Litterfall production modeling based on climatic variables and nutrient return from stands of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden and Pinus taeda L.

Native grasslands in the Pampas of South America are increasingly being replaced by Eucalyptus and Pinus stands.The short rotation regimes used for the stands require high nutrient levels,with litterfall being a major source of nutrient return.To model the litterfall production using climatic variables and assess the nutrient return in 14-year-old Eucalyptus grandis and Pinus taeda stands,we measured litter production over 2 years,using conical litter traps,and monitored climatic variables.Mean temperature,accumulated precipitation,and mean maximum vapor pres-sure deficit at the seasonal level influenced litterfall produc-tion by E.grandis;seasonal accumulated precipitation and mean maximum temperature affected litterfall by P.taeda.The regression tree modeling based on these climatic vari-ables had great accuracy and predictive power for E.grandis(N=33;MAE(mean absolute error)=0.65;RMSE(root mean square error)=0.91;R^(2)=0.71)and P.taeda(N=108;MAE=1.50;RMSE=1.59;R^(2)=0.72).The nutrient return followed a similar pattern to litterfall deposition,as well as the order of importance of macronutrients(E.grandis:Ca>N>K>Mg>P;P.taeda:N>Ca>K>Mg>P)and micronutrients(E.grandis and P.taeda:Mn>Fe>Zn>Cu)in both species.This study constitutes a first approximation of factors that affect litterfall and nutrient return in these systems.

Landscape patterns of overstory litterfall and related nutrient fluxes in a cool-temperate forest watershed in northern Hokkaido,Japan

Within a forested watershed at the Uryu Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University in northern Hokkaido, overstory litterfall and related nutrient fluxes were measured at different landscape zones over two years. The wetland zone covered with Picea glehnii pure stand. The riparian zone was deciduous broad-leaved stand dominated by Alnus hirsuta and Salix spp., while the mixture of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen conifer dominated by Betula platyphylla, Quercus crispula and Abies sachalinensis distributed on the upland zone. Annual litterfall averaged 1444, 5122, and 4123 kg.hm^-2·a^-1 in the wetland, riparian and upland zones, respectively. Litterfall production peaked in September-October, and foliage litter contributed the greatest amount （73.4%-87.6 %） of the annual total litterfall. Concentrations of nutrients analyzed in foliage litter of the dominant species showed a similar seasonal variation over the year except for N in P glehnii and A. hirsuta. The nutrient fluxes for all elements analyzed were greatest on riparian zone and lowest in wetland zone. Nutrient fluxes via litterfall followed the decreasing sequence： N （11-129 kg.hm-2.aq） 〉 Ca （9-69） 〉 K （5-20） 〉 Mg （3-15） 〉 P （0.4-4.7） for all stands. Significant differences were found in litterfall production and nutrient fluxes among the different landscape components. There existed significant differences in soil chemistry between the different landscape zones. The consistently low soil C：N ratios at the riparian zone might be due to the higher-quality litter inputs （largely N-fixing alder）.

Monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients in an Aleurites montana plantation

In this study, the dynamics of monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients, i.e., organic C, N, P and K, in an Aleurites montana plantation were analyzed, based on a field study and experiments over one year. The results show that the litterfall mass of A. montana collected generally presents an ascending trend with maximum defoliation occurring in the autumn and winter （October-December）, accounting for 75.67% of the total amount of annual litterfalk The sequence in the amount of nutrients in A. montana litter was as follows： organic C 〉 N 〉 K 〉 P; their monthly amounts show various dynamic curves. Similar to the dynamics of the mass of monthly litterfall, the monthly returns of C, N, P and K generally show an ascending trend with their peak values all occurring in December. The mass of A. montana litterfall and the dynamics of its monthly nutrient return provide, to a certain degree, a scientific reference for planting and fertilizing A. montana.

