Impacts of formal credit on rural household income:Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.

Rural-urban Migration,Rural Household Income and Sustainable Development in Rural Areas of China

The objective of this paper is to investigate the rela- tionships among rural-urban migration,rural household income and sustainable development in rural areas of China.The typical case study is done and 288 questionnaires are collected from five villages in Hebei and Guangxi provinces,China.The migration and remittance status,household income and sustainable devel- opment of rural areas are analyzed on the basis of questionnaires. Rural-urban migration is becoming a part of routine life in rural areas.And remittance is an important component in rural house- hold income.Rural-urban migration increases the arable land area per labor,which releases the tight human-land relationship in villages.In total,the migration increases the rural household in- come and accelerates the sustainable development of rural areas.

Rural-urban Migration, Rural Household Income and Local Geographical Contexts——A Case of Northwestern Guangxi, China

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.

Booming local economy a key to whetting rural consumption—Empirical study based on the decomposition of rural household income

Based on the decomposition of China’s rural household income,we made quantitative analyses of the factors affecting rural consumption by using co-integration and other econometric tools.By comparing the results with the ongoing economic stimulus package rolled out by the central government,we analyzed the effects of different policies on rural consumption.The empirical study and policy analysis show that:(1) income from household business operation, wages,and fiscal relief funds are the three main factors affecting rural household consumption;(2) the ongoing stimulus package,which includes both short-term measures like consumption subsidies and long-term policies aiming to increase rural household income and improve the rural consumption environment,are effective in promoting rural consumption;(3) in boosting rural consumption,emphasis should be put on various long-term policies.Fiscal expenditure should put more weight on consumption than on agriculture,forestry and irrigation;and(4) intra-county economies are crucial in kicking off rural consumption.Policies should be stressed for integrating rural consumption and the development of local economies.

Empirical Research on Impact of Marketization of Agricultural Products on Income of Rural Households Based on Questionnaire Survey of Rural Household

Based on the survey and research on rural households in Changshu City and Jiangdu City of Jiangsu Province, this paper researches the microeconomic subject-commercial decision-making and production behaviours of the rural households, under the circumstance of development of agricultural product market in different regions. We conduct random sampling questionnaire survey on the rural households in 7 villages of Changshu City and Jiangdu City, Jiangsu Province, and obtain data, in order to judge and verify the theory, explore the relationship between market development of agricultural products, behaviours of rural households and income of rural households, and establish the econometric model of impact of market of agricultural products on income per capita of rural households. The research shows that there is difference in the level of socio-economic development in different regions of Jiangsu Province, and the effect of the same factors in different regions is not quite similar; the income structure of rural households and marketization development have great impact on total income per capita of rural households; the planting structure has significant impact on agricultural income per capita. Then the countermeasures and suggestions are put forward as follows: strengthen rural marketization building and broaden sales channel; reinforce information-based building and promote transparency and openness of rural market information; adjust the production structure of rural households rationally, coordinate agricultural production activities and non-agricultural activities of rural households, and balance the planting of cash crops and grain crops.

Geography and Rural Household Income:A Village Level Study in Henan Province,China

This study uses the data from a sample survey conducted in April 2007 on 1 251 rural households in 11 villages of Henan Province, the largest less developed agricultural province in China, to examine how geography affects rural household income(RHI).The quantitative analysis indicates following results.1) The significance of the traditional geographical factors reduces as RHI rank increases.2) The landform does not affect the RHI significantly.The per capita income of rural household in a plain area is lower than that in a mountainous area.And 3) the capital endowment and status of non-farm economic activities contribute to the increase of RHI.But the probability and intensity of non-farm economic activities of rural households in urban outskirts villages are higher than that in non-urban outskirts villages.Based on the results, the paper further concludes that geography still plays a significant role in rural development, but it is changing over time.The agricultural resources(such as per capita arable land) significantly affect RHI with the relatively lower income level, while the geographical location shows a more significant impact on RHI with the relatively high income level.Along with economic development, the proximity replaces the traditional geographical factors such as landform and physical resources as the major determining factor in RHI.

