed-up in the Third Military Medical University Daping Hospital between 2005 and 2010 were retrospectively evaluated in this study. Complete ophthalmological examinations were evaluated at baseline and during the follow-up period. The gender, age, follow-up time, mean frequency of uveitis onset, and accompanying eye examination findings, history, demographical parameters were reviewed. All the patients presented complete clinical and radiologic (sacroiliac, lumbar, dorsal and cervical spine, knee, ankle, shoulder, hip, elbow) evaluation. HLA-B27 typing was also searched. RESULTS: There were 203 patients diagnosed with AS associated welt's. All showed sacroiliac X-ray changes indicative of AS. There were 184 male and 19 female patients. The average age of patients was 35 +/- 12 (range 18-50). Mean follow-up period was 2.4 years (1-5 years). Acute anterior wets was the most common type of uveitis in both genders. 121 eyes presented unilateral involvement (55.2%), and 92 eyes presented bilateral involvement (45.3%) with onset alternately. 22 eyes occurred hypopyon, 16 eyes were found anterior vitreous cells, 7 eyes were noted reactive macular edema or exudation, 29 eyes presented posterior synechiae of iris, and 14 eyes presented cataract, 9 eyes presented secondary glaucoma, 2 eyes presented bend corneal degeneration and 1 eyes presented atrophy of eyeball. At the final visit, uveitis was well controlled in most patients. CONCLUSION: AS associated with uveitis in Chinese patients mainly manifests as acute anterior uveitis. A combination of corticosteroids with other mydriasis agents is effective for most AS associated with uveitis patients. In general, the prognosis is good in these cases.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of enthesitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

The aim of this study was to assess sensitivity and responsiveness of power Doppler ultrasound （PDUS） in detecting enthesitis for ankylosing spondylitis （AS） patients compared to clinical examinations. Twenty AS patients initiating etanerceptunderwent clinical and PDUS examinations of six bilateral entheseal sites at baseline and after 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment. Clinical and PDUS examinations identified at least one entheseal lesion in nine （45%） and 19 （95%） patients, respectively. Furthermore, of 240 entheseal sites examined in these 20 patients, PDUS detected 123 entheseal lesions （51.3% of sites）, compared with only 47 entheseal lesions （19.6%） detected by clinical examination （P〈0.05）. The entheseal lesions found on PDUS were most commonly identified by calcification （33.3%）, tendon edema （29.2%）, abnormal blood flow （25.8%）, a thickened tendon （22.1%）, cortical irregularity （12.9%）, bony erosions （9.6%） and bursitis at the tendon insertion to the bone cortex （7.1%）. Improvements in clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters, and significant decreases in PDUS scores were observed following treatment with etanereept. Improvements in PDUS scores continued during follow-up in patients who entered remission following treatment. In conclusion, PDUS improves detection of structural and inflammatory abnormalities of the enthesis in AS compared to physical examination. In addition, PDUS may be useful inascertaining medications.

Ankylosing spondylitis: A state of the art factual backbone

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects 1% of the general population. As one of the most severe types of spondyloarthropathy, AS affects the spinal vertebrae and sacroiliac joints, causing debilitating pain and loss of mobility. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of AS, from the pathophysiological changes that occur as the disease progresses, to genetic factors that are involved with its onset. Considering the high prevalence in the population, and the debilitating life changes that occur as a result of the disease, a strong emphasis is placed on the diagnostic imaging methods that are used to detect this condition, as well as several treatment methods that could improve the health of individuals diagnosed with AS.

Fluence of Glucosidorum Tripterygii Totorum on joint and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Objective The current study was designed to find out the effect of Glucosidorum Tripterygii Totorum (GTT) on the serum level of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in patient with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Method 29 patients with active AS were selected to take GTT (1mg per kg) three times a day for one year. After that, its curative effect was evaluated. The serum level of sIL-2R of these patients was measured by sandwich ELISA method and was compared with that of normal subjects. Result The serum level of sIL-2R in active AS patients was obviously higher than that of the non-active AS patients. (P<0.01). The total effective rate of GTT on AS was 89.6%, while clinical relief rate 27.6%, obvious effective rate 44.8%, effective rate 17.2% and non-effective rate 10.4%. The patients’ serum level of sIL-2R after therapy was significantly lower than that before therapy except patients with no effect. (P<0.05). Conclusion GTT has positive curative effect on active AS patients and could cause obvious decrease of the serum level of sIL-2R. The serum level of sIL-2R can be used as an important index of activity of AS and as a guide of therapy.