Litterfall production and nutrient return in different-aged Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations in South China

The amounts of litter produced and nutrients returned play a fundamental role in the productivity and biogeochemical and nutrient cycling of forest ecosystems.We monitored annual litterfall production, nutrient return,and monthly dynamics over a one-year period in Chinese fir plantations aged 10, 22, and 34 years. Our objective was to quantify litterfall and nutrient return over a complete harvest rotation of Chinese fir. Annual litterfall production increased with stand age and was recorded as（3,294.6 ± 360.4）,（3,733.9 ± 211.2）, and（4,876.1 ± 212.8） kg ha-1a-1in stands aged 10, 22 and 34 years, respectively. Total litter production was significantly greater in the stand aged34 years than in the stand aged 10 years（p ／ 0.05）. With the exception of miscellaneous components, needle litterfall constituted the highest proportion（27.5–43.6 %）, followed by branches/twigs（9.5–16.6 %）. In all three plantations,annual total nutrient return to soil was in the order of C（1,119.95–2,709.05 kg ha-1a-1） [ N（39.32–62.04 kg ha-1a-1） [ K（15.95–22.44 kg ha-1a-1） [ P（1.30–1.63 kg ha-1a-1）. C, N, K and P input to soil was significantly lower in the 10-year-old stand in comparison to the 22- and34-year-old stands（p ／ 0.05）. Litterfall production and nutrient return（C, N and K） followed similar patterns, and C and N input to soil was significantly related to litterfall production（needle, branch and total litterfall）. C, N, P and K input to soil and total litterfall production were mainly driven by needle litterfall.

Litterfall,decomposition and nutrient release of Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis in a sub-tropical forest of West Bengal,Eastern India

We studied leaf litter fall, decomposition and nutrient release patterns of Shorea robusta and Tectona grandis by using a litter bag technique to better understand the release pattern of nutrients to soil from leaf litter. Annual litterfall varied from 13.40 ± 2.56 t ha-1 a-1 for S. robusta to 11.03 ± 3.72 t ha-1 a-1 for T. grandis and the decay constant （k） of decomposed leaf litter was distinctly higher for T. grandis （2.70 ± 0.50 a-1） compared to S. robusta （2.41 ±0.30 a-1）. Biomass loss was positively correlated with the initial litter C, WSC, C/N and ash content in S. robusta and N, P and K concentration for T. grandis. Biomass was negatively correlated with lignin and L/N ratio for S. robusta and L, WSC, L/N and C/N ratio for T. grandis （P 〈 0.01）. Nutrient use efficiency （NUE） and nutrient accumulation index （NAI） of S. robusta was higher than for T. grandis. The retranslocation of bioelements from senescent leaves ranked as P 〉 N 〉 K. Annual N, P and K input to soil through litterfall differed significantly between the two species in the following order： N〉K^P. S. robusta was superior in terms of K and P return and T. grandis was superior in terms of N return. The two tree species showed a similar patterns of nutrient release （K 〉 P 〉 N） during decomposition of their leaf litter.Nutrients of N, K and P were the primary limiting nutrients returned to soil through litterfall with important roles in soil fertility and forest productivity.

Nutrients in litterfall,forest floor and mineral soils in two adjacent forest ecosystems in Greece

The fluxes of masses and the nutrients Ca,Mg,K,N,P and S were determined in the litterfall of two adjacent forest ecosystems of Hungarian oak(Quercus frainetto L.)and European beech(Fagus sylvatica L.)in a mountainous area of northeastern Greece in 2010–2015.The foliar litterfall for both species reached about 70%of the total litterfall,and was significantly higher from the other two fractions(woody and rest litterfall).The fluxes of masses and nutrients were compared between ecosystems for each fraction separately.Only one significant statistical difference was found,that of K in the woody litterfall.In addition,the stocks of masses and nutrients were calculated in the forest floors and mineral soils of the two ecosystems.Likewise,the stocks of nutrients in the forest floors and mineral soils were compared between ecosystems.In the L horizon of the forest floors,statistical differences,as a result of species effect,were found for the stocks of Ca and N.In the FH horizons,the masses and all the nutrient stocks differed significantly,as the beech plot had much higher quantities of organic matter and nutrients.These higher quantities were probably due to low soil temperatures(microclimate)and high acidity in the beech plot(species effect)that slowed down decomposition.In the mineral soils,the propagation of random error derived from random errors of the individual soil layers was an important factor in the statistical comparisons.Because of the soil acidity in the beech plot,the stocks of exchangeable base cations were significantly higher in the oak plot,whereas the other nutrient stocks did not differ.