Gradient Effect on Farmers' Income in the Mountain Areas and its Implication for Poverty Alleviation Strategies:Empirical Analysis from the Upper Reach of Minjiang River,China

Using four types of settlements in the upper reach of Minjiang River as case,we establish structural models in farmers' income of different settlement patterns based on rural household panel data to reveal the gradient effect on farmers' income and determinants.The results indicate that:(1) except the resettlement area,the incomes for farmers living in river valley,semi-mountain,and high-mountain settlements present a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing;on the contrary,their nonfarm earnings show an increasing trend with the elevation decreasing;(2) from the effect on farmers' income,there is a common feature that the nonfarm earnings and farming incomes have significant positive effects,and family size and productive expenditure have significant negative effects.One exception to this is the productive expenditure,which becomes insignificant in the model of resettlement area;(3) from the way of increasing farmers' income and alleviating poverty,there are great differences for four types of settlements in mountain areas,however,the improvement of agricultural product sales,agricultural production subsidies,the expansion for nonfarm employment,and the control of the family's size are the most effective approaches for poverty alleviation.

Estimating the effects of financial access on poor farmers in rural northern Nigeria

By recognizing the gap in the literature in examining the effects of financial resources and development outcomes at the household level,this paper examines whether the poorest income quintile would benefit most from programs aimed at increasing their access to financial services in rural northern Nigeria.Most households from this part of the world consist of farmers and,hence,are exposed to the vagaries of climate change.The data from 320 questionnaires administered in two rural communities(Rijau and Fakai)were analyzed using an ordered logit regression model.The results showed that access to financial services by using formal financial institutions and farmer savings clubs benefits vulnerable farmers(mostly women).The robustness check using the Brant test also confirmed that the parallel regression assumption of the model was not violated.A policy scenario that seeks to increase the delivery of financial services to rural farm households using community savings clubs and microfinance institution reforms for reaching the financially underserved was also found to benefit the poorest income quintile,hence,bringing them out of poverty.

汇聚涓涓细流:农村电商的收入效应与溢出效应研究——基于全国1809个县的证据

促进共同富裕的艰巨任务在农村、在农民,而发展农村电商是推进乡村振兴、促进收入增长、实现共同富裕的一个探索。基于2014—2020年全国1809个县以及淘宝村数据,构建面板数据固定效应模型和空间杜宾模型,分析了农村电商发展对县域农村家庭收入的直接效应及其空间溢出效应。研究发现:与非电商村相比,农村电商显著提高了农村居民的收入水平,产生的收入效应在电商发展水平较低、经济聚集程度不高的地区更大。进一步分析发现,农村电商呈现较强的空间溢出效应,且农村电商对周边地区和经济发达地区产生的溢出效应较大。国家推进电商进村应注重完善具有较好农业资源禀赋地区的公共基础设施,提高特色农产品在电商市场中的差异化竞争力;鼓励农村电商跨区域发展,提倡农村电商先行区帮扶后进地区,促进农产品和农村要素流动汇聚涓涓细流,实现互利互惠共赢、共同富裕。

How Does E-Commerce Policy Affect Consumption Disparities of Rural Households?-Evidence from China

In the context of China’s ongoing efforts to promote countryside revitalization and facilitate domestic economic circulation,it is of great significance to reduce the consumption disparity among rural households and unleash the consumption potential in the countryside.Based on data from China Family Panel Studies,this paper adopts a staggered difference-in-differences method to assess the impact of the e-commerce to enter rural areas on the consumption disparity among rural households.Findings:the comprehensive demonstration work of promoting e-commerce to enter rural areas has reduced the consumption disparity among rural households through the following mechanisms.Firstly,this policy initiative has mitigated the consumption-inhibiting effect on rural household consumption due to the local market size and external market accessibility by promoting the distribution of consumer goods to villages.Secondly,this policy initiative has also increased the agricultural income of rural households and reduced their consumption disparity by distributing farm produce to cities and enhancing the agricultural income of rural households.Moreover,the work is characterized by inclusive growth and is not susceptible to the“elite capture”phenomenon.

