Research Progress of Main Pests in Sweetsop ( Annona squamosa L. ) and Its Insecticide Activity

The research progress on pests and insecticide activity of Annona squamosa L. is summarized in the paper, including symptom, occurrence regularity and control methods. Furthermore, the comprehensive technique for controlling pests of A. squamosa in the future is preliminarily discussed.

A therapeutic potentiality and toxicity concern of nutrient plant Annona squamosa Linn.

Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Several studies envisaged that Annona squamosa possesses cytotoxic,diuretic,antiurolithiatic,antitumor,anti-psoriatic,antioxidant,and hepatoprotective properties.This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of wound infection,dysentery,seizure,tumors,fever,vomiting,parasitic infections,hypertension,thyroid,toothache,acne,heart disease,inflammation,diabetes,hair loss,dandruff,hemorrhage,maggot-infected sores,abortifacient,and cough.However,some chemical constituents isolated from the plant have shown specific toxic effects in human and animal models,such as acute oral toxic effects,genotoxic,neurotoxic,and ocular toxic.The plant has diverse pharmacological actions,the seeds of this plant possess a genotoxic effect but on the contrary,the bark of the plant shows genoprotective activity.A large number of ethnobotanical studies reported the seed of this plant is used to induce abortion in humans,but a scientific study carried out in pregnant rats reported aqueous seed extract of the plant did not interfere with reproductive performance.The presented review summarized the traditional uses,pharmacological,and toxicological activities of the isolated compounds from this plant.Additionally,some patents and commercial products related to Annona squamosa are also brought up in this article to explore its application which would attract the scientific community to search out its hidden side.

The anti-diabetic effect and possible mechanism of the Annona muricata L.root extract in type 2 diabetic mice

Objective:To investigate the anti-diabetic effect of the root extract of Annona muricata(AME)in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic(T2DM)mice.Methods:After 4 weeks of high-fat diet,ICR mice were given 1 g/kg nicotine and 120 mg/kg streptozotocin(STZ)orally to construct a T2DM model.The T2DM mice were randomly divided into five groups:model group,200 mg/kg metformin group and 50,100,200 mg/kg AME groups.Drugs were oral administered continuously for 4 weeks.Fasting blood glucose and body weight were measured weekly.Oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT)and detection of serum glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c)level were performed one week before the end of the experiment.At the end of drug administration,serum total cholesterol(TG),triglycerides(TC),low-density lipoprotein levels(LDL-C)and insulin levels were tested by lipid detection kits;homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance(HOMA-IR)and HOMA-βindexes were calculated.Liver and kidney tissues were weighed to calculate organ indices and pathological tests were performed.Western blot was performed in the liver to detect adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK),acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase(ACC),glucose-6-phosphate carboxylase(G6Pase),and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase(PCK1)protein expression.Results:with 200 mg/kg AME significantly reduced fasting blood glucose,HbA1c,TG and LDL-C levels,protected liver and kindey in diabetic mice,decreased the area under the OGTT curve,inhibited ACC and G6Pase protein expressions,and activated AMPK protein expression.Conclusion:AME showed good therapeutic activity against T2DM,and the mechanism may be related to the activation of AMPK and inhibition of ACC and G6Pase proteins.

SQUAMOSTATIN-B, A NEW POLYKETIDE FROM ANNONA SQUAMOSA (ANNONACEAE)

Squamostatin-B (1), a new polyketide or acetogenin, has been isolated from Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae). Its structure and relative atereochemistry were elucidated on the basis of the spectral analyses of 1 and its derivatives, the acetate (2) and mesitoate (3).

<i>In Vitro</i>Clonal Propagation from Juvenile and Different Explant Types of Two Edible <i>Annonaceae</i>Species: <i>Annona muricata</i>L. and <i>Annona squamosa</i>L.