Annual and Monthly Variations in Litter Macronutrients of Three Subalpine Forests in Western China

Macronutrients （N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S） in litter of three primarily spruce （Picea purpurea Masters） （SF）, fir （Abies faxoniana Rehder ＆ E. H. Wilson） （FF）, and birch （Betula platyphylla Sukaczev） （BF） subalpine forests in western China were measured to understand the monthly variations in litter nutrient concentrations and annual and monthly nutrient returns via litteffall. Nutrient concentration in litter showed the rank order of Ca 〉 N 〉 Mg 〉 K 〉 S 〉 P. Monthly variations in nutrient concentrations were greater in leaf litter （LL） than other litter components. The highest and lowest concentrations of N, P, K, and S in LL were found in the growing season and the nongrowing season, respectively, but Ca and Mg were the opposite. Nutrient returns via litterfall showed a marked monthly pattern with a major peak in October and one or two small peaks in February and/or May, varying with the element and stand type, but no marked monthly variations in nutrient returns via woody litter, reproductive litter, except in May for the BF, and moss litter. Not only litter production but also nutrient concentration controlled the annual nutrient return and the monthly nutrient return pattern. The monthly patterns of the nutrient concentration and return were of ecological importance for nutrient cycling and plant growth in the subalpine forest ecosystems.

Annual Cycle and Budgets of Nutrients in the Bohai Sea

The environmental problems in the Bohai Sea have become more serious in the last decade. High nutrient concentration contributes much to it. A Sino-German cooperation program has been carried out to improve the understanding of the ecosystem by observations and modelling. A three-dimensional ecosystem model, coupled with a physical transport model, is adopted in this study. The simulation for the year 1982 is validated by the data collected in 1982/1983. The simulated annual mean nutrient concentrations are in good agreement with observations. The nutrient concentrations in the Bohai Sea, which are crucial to the algal growth, are high in winter and low in summer. There are depletion from spring to summer and elevation from autumn to winter for nutrients. The nutrients’ depletion is a response to the consumption of the phytoplankton bloom in spring. Internal recycle and external compensation affect the nutrient cycle. Their contributions to the nutrient budgets are discussed based on the simulated results. Production and respiration are the most important sink and source of nutrients. The process of photosynthesis consumes 152 kilotons-P and 831.1 kilotons-N while respiration releases 94.5 kilotons-P and 516.6 kilotons-N in the same period. The remineralization of the detritus pool is an important source of nutrient regene- ration. It can compensate 23 percent of the nutrient consumed by the production process. The inputs of phosphates and nitrogen from rivers are 0.55 and 52.7 kilotons respectively. The net nutrient budget is -3.05 kilotons-P and 31.6 kilotons-N.

Nutrient and Litter Patterns in Three Subalpine Coniferous Forests of Western Sichuan, China

Investigations were conducted to quantify litterfall, and litter and nutrient accumulation in forest floor, and to acquire information on litter decomposition and nitrogen and phosphorus release patterns in three different subalpine coniferous forests, a plantation （P1）, a secondary forest （SF）, and a primitive forest （PF）, in western Sichuan, China. The litter trap method was used to evaluate litterfall with the litterbag method being utilized for litter decomposition. Seasonal patterns of litterfall were similar in the three forests, with two peaks occurring in September-November and March-May. The plantation revealed an annual litterfall of 4.38 x 103 kg ha-1, which was similar to those of SF and PF, but P1 had a lower mass loss rate and a higher C/N ratio. The C/N ratio may be a sound predictor for the decomposition differences. N concentrations of leaf litter in both the secondary forest and primitive forest increased first and then decreased, and the percentages of their final/initial values were 108.9% and 99.9%, respectively. P concentration in the three forests increased by the end of the study. The results of litterfall and decomposition indicated that in the plantation the potential to provide nutrients for soil organic matter was similar to those of SF and PF; however, its slower decomposition rate could result in a somewhat transient accumulation of litter in the forest floor.

Impact of Annual Ryegrass on Nitrate-N Losses during One Growing Season of Maize in the Midwestern United States <br/>—An On-Farm Case Study