Ankylosing spondylitis complicated with andersson lesion in the lower cervical spine: A case report

BACKGROUND Andersson lesion(AL)is an uncommon complication in ankylosing spondylitis(AS),which is characterized by nonneoplastic bone destruction and often appears as bone destruction and sclerosis in the vertebral body and/or the area involving the intervertebral disc.According to the literature,Andersson lesion commonly occur in the thoracic and lumbar spine and rarely in the cervical spine.CASE SUMMARY This case involved a 78-year-old man with a long history of AS who developed AL in the cervical spine(C5/6 and C6/7).One-stage anterior-posterior approach surgery was successfully performed.At the 6-month follow-up,the pain was significantly reduced,and the limb function was gradually improved.CONCLUSION AL uncharacteristically appears in the cervical spine and tends to be misdiagnosed as vertebral metastases or spinal tuberculosis.Posterior combined with anterior surgery achieves solid biological stabilization in the treatment of AL bone destruction.

Total hip arthroplasty in fused hips with spine stiffness in ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis(AS)is characterized by involvement of the spine and hip joints with progressive stiffness and loss of function.Functional impairment is significant,with spine and hip involvement,and is predominantly seen in the younger age group.Total hip arthroplasty(THA)for fused hips with stiff spines in AS results in considerable improvement of mobility and function.Spine stiffness associated with AS needs evaluation before THA.Preoperative assessment with lateral spine radiographs shows loss of lumbar lordosis.Spinopelvic mobility is reduced with change in sacral slope from sitting to standing less than 10 degrees conforming to the stiff pattern.Care should be taken to reduce acetabular component anteversion at THA in these fused hips,as the posterior pelvic tilt would increase the risk of posterior impingement and anterior dislocation.Fused hips require femoral neck osteotomy,true acetabular floor identification and restoration of the hip center with horizontal and vertical offset to achieve a good functional outcome.Cementless and cemented fixation have shown comparable long-term results with the choice dependent on bone stock at THA.Risks at THA in AS include intraoperative fractures,dislocation,heterotopic ossification,among others.There is significant improvement of functional scores and quality of life following THA in these deserving young individuals with fused hips and spine stiffness.

Distinct Expression of Chemokine-like Factor 1 in Synovium of Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis

Chemokine-like factor 1（CKLF1） is a newly cloned chemotactic cytokine with CCR4 being its functional receptor. Recent evidence demonstrates a role of CKLF1 in arthritis. The aim of this study was to quantify the expression of CKLF1 as well as assess the correlation between CKLF1 and plasma acute-phase markers. Synovium was obtained from 16 osteoarthritis（OA）, 15 rheumatoid arthritis（RA） and 10 ankylosing spondylitis（AS） patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty, with other 11 patients treated for meniscal tears during sport accidents serving as normal controls. Levels of CKLF1 and CCR4 m RNA were detected by q RT-PCR, and the expression of CKLF1 was investigated by immunohistochemistry staining, subsequently analyzed with semiquantitative scores. Plasma acute-phase markers of inflammation were determined by ELISA. CKLF1 was found with a particularly up-regulated expression in synovim from AS and RA patients, and CCR4 m RNA levels increased in RA patients, not in OA or AS patients. Elevated levels of plasma markers of inflammation including CRP, ESR and Ddimer were observed in RA. Further, significantly positive correlations between relative expression levels of CKLF1 and CRP/ESR in RA patients and a positive correlation between CKLF1 and ESR in AS patients were found. There was no detectable correlation between CKLF1 and plasma D-dimer. This study confirms an increased but different level of CKLF1 in RA, OA and AS patients, all significantly higher than that in controls. Additionally, the significant positive correlations between CKLF1 levels and CRP/ESR in RA and between CKLF1 and ESR suggest that CKLF1 might contribute to the inflammation state and clinical symptoms in these rheumatic diseases. Further studies are required to investigate the utility of targeting specific CKLF1 for symptom control or disease modification in RA and AS.

