A therapeutic potentiality and toxicity concern of nutrient plant Annona squamosa Linn.

Annona squamosa Linn.fruit is famous for its nutritional value with a long history of medicinal benefits due to the presence of many phytochemicals,including alkaloids,diterpenes,essential oil,phytopeptides,etc.Several studies envisaged that Annona squamosa possesses cytotoxic,diuretic,antiurolithiatic,antitumor,anti-psoriatic,antioxidant,and hepatoprotective properties.This plant is traditionally used for the treatment of wound infection,dysentery,seizure,tumors,fever,vomiting,parasitic infections,hypertension,thyroid,toothache,acne,heart disease,inflammation,diabetes,hair loss,dandruff,hemorrhage,maggot-infected sores,abortifacient,and cough.However,some chemical constituents isolated from the plant have shown specific toxic effects in human and animal models,such as acute oral toxic effects,genotoxic,neurotoxic,and ocular toxic.The plant has diverse pharmacological actions,the seeds of this plant possess a genotoxic effect but on the contrary,the bark of the plant shows genoprotective activity.A large number of ethnobotanical studies reported the seed of this plant is used to induce abortion in humans,but a scientific study carried out in pregnant rats reported aqueous seed extract of the plant did not interfere with reproductive performance.The presented review summarized the traditional uses,pharmacological,and toxicological activities of the isolated compounds from this plant.Additionally,some patents and commercial products related to Annona squamosa are also brought up in this article to explore its application which would attract the scientific community to search out its hidden side.

Ethanol extract of Annona muricata Linn fruit perform antidiabetic effect on type 2 diabetic mice through α-glucosidase inhibition

Objective:To explore the anti-diabetic effects and its underlying mechanism of Annona muricata Linn fruit ethanol extract(AME).Methods:Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic(T2DM)mouse model was constructed.Those diabetic mice were randomly grouped and given 50 mg/kg acarbose or AME(200 mg/kg,100 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg)for four weeks.The body weight,postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin levels were measured during the administration.After the administration,a glucose tolerance test was performed,and the levels of triglycerides,cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in mice were detected by biochemical test kits.The inhibitory activity of AME onα-glucosidase in vivo and in vitro was determined by enzyme inhibition tests.Results:AME significantly reduced weight gain,postprandial blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin and low-density lipoprotein levels in T2DM mice;enhanced glucose tolerance and pancreaticβ-cell function of T2DM mice;inhibitedα-glucosidase activity in mouse intestine in an noncompetitive manner.Conclusion:AME may noncompetitive inhibitα-glucosidase activity and reduce postprandial glucose intake to achieve a therapeutic and regulatory effect on type 2 diabetes.

A New Cytotoxic Acetogenin from the Seeds of Annona squamosa

A new Annonaceous acetogenin, squamostolide (1), was isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa. Its structure was elucidated based on spectroscopic methods and comparison with known compounds. It is the first example of Annonaceous acetogenin with each of the two ends of the aliphatic chain bearing a g-lactone. The new compound exhibited cytotoxic activity in vitro against bel-7402 and CNE2 human tumor cell lines.

<i>In Vitro</i>Clonal Propagation from Juvenile and Different Explant Types of Two Edible <i>Annonaceae</i>Species: <i>Annona muricata</i>L. and <i>Annona squamosa</i>L.