Winter cover crops have been shown to reduce nitrate-N (NO3-N) losses in runoff water and are recommended by the Illinois Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy (NLRS) for reducing nutrient losses from agricultural fields. With an estimated 80 percent of the NO3-N load in Illinois coming from agriculture, the NLRS stresses the importance of farmers’ voluntary implementation of best management strategies in order to reach these goals. This study compares the difference in NO3-N losses from tile drainage water from an annual ryegrass (AR, Lolium multiflorum) winter cover-cropped treatment to a conventional tillage (CT) control (fall chisel and spring field cultivation). Throughout the maize (Zea mays L.) growing season, tile drainage water was collected and analyzed for NO3-N concentrations. Despite the AR treatment having a 29% lower mean daily NO3-N concentration, there was no significant difference in total daily NO3-N flux between AR and CT for this study period of April-July 2015. The cumulative losses of NO3-N were calculated at 11.65 and 10.56 kg ha?1 NO3-N for the CT and AR treatment, respectively, or a 9.4% reduction in the AR treatment during the period of study. When the season was divided based on growing season periods, the NO3-N flux values were less for the cover crop while the AR was actively growing, greater for the cover crop for the period following annual ryegrass termination through maximum crop canopy, and lower for the cover crop in the late stages of vegetative growth through relative maturity.

三江源地区一年生禾豆混播饲草叶片形态及产量对施肥的响应

为了筛选出在高寒地区较优的混播方案,本文研究了在四种不同施肥处理下[小黑麦(Triticale)+饲用豌豆(Pisum sativa)、燕麦(Avena sativa)+饲用豌豆(Pisum sativa)及单播对照处理组]的生产性能和叶片形态特征之间的差异。结果表明:单施磷肥饲草鲜草和干草产量最高,为27.80 t·hm^(-2),8.60 t·hm^(-2);禾本科叶片周长比不施肥、单施氮肥、氮磷混施处理提高了15.59%,13.93%,13.35%,差异显著(P<0.05),叶片长度提高16.41%,8.68%,11.65%,差异显著(P<0.05);燕麦+饲用豌豆处理鲜草和干草产量较优,为27.02 t·hm^(-2),8.30 t·hm^(-2),比单播饲用豌豆提高87.37%,219.77%,差异均显著(P<0.05);单施磷肥下燕麦+饲用豌豆组合中叶片形态特征均表现出较优趋势。综上,三江源地区禾豆混播草地单施磷肥处理的燕麦+饲用豌豆有更好的建植优势,适宜在三江源地区建植。

Quantifying the interannual litterfall variations in China’s forest ecosystems

Aims Litterfall is a key parameter in forest biogeochemical cycle and fire risk prediction.However,considerable uncertainty remains regarding the litterfall variations with forest ages.Quantifying the interannual variation of forest litterfall is crucial for reducing uncertainties in large-scale litterfall prediction.Methods Based on the available dataset(N=318)with continuous multi-year(≥2 years)measurements of litterfall in Chinese planted and secondary forests,coefficient of variation(CV),variation percent(V_(P)),and the ratio of next-year litterfall to current-year litterfall were used as the indexes to quantify the interannual variability in litterfall.Important Findings The interannual variations of litterfall showed a declining trend with increasing age from 1 to 90 years.The litterfall variations were the largest in 1-10 years(mean CV=23.51%and mean V_(P)=−28.59%to 20.89%),which were mainly from tree growth(mean ratio of next-year to current-year=1.20).In 11-40 years,the interannual variations of litterfall gradually decreased but still varied widely,mean CV was~18%and mean V_(P) ranged from−17.69%to 21.19%.In 41-90 years,the interannual variations minimized to 8.98%in mean CV and~8%in mean V_(P).As a result,forest litterfall remained relatively low and constant when stand age was larger than 40 years.This result was different from the previous assumptions that forest litterfall reached relatively stable when stand age was larger than 30,20 or even 15 years.Our findings can improve the knowledge about forest litter ecology and provide the groundwork for carbon budget and biogeochemical cycle models at a large scale.

模拟氮沉降对华西雨屏区苦竹林凋落物养分输入量的早期影响

凋落物养分输入量是营养元素通过凋落物归还土壤的库流量,也是土壤肥力的主要来源,旨在探究凋落物及其养分元素输入量对N沉降增加的早期响应,以期为竹林生态系统的物质循环和能量流动提供基础数据。2007年11月至2010年12月对华西雨屏区苦竹人工林进行了模拟氮(N)沉降试验,氮沉降水平分别为:对照(0 g N·m-2·a-1),低氮(5 g N·m-2·a-1),中氮(15 g N·m-2·a-1),高氮(30 g N·m-2·a-1)。在氮沉降2 a后,于2010年1月开始收集各样方的凋落物样品,连续收集12个月,测定凋落物量和养分输入量。结果表明:氮沉降显著增加了凋落物量;同时显著增加了凋落叶中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量和这几种养分元素的年输入量。研究表明模拟氮沉降处理增加了凋落物对土壤养分的输入量,这对于维持苦竹林地肥力与保持苦竹林分的长期生长力具有重要的作用。