数字素养的农户收入增长效应研究

作为数字时代重要的新型人力资本,数字素养成为农户生计资本的重要组成部分。数字素养的提升使农户能够更好地应用先进技术、获取市场信息、拓展销售渠道、增加非农就业创业机会,从而产生显著的收入增长效应。采用“中国乡村振兴综合调查”(CRRS)2020年的数据,从数字设备操作、数字资源获取、数字技术应用、数字意识4个维度选取18项指标评价样本数字素养,实证检验数字素养对农户收入的影响,结果发现:农户数字素养提升能够显著增加其人均农业收入、人均非农收入和人均总收入,该收入增长效应对流动性约束较强的农户和非城郊村的农户更为显著;数字素养可以通过提高农业劳动生产率的路径增加农户农业收入,也可以通过促进家庭生计多样化的路径增加农户非农收入。因此,数字素养不仅具有显著的农户增收效应,而且有助于长尾群体共享数字红利,应在加强和普及数字素养教育的同时,重点帮扶数字弱势群体以缩小数字鸿沟,并切实提高农业劳动生产率和促进农户生计多样化,充分发挥数字素养的农户增收效应。

互联网使用有助于减小农村内部收入差距吗?——基于农村劳动力回流的调节效应

文章借助中国家庭金融调查数据(CHFS)探究互联网使用对农村内部收入差距的影响以及农村劳动力回流在上述关系中的调节作用。研究表明:(1)互联网使用会加剧农民农业收入差距,但有助于缩小农民非农业收入差距。(2)互联网使用扩大了中—低、高—低收入群体的农业收入差距,缩小了中—低收入群体的非农业收入差距。(3)劳动力回流能够缓解互联网使用扩大农民农业收入差距的影响,促进互联网使用缩小农民非农业收入差距的功效。因此,政府应加强培训低收入农民的互联网使用技能与网络营销能力,通过招商投资等方式加大非农就业容纳量,加快农村农业生产规模化、现代化,深入推进“互联网+农业”,吸引优秀外出劳动力回流,发挥好劳动力回流在互联网使用与农村内部收入差距关系中的调节作用,推动实现共同富裕。

数字乡村建设能促进农户增收吗?

数字乡村建设的战略目标在于全面实现农业强、农村美、农民富。基于2019年中国县域数字乡村指数和2019年中国家庭金融调查数据,利用多层次模型和中介效应模型实证分析数字乡村建设对农户收入的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,数字乡村建设对农户增收具有显著的促进作用,数字乡村建设得越好,农户收入越高。中介效应检验结果表明,数字乡村建设可以通过推动农户非农就业、提高农户数字素养进而促进农户增收。异质性分析表明,数字乡村建设对农户增收的影响存在明显的地区差异性和受教育程度差异性;相较于中西部地区和低学历农户家庭,数字乡村建设对东部地区和高学历农户家庭的增收效应更显著。为此,政府应持续加强和协调数字乡村建设与发展,着力构建面向农村的数字技术推广体系,切实让农民享受到“数字红利”,促进农民持续增收,全面推进乡村振兴。

农村劳动力流动是否降低了家庭金融脆弱性?

本文基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)三期数据,实证研究农村劳动力流动对家庭金融脆弱性的影响。结果发现:农村劳动力流动能显著降低家庭金融脆弱性,在低消费家庭和未进行商业保险投保的家庭中,农村劳动力流动对缓解家庭金融脆弱性的作用更强。经过替换解释变量、替换被解释变量、倾向得分匹配法及工具变量法等检验,结果依然稳健。机制分析表明,农村劳动力流动通过提升收入、积累社会资本和缓解流动性约束等途径影响家庭金融脆弱性。进一步分析发现,农村劳动力流动能更显著地缓解存在金融脆弱性家庭的相对贫困。

工商资本下乡能促进农户增收吗?