Annona muricata L. and Annona squamosa L. are tropical species whose fleshy fruit is edible. They offer real possibilities for socio-economic use, particularly in the fields of medicine, nutrition, ecosystem conservation and the poverty alleviation. This study was set up to evaluate different methods of micropropagation from juvenile material for the regeneration of these species. Thus, MS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. M2 produced 2.87 newly formed shoots from the cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata. For the terminal apices of A. squamosa, it was MMS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. MM2 that was most conducive to new shoot formation (3.12). The addition of 0.1 and 0.2 mg·L-1 of NAA in the M2 medium, made it possible to have the best elongations and average number of nodes for the new shoots from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata (9.11 cm for 5.62 nodes). With A. squamosa, MM7 medium [MMS + BAP 1 mg·L-1 + KIN 1 mg·L-1] resulted in an average length of 9.05 cm with 5.62 nodes on average for the apical shoots. A 3-day rhizogenic induction period in the dark with [IBA 50 mg·L-1] and 2 g·L-1 of activated charcoal gave a rooting rate of 66.67% for shoots originating from the cotyledonary nodes of A. squamosa;while with vitroplants from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata, a better rooting rate (83.33%) was obtained following a 5-day rhizogenic induction. After 30 days of acclimatization, the survival rate reached 83.33% for plants from the tips of A. muricata, whereas for A. squamosa, it was plants grown from cotyledonary nodes that had the same survival rate.

Squamin-A,Novel Cyclopeptide from Annona squamosa

A novel cyclopeptide, squamin-A has been isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa Linn.. The structure was elucidated by extensive 2D-NMR, FABMS and amino acid analysis in combination with Marfey's reagents as cyclo-[l-prolyl-l-(S-oxo)-methionyl-l-tyrosyl-l-glycyl-tythreonyl-l-valyl-l-alanyl-l-isoleucyl].

Effect of Seed Drying on Germination Behavior and Seedling Growth of Sweetsop （Annona squamosa）

An experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi （KNUST） Ghana from September, 2009 to April, 2010, to determine the most appropriate drying method, as a post harvest practice, that would ensure high percentage germination ofAnnona squamosa seeds and its subsequent effect on seedling growth. The seeds were sun-dried, air-dried under shade or kept in the fresh state. Five treatments were used, namely, Freshly Sown seeds （Treatment 1, control）, Seeds Air-Dried under Shade for one day （Treatment 2）; Seeds Sun-Dried for one day （Treatment 3）; Seeds Air-Dried under Shade for three consecutive days （Treatment 4）; Seeds Sun-Dried for three consecutive days （Treatment 5）. The experiment was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design （CRD） and replicated three times. Drying of Annona squamosa seeds had significant effect on earliness and number of seeds germinated. Air drying under shade and sun-drying for three consecutive days improved earliness to germination （26 days after sowing） and percent total germination but air-drying under shade had better effect on total seed germination, achieving 90% germination in 42 days after sowing. Furthermore, the prevailing ambient temperature of 30 ℃-32 ℃ enhanced germination of Annona squamosa seeds. The study concluded that for optimum germination, seeds of Annona squamosa should be either air-dried or sun-dried for three consecutive days and be incubated in an ambient temperature range of 30 ℃-32 ℃. In terms of growth, seedling growth in leaf production was better from seeds sun-dried for three consecutive days.

A New Cytotoxic Acetogenin from the Seeds of Annona squamosa

A new Annonaceous acetogenin, squamostolide (1), was isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Its structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic methods and comparison with known compounds. It is the first example of Annonaceous acetogenin with each of the two ends of the aliphatic chain bearing a g-lactone. The new compound exhibited cytotoxic activity in vitro against bel-7402 and CNE2 human tumor cell lines.

Anticancer activity test of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from soursop leaf(Annona muricata L.)