不同密度马尾松人工林凋落物及养分归还量的年变化特征

在14年生的3种林分密度内，采用定期、定时、定点多样点收集器法，研究了林分凋落物及养分归还的年变化特征，结果表明：随着林分密度的增加，林分的年凋落物量为2745．821～4911．179kg／（hm^2·a）；凋落物中养分的年归还量分别为：氮15．558～27．374kg／（hm^2·a）、磷1．437～2．900kg／（hm^2·a）、钾12．393～25．365kg／（hm^2·a）、钙10．850～22．056kg／（hm^2·a）、镁2．487～3．278kg／（hm^2·a）。凋落物及养分归还的季节动态变化趋势均为秋季最多，冬季以之夏季、春季最低，除镁外，各季节凋落物及养分归还量均随林分密度的增加而增加。

鼎湖山马尾松林凋落物及其对人类干扰的响应研究

通过处理 (根据当地习惯收割凋落物和林下层 )和保护 (无任何人类活动 )样地的比较 ,在 3年时间里研究了鼎湖山生物圈保护区马尾松 (Pinus massoniana)林凋落物、养分动态及其对人类干扰的响应。处理和保护样地年平均凋落物总量分别为 :2 .388和 2 .342 t· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,它们主要由针叶组成 (45 .4 %～ 78.8% ) ,皮 +枝占12 .4 %～ 14 .4 % ,杂物 8.6 %～ 4 0 .2 %。凋落物量具有明显的年、季和月变化规律。尽管为人工起源的马尾松林 ,但其凋落物的空间分布很不均匀 (变异系数 >2 2 % )。凋落物中主要营养元素浓度因组分和季节不同而异 ,但总的趋势以杂物和春季的浓度最高。凋落物主要营养元素的归还量亦随季节和组分不同而异 ,其年平均归还总量为 :处理样地 N 15 .85 kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,P 0 .6 3kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,K 2 .86 kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,Ca 6 .0 4 kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 和 Mg1.77kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ;保护样地 N 16 .2 4 kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,P 0 .6 7kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,K 2 .6 1kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 ,Ca 5 .4 1kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 和 Mg 2 .0 9kg· hm- 2 · a- 1 。当停止人为干扰后 。

福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物性质的比较

对福建柏和杉木人工林凋落物数量、组成、季节动态、养分和能量归还及物质化学组成进行了 3a的研究 ,结果表明 :福建柏、杉木林的年均凋落物量分别为 731 83g·m- 2 、5 4 6 85g·m- 2 ,前者是后者的 1 34倍 ,其中落叶分别占总凋落量的 6 5 2 9%和 5 8 2 9% ,而福建柏林落枝、落果和其它组分占总凋落量的比例则比杉木林的低。福建柏林凋落物总量在 5月 (2 0 0 0年为 2月 )和 11— 12月出现两次峰值 ,且第 2次峰值远比第 1次高 ;杉木林总凋落物量 1年出现 3次峰值 (4或 5月、8月和 11月 ) ,且峰值较为接近。福建柏林凋落物年养分和能量总归还量分别为 13 96 1g·m- 2 和 14 6 36 5 8kJ·m- 2 ,杉木林的则分别为 12 0 0 5g·m- 2 和 12 2 91 17kJ·m- 2 ,前者分别是后者的 1 16倍和 1 19倍 ,其中福建柏林通过落叶归还的养分和能量则分别是杉木林的 1 6 3倍和 1 2 9倍。福建柏落叶N、P浓度和易分解物质 (水溶性物、半纤维素和粗蛋白 )含量高于杉木 ,而难分解物质 (如纤维素、木质素 )的含量低于杉木 ,且C N、C P、木质素 N及木质素 P的比值也比杉木落叶的低。说明福建柏林凋落量比杉木大 ,落叶质量亦比杉木的高。