Annona muricata L. and Annona squamosa L. are tropical species whose fleshy fruit is edible. They offer real possibilities for socio-economic use, particularly in the fields of medicine, nutrition, ecosystem conservation and the poverty alleviation. This study was set up to evaluate different methods of micropropagation from juvenile material for the regeneration of these species. Thus, MS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. M2 produced 2.87 newly formed shoots from the cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata. For the terminal apices of A. squamosa, it was MMS medium supplemented with [BAP 2 mg·L-1] i.e. MM2 that was most conducive to new shoot formation (3.12). The addition of 0.1 and 0.2 mg·L-1 of NAA in the M2 medium, made it possible to have the best elongations and average number of nodes for the new shoots from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata (9.11 cm for 5.62 nodes). With A. squamosa, MM7 medium [MMS + BAP 1 mg·L-1 + KIN 1 mg·L-1] resulted in an average length of 9.05 cm with 5.62 nodes on average for the apical shoots. A 3-day rhizogenic induction period in the dark with [IBA 50 mg·L-1] and 2 g·L-1 of activated charcoal gave a rooting rate of 66.67% for shoots originating from the cotyledonary nodes of A. squamosa;while with vitroplants from cotyledonary nodes of A. muricata, a better rooting rate (83.33%) was obtained following a 5-day rhizogenic induction. After 30 days of acclimatization, the survival rate reached 83.33% for plants from the tips of A. muricata, whereas for A. squamosa, it was plants grown from cotyledonary nodes that had the same survival rate.

Squamin-A,Novel Cyclopeptide from Annona squamosa

A novel cyclopeptide, squamin-A has been isolated from the seeds of Annona squamosa Linn.. The structure was elucidated by extensive 2D-NMR, FABMS and amino acid analysis in combination with Marfey's reagents as cyclo-[l-prolyl-l-(S-oxo)-methionyl-l-tyrosyl-l-glycyl-tythreonyl-l-valyl-l-alanyl-l-isoleucyl].

Research Progress of Main Pests in Sweetsop ( Annona squamosa L. ) and Its Insecticide Activity

The research progress on pests and insecticide activity of Annona squamosa L. is summarized in the paper, including symptom, occurrence regularity and control methods. Furthermore, the comprehensive technique for controlling pests of A. squamosa in the future is preliminarily discussed.

<i>Annonaa muricata </i>Linn Leaf Induce Apoptosis in Cancer Cause Virus

Introduction: Now many studies conducted on the drug substance from nature that can serve as an anticancer agent as a potential chemoprevention agent, such as Annona muricata Linn leaf escort chemotherapy, which was flaring. The cancer cell in humans was included the loss of p53 protein function due to mutations in the protein gene. Other causes are that the p53 proteins are not functioning due to an increase in protein misfolding event chaperones and degradation events ubiquitous as binding by viral protein. Method: Cytotoxicity assay performed on 24 well plate micro-cultures. HeLa cells are as 2 × 104 cells in 100 mL in RPMI media. Created control is RPMI and solvent DMSO 0.25%. Cytotoxic Test performed by the method of calculation tryphan blue dye exclusion. Being fasted for 24 hours in the culture medium, then the cells are grown in micro-plate with media plus samples with a non-lethal concentration (LC50) of partition and fractionation Annona muricata Linn leaf. Sampling is performed at 24 hours. Each of these wells is calculated the number of living cells and made the curve of cell number and incubation time. Result: The results showed that HeLa cells are being LC50 partition of leaves Annona muricata Linn in ethyl acetate his cell death rate was higher (2000 μg/ml have 131.89%;15.625 μg/ml have 11.37%) and in ethanol-distillate water his cell death rate was lower (2000 μg/ml have 35.80%;15.625 μg/ml have 3.97%). Another results showed that HeLa cells are being LC50 fractionation of leaves Annona muricata Linn in chloroform his cell death rate was higher (2000 μg/ml have 91.86%;15.625 μg/ml have 2.68%) and in ethyl acetate, his cell death rate was lower (2000 μg/ml have 23.79%;15.625

AP番荔枝在广西崇左的引种表现及栽培技术

为了调优热带水果品种比例,于2016年自湛江引入优良品种AP番荔枝进行试种。经过7年的引种栽培试验,AP番荔枝在广西崇左生长结果表现良好,果实大小中等、均匀。果实性状方面,AP番荔枝平均单果重297.8g,比普通番荔枝品种(CK)的181.6g增加64.0%,差异达极显著;可食率66%,比CK的57%增加15.8%,可溶性固形物24.5%,比CK的20.5%提高19.5%,这两项指标差异达显著;单果种子28粒,比CK的45粒减少37.8%,差异达极显著;可溶性糖18.3%,比CK的16.8%提高8.90%,平均株产量比CK高4.2%~10.5%,两项指标差异不显著。AP番荔枝具有早结丰产特性,其果实大、品质好、可食率高、可溶性固形物高,适合广西崇左发展种植。