Objective: To analyze anticancer activity of an ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi isolated from soursop leaf(Annona muricata L.). Methods: Anticancer activity of fungal extracts was determined by observing its toxicity against MCF-7(Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) cells in vitro by using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay method. At an extract concentration of 100 μg/m L, 4 isolates out of 12 showed high activity against the cancer cell growth. The four isolates were then selected for further IC50 determination, by measuring the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation at extract concentration of 25 μg/m L, 50 μg/m L, 100 μg/m L, 200 μg/m L and 400 μg/m L. Results: Results showed that isolate Sir-G5 had the highest anticancer activity with an IC50 of 19.20 μg/m L. The best isolates were screened again using a normal cell(Chang cells) to determine its toxicity against normal cells. Results indicated that the extracts do not affect the proliferation of normal cells. Molecular identification showed that the fungal isolate Sir-G5 has a close relationship with Phomopsis sp. Conclusions: The endophytic fungi isolated from soursop leaf has the potential to be used as a source of anticancer agents.

AP番荔枝在广西崇左的引种表现及栽培技术

为了调优热带水果品种比例,于2016年自湛江引入优良品种AP番荔枝进行试种。经过7年的引种栽培试验,AP番荔枝在广西崇左生长结果表现良好,果实大小中等、均匀。果实性状方面,AP番荔枝平均单果重297.8g,比普通番荔枝品种(CK)的181.6g增加64.0%,差异达极显著;可食率66%,比CK的57%增加15.8%,可溶性固形物24.5%,比CK的20.5%提高19.5%,这两项指标差异达显著;单果种子28粒,比CK的45粒减少37.8%,差异达极显著;可溶性糖18.3%,比CK的16.8%提高8.90%,平均株产量比CK高4.2%~10.5%,两项指标差异不显著。AP番荔枝具有早结丰产特性,其果实大、品质好、可食率高、可溶性固形物高,适合广西崇左发展种植。

番荔枝多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

为优化番荔枝多糖(Annona squamosa Linn.polysaccharides,ASP)超声辅助提取工艺条件,并测定所提取的ASP抗氧化活性。以液料比、超声时间、超声温度、超声功率为考察因素,番荔枝多糖提取量为考察指标,在单因素试验结果的基础上,采用响应面试验优化ASP提取工艺条件,并对ASP的总抗氧化能力和清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、羟基自由基的能力进行研究。结果表明,ASP超声波辅助提取最佳工艺条件为:液料比60∶1(mL/g),超声时间30 min,超声温度34℃,超声功率358 W。在该工艺条件下,测得ASP提取量为(49.91±0.07)mg/g。抗氧化活性测定结果显示,ASP质量浓度为0.3411 mg/mL时,总抗氧化能力为1.680,对DPPH自由基、羟基自由基的清除率分别为86.5%、80.90%,且总抗氧化能力大于对照VC。响应面法优化的ASP超声辅助提取工艺可行,ASP有很强的抗氧化活性,可作为一种抗氧化剂资源开发利用。

HPLC法测定番荔枝科植物中番荔素含量

目的 建立番荔枝科植物中抗肿瘤活性成分番荔素的HPLC含量测定方法。方法 Squamostatin B (1) ,squamocin (2 )和annonin VI (3)为标准品。色谱柱 :反相C1 8柱 ;流动相 :甲醇 水 (90∶10 ) ;流速 :1 0mL·min- 1 ;检测波长 :2 2 0nm。结果 进样量在 2 3- 13 8μg有良好的线性关系。 (1) ,(2 )和 (3)的回收率分别为 10 0 3% ,10 0 3%和10 0 0 %。结论 本法快速、简便、灵敏和分离度好 ,适用于番荔枝科植物中抗肿瘤活性成分番荔素的含量测定。