杉木观光木混交林凋落物养分特征及动态变化

以杉木纯林为对照 ,探讨了福建三明莘口教学林场 2 7年生的杉木观光木混交林凋落物的养分特征及其动态变化。结果表明 ,各树种、各组分凋落物中N、P、K平均质量分数大小基本上为N >K >P。混交林凋落物N、K平均质量分数大于纯林 ,P质量分数略低于纯林。观光木的N、P质量分数高于混交林和纯林杉木 ;K质量分数高于纯林杉木 ,低于混交林杉木。不同树种、不同组分间N、P、K质量分数的月份动态不同。混交林全年通过凋落物归还土壤的N、P、K量分别为 4 8.5 2 8、2 .32 4、19.84 3kg·hm-2 ,纯林为 37.16 3、2 .339、18.4 0 6kg·hm-2 。混交林和纯林全年凋落物养分归还量在 3月份、8月份和 12月份出现峰值 ,N、P归还量以 3月份最高 ,K归还量以 12月份为最高 ;混交林归还土壤的N量明显高于纯林 ,K量也高于纯林 ,这对保持林地的长期肥力具有重要意义。混交林中N总归还量的季节变化模式为冬季或春季 >夏季 >秋季 ;P总归还量季节变化为 :冬季、春季 >夏季和秋季 ;K总归还量季节变化为 :冬季 >秋季 >春季 >夏季 。

万木林自然保护区2种天然林及杉木人工林凋落量及养分归还

通过对福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内以观光木（Tsoongiodendron odorum，TSO）和细柄阿丁枫（Altingia gracilipes，ALG）为建群种的2种天然林及杉术（Cunninghamia lanceolata，29年生）人工林凋落量与养分归还为期3a（2000，2002年）的研究表明。3种林分年均凋落量（t·hm^-2）范围从杉木人工林的4．63t·hm^-2到观光木林的6．74t·hm^-2，叶所占比例范围为62％-69％。细柄阿丁枫林凋落量每年只出现1次峰值（3月份或4月份），观光木林的出现2次（3月份、6-8月份）。而杉木林的则出现3次（3月份或4月份、6—8月份和11—12月份）。3种林分Ca和Mg年归还量大小排序与按总凋落量的不同。除杉木人工林的Ca年归还量最大外，其余养分年归还量均以观光木天然林的最大。通过凋落物各组分的养分归还中，落叶是养分归还的主体。与针叶树人工林相比，天然林的凋落量大、养分归还量高，具有良好维持地力的能力。因此，保护和扩大常绿阔叶林资源已成为南方林区实现森林可持续经营的重要措施之一。

华南人工林凋落物养分及其转移

对华南 5种人工林凋落物量、凋落物养分及绿叶养分含量的测定结果表明 ,各种人工林凋落物量大小依次为 :马占相思 (11.1t·hm-2 ) >湿地松 (7.3t·hm-2 ) >荷木 (6 .5t·hm-2 ) >大叶相思 (4.8t·hm-2 ) >柠檬桉(2 .6t·hm-2 ) .马占相思通过落叶回归土壤的养分量高于其它类型 .5种人工林均通过养分转移机制 ,大量从枯老叶中转移N、P、K养分 ,其中马占相思转移的养分量最大 ,营养转移的季节性差别较大 .各种人工林对其它元素的转移现象不确定 .

茂兰喀斯特地区原始林凋落物量动态与养分归还

于2007年9月至2008年8月对茂兰喀斯特地区原始林凋落物进行观测,分析了凋落物总量、组分(叶、枝、繁殖器官和其他)凋落量和各组分不同养分含量的月动态变化及养分归还量。结果表明,凋落物月动态变化表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林一般具有的双峰模式,凋落高峰出现在9至次年1月和4月;年凋落物量为6.9 t·hm-2,其中叶、枝、繁殖器官和其他组分的年凋落物量分别占年凋落物总量的71.0%、15.9%、1.5%和11.6%;凋落物各养分含量以C、Ca和N为主,无明显的月动态规律,养分年归还量由大到小依次为C、Ca、N、Mg、K和P,此与一般非喀斯特地区森林(由大到小依次为C、N、Ca、K、Mg和P)不同;凋落物各组分养分元素含量存在差异,凋落枝N、Mg、P和K含量较低,其他组分C、N、P和Mg含量较高,繁殖器官C、N和Ca含量较低;凋落物中Ca和Mg含量以及Ca和Mg年归还量远高于一般非喀斯特地区森林;K含量及K年归还量低于非喀斯特地区,说明该地区K的缺乏可能制约着喀斯特地区植被的生长。