Expression of IL-2 and IL-11 and its significance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Objective:To explore the expression of IL-2 and IL-11 and its significance in patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS).Methods:A total of 48 active AS patients in our hospital and 40 normal control subjects were selected in our study.Bath ankylosing spondylitis disease activity index(BASDAI),Bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index(BASFI),Bath ankylosing spondylitis metrology index(BASMI),ESR and CRP expression levels were compared before treatment,12 h after treatment and 24 h after treatment.IL-2 and IL-11 expression were also compared between these two groups.Results:The BASDAI score,BASH score and BASMI score of the AS patients before treatment significantly decreased compared with those 12 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment(P【0.05).ESB and CRP levels of the AS patients 12 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment significantly decreased compared with those before treatment(P【0.05).Difference was significant in serum IL-2 and IL-11 levels between 12 weeks and 24 weeks after treatment and before treatment(P【0.05).And no statistically significance was observed for serum IL-2 and IL-11 levels between normal control group and those of patients in AS group 24 weeks after treatment(P】0.05). Pearson’s linear-correlation analysis showed that serum IL-2 level had a positive correlation with BASDAI,BASFI,BASMI,ESR and CRP(r=0.661.0.547,0.474,0.362,0.416,P【0.05) and serum IL-11 level had a negative correlation with BASDAI,BASFI,BASMI,ESR and CRP(r=-0.629, -0.412,-0.422,-0.387,-0.408,-0.315,P【0.05).Conclusions:Serum levels of IL-2 in active AS patients significantly increase and will decrease after treatment.However,serum levels of IL- 11 significantly decrease and will increase after treatment,which indicates that serum IL-2 has a positive correlation with the degree of AS and serum IL-11 has a negative correlation with the degree of AS,both of which are correlated closely with the onset of AS.

Awake fiberoptic intubation and use of bronchial blockers in ankylosing spondylitis patients

BACKGROUND Patients with ankylosing spondylitis(AS)combined with severe cervical fusion deformity have difficult airways.Awake fiberoptic intubation is the standard treatment for such patients.Alleviating anxiety and discomfort during intubation while maintaining airway patency and adequate ventilation is a major challenge for anesthesiologists.Bronchial blockers(BBs)have significant advantages over double-lumen tubes in these patients requiring one-lung ventilation.AIM To evaluate effective drugs and their optimal dosage for awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation in patients with AS and to assess the pulmonary isolation effect of one-lung ventilation with a BB.METHODS We studied 12 AS patients(11 men and one woman)with lung or esophageal cancer who underwent thoracotomy with a BB.Preoperative airway evaluation found that all patients had a difficult airway.All patients received an intramuscular injection of penehyclidine hydrochloride(0.01 mg/kg)before anesthesia.In the operating room,dexmedetomidine(0.5μg/kg)was infused intravenously for 10 min,with 2%lidocaine for airway surface anesthesia,and a 3%ephedrine cotton swab was used to contract the nasal mucosa vessels.Before tracheal intubation,fentanyl(1μg/kg)and midazolam(0.02 mg/kg)were administered intravenously.Awake fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation was performed in the semi-reclining position.Intravenous anesthesia was administered immediately after successful intubation,and a BB was inserted laterally.The pre-intubation preparation time,intubation time,facial grimace score,airway responsiveness score during the fiberoptic introduction,time of end tracheal catheter entry into the nostril,and lung collapse and surgical field score were measured.Systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),and heart rate(HR)were recorded while entering the operation room(T1),before intubation(T2),immediately after intubation(T3),2 min after intubation(T4),and 10 min after intubation(T5).After surgery,all patients were followed for adverse reactions such as epistaxis,sore throat,hoarseness,and dysphagia.RESULTS All patients had a history of AS(20.4±9.6 years).They had a Willson's score of 5 or above,grade III or IV Mallampati tests,an inter-incisor distance of 2.9±0.3 cm,and a thyromental(T-M)distance of 4.8±0.7 cm.The average pre-intubation preparation time was 20.4±3.4 min,intubation time was 2.6±0.4 min,facial grimace score was 1.7±0.7,airway responsiveness score was 1.1±0.7,and pulmonary collapse and surgical exposure score was 1.2±0.4.The SBP,DBP,and HR at T5 were significantly lower than those at T1-T4(P<0.05).While the values at T1 were not significantly different from those at T2-T4(P>0.05),they were significantly different from those at T5(P<0.05).Seven patients had minor epistaxis during endotracheal intubation,two were followed 24 h after surgery with a mild sore throat,and two had hoarseness without dysphagia.CONCLUSION Patients with AS combined with severe cervical and thoracic kyphosis should be intubated using fiberoptic bronchoscopy under conscious sedation and topical anesthesia.Proper doses of penehyclidine hydrochloride,dexmedetomidine,fentanyl,and midazolam,combined with 2%lidocaine,administered prior to intubation,can provide satisfactory conditions for tracheal intubation while maintaining the comfort and safety of patients.BBs are safe and effective for onelung ventilation in such patients during thoracotomy.