HPLC测定番荔枝果实中酚类成分及抗氧化相关性

目的:建立高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法同时测定番荔枝果实3 个部位中13 种酚类成分的种类及含量,并分析含量与抗氧化活性的相关性。方法:采用福林-酚法测定总酚含量;通过HPLC法对番荔枝果实中的单酚成分进行比较;通过1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基与2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)(2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS)阳离子自由基清除能力的检测方法测定番荔枝果实的抗氧化活性。结果:番荔枝果实中总酚含量为果皮>果肉>种子,果皮含量最高为59.48~127.84 mg/g;番荔枝单酚含量结果表明果皮显著高于果肉和种子部位,各产地酚类种类和含量差异显著。果皮和果肉中对羟基苯甲酸、儿茶素、咖啡酸、表儿茶素含量相对较高,表儿茶素最高为2 398.17 mg/mL。抗氧化结果表明番荔枝果实清除ABTS阳离子自由基能力高于DPPH自由基,且果皮活性最好,分别在质量浓度为0.39、1.56 mg/mL时均达到最高清除率。结论:番荔枝果实中果皮、果肉、种子3 个部位中所含酚类物质种类及含量有显著性差异;果皮部位所含种类及含量均最高,且抗氧化活性最佳,可作为天然抗氧化剂。

HPLC法测定番荔枝种子中泡番荔枝辛的含量

目的:采用HPLC法测定番荔枝种子中泡番荔枝辛的含量。方法:采用HPLC法测定。色谱柱:HederaODS-3(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水(90∶10),流速为1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长为220 nm,柱温25℃。结果:进样量在2.01～20.1μg范围内时,其质量与色谱峰面积的线性关系良好(r=0.999 8)。泡番荔枝辛平均回收率为99.7%,RSD为2.2%(n=6)。测得2008年和2009年采收的番荔枝种子中泡番荔枝辛的含量分别为1.09%和1.42%。结论:本法简便,灵敏,分离度良好,可用于番荔枝种子中泡番荔枝辛的含量测定。

Evaluation of larvicidal efficacy and phytochemical potential of some selected indigenous plant against <i>Anopheles gambiense</i>and <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i>

Azadirachta indica, Citrus sinensis, Cymbopogon citratus and Annona squamosa were screened and evaluated for their phytochemical composition and larvicidal effects on Anopheles gambiense and Culex quinquefasciatus. The bioassay results showed that the effects were dependent on time and concentration of extract used. Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus sinesis at 20 mg/ml had the highest mortality effect on Anopheles gambiense after 72 h. Citrus sinensis was more effective against Culex quinquefasciatus. Aqueous extracts of these plants were found to have less larvicidal effect against the mosquito vectors. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids in all herbs. Alkaloids were present in Citrus sinensis, Cymbopogon citratus and Annona squamosa while Citrus sinesis and Azadirachta indica were positive for tannins.

Natural and Derivatized Acetogenins Promising for the Control of Spodoptera frugiperda Smith

Annonaceous acetogenins (ACG), belonging to the family Annonaceae, represent a class of bioactive compounds whose toxic effects have been reported for several spe-cies of insects. Given their insecticidal properties, we first carried out the isolation of the ACG from a Brazilian collection of the seeds of Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) and prepared their methoxy methylated (MOM) and acetylated (OAc) derivatives by chemical methods. ACG analogues were semi-synthesized and characterized by spec-troscopic techniques (1H and 13C-NMR). We isolated ten natural acetogenins: squamo-cin, molvizarin, motrilin, rolliniastatin-2, almunequin, cherimolin-1, cherimolin-2, an-nonacin, squamocin D and asiminecin. The main objective of this study is to report the antifeedant, toxic and nutritional effects of three of those natural acetogenins and their acetylated and methoxy methylated derivatives on Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lep-idoptera: Noctuidae). The natural ACGs squamocin and molvizarin killed 100% of S. frugiperda larvae, followed by motrilin (80%). Acetylated derivatives had less toxic and nutritional effects that led to pupal mortality and adult fatal malformations. The addition of MOM derivatives to the larval diet has not toxic effects on larvae, but significantly reduces growth rate and efficiency in conversion of ingested food into biomass, affecting adult survival.