工商资本下乡对优化城乡资源要素配置,促进农民共同富裕具有重要意义。本文采用2020年中国乡村振兴综合调查(CRRS)和浙大卡特—企研中国涉农研究数据库(CCAD)数据,分析工商资本下乡对农户收入的影响及作用机制。研究发现:工商资本下乡有利于提高农户收入水平,该结论在经过一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;在收入结构上,工商资本下乡主要提高了农户非农经营性收入和工资性收入,但降低了农业经营性收入;工商资本下乡通过推动农户家庭劳动力从本地务农向本地非农就业转移,提高非农就业率,从而促进总收入增加;工商资本下乡的增收效应对于不同受教育水平和经济状况的农户没有显著差异,这在一定程度上体现了工商资本下乡对农村弱势群体的帮扶作用;涉农第一产业、第二产业和第三产业的工商资本均有利于提高农户收入水平,且增收作用逐渐增强。本研究为推进工商资本下乡、实现农民富裕提供了经验证据。

农业机械化对山区农户收入的影响机制分析——基于浙江省山区26县的面板数据

农业机械化对山区农户收入的影响机制以及如何促进山区农业机械化水平的提升,仍然是共同富裕进程中一个值得思考的问题。基于2007—2020年浙江省山区26县的面板数据,运用FGLS法检验农业机械化对山区农户收入的影响。结果表明:①山区农业机械化主要通过劳动力转移促进农户工资性收入的提升;②小型农业机械的数量对农户收入具有显著的正向影响,使用小型农业机械有利于山区农户收入的提升;③通过调节效应检验发现,地形对于农业机械化促进农户收入提升具有正向作用,即便存在地形条件的约束,山区农业机械化水平的提高依旧能够显著增加农户收入。浙江省山区26县应采用适合山区丘陵作业的小型农业机械,提高山区土地集约化利用水平,以及加强农业基础设施建设,以促进浙江省山区26县农业农村现代化和实现共同富裕。

土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响

【目的】探究土地承包经营权退出对农户收入的影响,为进一步推进土地承包经营权有偿退出政策提供决策参考。【方法】基于国家农村改革试验区的718个农户调研数据,采用内生转换回归模型(endogenous switching regression model,ESRM),在“反事实”框架下分析土地承包经营权退出对农户增收效应的影响。【结果】基于“反事实”假设,退出土地承包经营权的农户若没有选择退出,家庭年均总收入会下降41.9%,即土地承包经营权退出能够显著促进农户增收;此外,土地承包经营权退出对东部地区农户的增收效应最高,对新生代农户的增收效应相比于老一代更强。【结论】在充分保障农民土地权利的基础上,审慎推进土地承包经营权有偿退出,优化农村土地资源配置,并为具备离农条件农民提供土地权利价值的实现通道。

数字乡村建设对农村家庭增收的作用机制——基于县域数字乡村指数与中国家庭追踪调查的匹配数据

促进农村家庭增收,是全面推进乡村振兴的落脚点,关乎全社会共同富裕能否顺利实现。通过将县域数字乡村指数与中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据进行匹配,从微观视角探究数字乡村建设对农村家庭增收的作用机制。基准回归结果表明,数字乡村建设对农村家庭增收有显著的正向促进作用。从收入构成上看,数字乡村发展显著增加农村家庭工资性收入、经营性收入与财产性收入,降低转移性收入。机制分析表明,数字乡村建设通过促进农村居民就业增加农村家庭工资性收入;通过促进家庭创业增加其经营性收入;通过加快农村资源变资产增加其财产性收入。异质性分析发现,不同地域、不同特征的农村家庭从数字乡村建设中获利各异。经济发展水平较高地区的农村家庭、低收入农村家庭及高学历农村家庭增收效果越显著。因此,提出深入实施数字乡村发展行动,加快农业农村数字技术应用,为农村家庭增收奠定数字化基础。

数字金融发展对农户收入不平等的影响研究——基于市场化水平调节作用的分析

数字金融发展为降低农户收入不平等提供了新的契机。基于中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据,构建数字金融发展、市场化水平影响农户收入不平等的理论分析框架,实证研究了数字金融发展对农户收入不平等的影响。研究发现:数字金融发展能显著抑制农户收入不平等,市场化总水平及政府与市场的关系、非国有经济的发展、产品市场的发育程度以及要素市场的发育程度等市场化子维度能显著强化数字金融对农户收入不平等的抑制作用。进一步分析表明,数字金融覆盖广度和使用深度对农户收入不平等的抑制作用略强于数字化水平,数字金融发展对农户收入不平等的抑制作用在中西部地区更为显著,并且市场化总水平也能显著强化数字金融覆盖广度、使用深度和数字化水平对农户收入不平等的抑制作用。研究结论为农户收入不平等问题研究提供了新的视角和经验证据。