番荔枝花粉特性及其授粉技术研究进展

综述了国内外番荔枝花粉、授粉技术研究进展、存在的问题,以及对番荔枝授粉技术未来发展的展望,以期为番荔枝产业的持续发展提供参考。

番荔枝根腐病菌分离鉴定、生物学特性分析及药剂筛选

鉴定分离番荔枝根腐病病原菌,对菌株进行致病性检测和生物学特性分析,并研究9种杀菌剂对根腐病菌株的毒力效果,以期为后续番荔枝根腐病菌致病机理和病害综合防控等研究提供材料与理论基础。本研究结合形态和分子生物学手段,分离并鉴定广东番荔枝主产区根腐病致病真菌,利用活体接种试验测试不同菌株致病力,并分析菌株的生物学特性;通过室内毒力试验筛选效果佳的杀菌药剂。结果表明,所采根腐病株中纯化分离的5个菌株均为镰刀菌(Fusarium sp.),其中SJF1-4为腐皮镰刀菌(F.solani),SJF5为嗜线虫镰刀菌(F.nematophilic)。SJF3致病性最强,其次为SJF4,然后是SJF2,最低为SJF1和SJF5。菌株生物学特性研究显示,28℃为菌株最佳培养温度条件,致死温度为75℃;5种碳源对菌落生长与蔗糖对照差异不显著,氮源蛋白胨、牛肉膏、硝酸钾与对照硝酸钠差异不显著,尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵效率则显著低于对照处理。杀菌剂毒力测试结果显示,咪鲜胺、苯甲嘧菌酯和苯醚·甲环唑对病菌生长毒力显著高于其他药剂处理,其EC50分别为0.08、0.86、1.27 mg/L;其次为恶霉灵、春雷喹啉铜和甲嘧甲霜灵,毒力最低为甲霜·锰锌和烯酰吗啉,EC50分别达678.29、1313.92 mg/L。本研究结果可为番荔枝根腐病的综合防控和抗病育种等提供理论依据。

刺果番荔枝果实乙醇提取物抑制α⁃葡萄糖苷酶治疗2型糖尿病的实验研究

目的:研究95%乙醇回流提取的刺果番荔枝果实提取物(AME)治疗2型糖尿病作用以及可能的机制。方法:利用链脲佐菌素诱发ICR小鼠建立2型糖尿病,随机分组,分别给予50 mg/kg阿卡波糖或者AME(200、100和50 mg/kg),连续给药4周。每周测定小鼠体重、餐后血糖水平。第3周测定糖化血红蛋白水平。给药结束后进行OGTT实验,检测血清生化指标。通过酶抑制实验测定AME对体内外α⁃葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性和选择性。结果:AME能控制2型糖尿病小鼠的体重增长,显著降低餐后血糖、糖化血红蛋白及低密度脂蛋白水平,增强小鼠机体糖耐受的能力;非竞争性抑制小鼠肠道内α⁃葡萄糖苷酶活性。结论:AME可能非竞争性抑制α⁃葡萄糖苷酶活性以控制机体对餐后葡萄糖摄入,发挥2型糖尿病治疗作用。

番荔枝籽水提液对亚硝酸根的清除效果研究

在体外模拟胃液条件下,采用分光光度法研究番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除效果。以NO_(2)^(-)的清除率为评价指标,在考察番荔枝籽水提液的浸提时间、水浴时间和提取温度对NO_(2)^(-)的清除能力影响的基础上,通过响应面实验优化对NO_(2)^(-)清除作用的最佳番荔枝籽水提液提取条件。结果表明,番荔枝籽水提液清除NO_(2)^(-)的最佳提取条件为料液比1∶50(g∶mL),浸提时间61min,水浴时间32min,提取温度81℃,在该条件下,番荔枝籽水提液对NO_(2)^(-)的清除率可达(32.39±0.16)%。