番荔枝花粉特性及其授粉技术研究进展

综述了国内外番荔枝花粉、授粉技术研究进展、存在的问题,以及对番荔枝授粉技术未来发展的展望,以期为番荔枝产业的持续发展提供参考。

番荔枝根腐病菌分离鉴定、生物学特性分析及药剂筛选

鉴定分离番荔枝根腐病病原菌,对菌株进行致病性检测和生物学特性分析,并研究9种杀菌剂对根腐病菌株的毒力效果,以期为后续番荔枝根腐病菌致病机理和病害综合防控等研究提供材料与理论基础。本研究结合形态和分子生物学手段,分离并鉴定广东番荔枝主产区根腐病致病真菌,利用活体接种试验测试不同菌株致病力,并分析菌株的生物学特性;通过室内毒力试验筛选效果佳的杀菌药剂。结果表明,所采根腐病株中纯化分离的5个菌株均为镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.),其中SJF1-4为腐皮镰刀菌(F.solani),SJF5为嗜线虫镰刀菌(F.nematophilic)。SJF3致病性最强,其次为SJF4,然后是SJF2,最低为SJF1和SJF5。菌株生物学特性研究显示,28℃为菌株最佳培养温度条件,致死温度为75℃;5种碳源对菌落生长与蔗糖对照差异不显著,氮源蛋白胨、牛肉膏、硝酸钾与对照硝酸钠差异不显著,尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵效率则显著低于对照处理。杀菌剂毒力测试结果显示,咪鲜胺、苯甲嘧菌酯和苯醚·甲环唑对病菌生长毒力显著高于其他药剂处理,其EC50分别为0.08、0.86、1.27 mg/L;其次为恶霉灵、春雷喹啉铜和甲嘧甲霜灵,毒力最低为甲霜·锰锌和烯酰吗啉,EC50分别达678.29、1313.92 mg/L。本研究结果可为番荔枝根腐病的综合防控和抗病育种等提供理论依据。

刺果番荔枝根提取物改善2型糖尿病药效和作用机制研究

目的:研究刺果番荔枝根提物(AME)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)ICR小鼠的作用效果,探究其作用机制。方法:4周高脂饮食后,给予ICR小鼠口服1 g/kg烟酰胺和120 mg/kg链脲佐菌素(STZ)构建T2DM模型。按照模型组、200 mg/kg二甲双胍组和50、100、200 mg/kg AME组将T2DM鼠随机分为5组,连续给药4周。每周测空腹血糖和体重。实验结束前一周进行口服糖耐量实验(OGTT)并检测糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平。给药结束后血清学检测总胆固醇(TG)、甘油三酯(TC)、低密度脂蛋白水平(LDL-C)和胰岛素水平;计算稳态评估模型HOMA-IR和HOMA-%β。Western blot法检测肝脏中单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸羧化酶(G6Pase)和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶(PCK1)表达量。结果:200 mg/kg AME明显降低了TT2DM小鼠空腹血糖、HbA1c、TG和LDL-C水平;明显降低了HOMA-IR和HOMA-%β指数;降低了OGTT曲线下面积;抑制了ACC和G6Pase蛋白表达水平,并激活了AMPK蛋白表达。结果:AME表现出了对T2DM良好的治疗活性,其机制可能与激活AMPK蛋白,抑制ACC和G6Pase蛋白表达有关。

番荔枝籽水提液对亚硝酸根的清除效果研究

在体外模拟胃液条件下,采用分光光度法研究番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除效果。以NO_(2)^(-)的清除率为评价指标,在考察番荔枝籽水提液的浸提时间、水浴时间和提取温度对NO_(2)^(-)的清除能力影响的基础上,通过响应面实验优化对NO_(2)^(-)清除作用的最佳番荔枝籽水提液提取条件。结果表明,番荔枝籽水提液清除NO_(2)^(-)的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶50(g∶mL),浸提时间61min,水浴时间32min,提取温度81℃,在该条件下,番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除率可达(32.39±0.16)%。