番荔枝果皮弱极性成分研究(Ⅲ)

目的研究番荔枝Annona squamosa Linn.果皮弱极性成分。方法番荔枝果皮95%乙醇提取物采用硅胶柱进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果从中分离得到6个化合物,分别鉴定为16α-17-acetoxy-18-nor-ent-kaurane-4β-ol(1)、ent-kaurane-16-en-19-ol(2)、ent-kuarane-15-en-17-al-18-oic acid(3)、ent-kuarane-15-en-17-al-19-oic acid(4)、16α,17-dihydroxy-ent-kaurane-19-oic acid methyl ester(5)、16α-ent-kaurane-17-ol(6)。结论化合物1为新化合物,化合物3~6均为首次从番荔枝果皮中分离得到。

基于转录组的番荔枝ARF基因家族鉴定及其在花发育中的表达分析

鉴定番荔枝ARF家族基因,并分析其在花发育中的表达谱,为深入探索ARF家族基因调控花发育的机制奠定基础,为解决番荔枝产业上出现的“花而不实”、结果率低等问题提供理论依据。以番荔枝为研究对象,基于转录组测序,筛选鉴定出11个番荔枝AsARF基因。通过同源进化分析、蛋白结构域分析、亚细胞定位、qRT-PCR等技术,初步分析了AsARF家族基因的生物学功能。进化树分析结果显示,AsARF蛋白可以被分为5组。AsARF的预测蛋白分子量在73.85~112.51 kDa之间,等电点分布于5.42~7.63之间。所有AsARF蛋白均含有1个DNA结合结构域和1个中间区域结构域,除AsARF3a、AsARF6a和AsARF6b外,其他蛋白还存在1个C-末端二聚化结构域。基于蛋白中间区域的氨基酸富集情况,推测AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6c、AsARF6d、AsARF7和AsARF16这6个蛋白可能为转录激活子,而AsARF2、AsARF3a、AsARF3b、AsARF6a和AsARF6b这5个蛋白推测为转录抑制子。鉴定得到3个CTD结构域缺失的ARF基因:AsARF3a、AsARF6a和AsARF6b,它们可能有着独特的生物学功能。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,AsARF蛋白主要定位在细胞核中。亚细胞定位实验结果显示,AsARF2、AsARF3a和AsARF6a蛋白定位于细胞核,表明AsARF蛋白具有转录因子的核定位特征。qRT-PCR结果显示,AsARF3a、AsARF3b、AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6a和AsARF7在花芽期表达量最高,AsARF2和AsARF6b的表达量在花蕾期最高。AsARF2、AsARF3a、AsARF5a、AsARF5b、AsARF6b、AsARF6c和AsARF16基因在正常花中的呈现高表达,而AsARF3b、AsARF6a、AsARF6d和AsARF7则在畸形花中表达量更高。AsARF6b、AsARF6c在正常花中表达量高、而AsARF6a、AsARF6d在畸形花中表达量更高,说明它们在花的正常发育中起到了重要作用。

广东番荔枝种植现状和推广策略

番荔枝富含了诸多有益于人体健康的矿物质和有机酸等,不仅具有较高的营养价值,而且药用价值较为突出,能够激活人脑细胞,促进胃肠蠕动,同时还具有观赏价值。广东因其特有的地理环境以及气候条件,比较适宜种植番荔枝。特别是最近几年,随着番荔枝的价格逐渐走高,广东地区扩大了种植面积,引进了先进的种植技术,逐渐形成了番荔枝产业。本文在对广东番荔枝种植优势进行分析的基础上,从品种、产地、技术三方面探讨广东番荔枝种植现状,进而提出了切实可行的推广策略。

番荔枝种子化学成分研究(Ⅰ)

目的研究番荔枝种子的化学成分。方法利用硅胶色谱技术分离纯化化合物,根据化合物的理化性质和波谱学数据鉴定其结构。结果从番荔枝种子中分离得到23个化合物,其中9个为番荔枝内酯化合物,分别为番荔枝塔宁乙、刺番荔枝素、annoglaxin、泡番荔枝辛、expoxyrolin B、squamocin、去乙酰紫玉盘素、去乙酰异紫玉盘素和大花紫玉盘素A。结论番荔枝塔宁乙为新抗肿瘤活性番荔枝内酯化合物,expoxyrolin B和去乙酰异紫玉盘素首次从番荔枝种子中分离得到,体外细胞抗肿瘤实验结果表明,9个番荔枝内酯化合物均具有较强的抗肿瘤活性。

中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝耐藏性的影响

以长角豆胶与黄原胶复配胶为涂膜基质,添加具抑菌作用的中草药制剂五倍子、大黄以及NaCl等成膜助剂,配制成中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂,用扫描电子显微镜观察此保鲜剂所成复合膜的表面形貌,并以番荔枝为实验材料,对其进行涂膜处理,研究中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂对番荔枝品质变化的影响。结果表明:中草药复合涂膜保鲜剂可形成一层致密、较均匀的膜,能抑制番荔枝果实中有机酸、VC等营养成分的消耗,降低失重率、裂果率、腐烂率和可溶性固形物转化速度,延缓后熟软化过程,抑制呼吸强度,降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度,从而延缓果实衰老,有较好的保鲜效果。

番荔枝种子化学成分研究

目的 研究药用植物番荔枝(AnnonasquamosaL)种子的抗肿瘤活性成分。方法 利用各种色谱技术进行分离纯化, 根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据鉴定化学结构。结果 从乙醇提取物分离鉴定了 11个番荔素:squamocenin(1), annotemoyin- 2 (2), reticulatain- 2 (3), squamocin- I(4), squamocin -B(5), squamocin(6), motrilin(7), squamostatin -D(8), squamostatin- E(9), cherimolin -1 (10)和cherimolin -2 (11)。结论 Squamocenin(1)为新番荔素; annotemoyin- 2 (2)和reticulatain -2 (3)是首次报道该植物含有的化合物。

感染根腐病番荔枝根际土壤微生物群落多样性分析

【目的】探究感染根腐病番荔枝根际土壤微生物群落的多样性和分布规律,为筛选鉴定番荔枝根腐病病原菌提供参考依据。【方法】采集感染根腐病的番荔枝根际土壤(感病根际土壤)和健康番荔枝根际土壤(健康根际土壤)样品,采用高通量测序技术,以ITS1和ITS4为引物,对其真菌ITS1区和细菌V3+V4区进行扩增测序,在门、纲、目、属和种水平上分析其微生物群落的结构和多样性。【结果】感病根际土壤的真菌数量明显增多,细菌数量明显减少。感病根际土壤中的真菌隶属于2界5门16纲36目48科81属96种,健康根际土壤中的真菌隶属于3界7门17纲43目73科113属160种。感病根际土壤微生物的群落丰富度、多样性指数均较健康根际土壤下降,真菌种类较少但均匀度上升。在PDA培养基上培养4 d后真菌类菌株形成中等量、呈放射状的气生菌丝;菌落直径4.5 cm,菌落平铺,全缘,呈圆形,白色,气生菌丝绒状。采用供试引物对根际土壤病原菌菌株进行扩增,显示菌株的ITS序列与Fusarium acutatum(登录号AY569567.1)同源性达99.45%,说明扩增出的ITS序列(RRD-1)为F.acutatum的基因片段。【结论】感染根腐病番荔枝根际土壤微生物的群落丰富度、多样性指数均较健康荔枝根际土壤明显下降,而真菌种类较少,均匀度上升。经病原菌形态学观察和生物比对鉴定,初步确定引起广西地区番荔枝根腐病的病原菌可能为真菌镰刀属的F.acutatum。