Marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean:status and future

Marine protected areas(MPAs) in the Southern Ocean are receiving more and more global attention. The Southern Ocean is one of the world’s last regions not yet seriously impacted by human activities, signifying its ecological importance and unique value for scientific research. In response to climate change and growing commercial fishing interests in the Southern Ocean and their impacts on the marine ecosystem, the Commission on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources(CCAMLR) is reacting to growing international pressure to establish a system of MPAs in the Southern Ocean to manage fisheries and conserve vital species—such as the keystone resource Antarctic krill and the dominant fish predator Antarctic toothfish—as well as to protect whole ecosystems. This review summarizes progress in the establishment of MPAs in the Southern Ocean by focusing on several major topics:(1) the current status of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(2) the purpose and objective of MPAs in the Southern Ocean;(3) a short description of the largest high-sea MPA(the Ross Sea MPA);(4) ecological observation and monitoring for the planned MPAs in the Southern Ocean; and(5) the importance of international cooperation in the design, establishment and future management of MPAs in the Southern Ocean.

Reproductive characteristics of Antarctic Krill，Euphausia superba Dana，in the Prydz Bay region

Experiments and observations on reproduction of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana,were conducted on board ship of R/V 'JIDI' during the austral summer of 1993 in the Prydz Bay region. The development of ovaria oocytes in gravid females,spawning epicces, and brood size were studied. The sexual maturity process and spawning season were discussed Fifty-three live gravid females captured at two stations in January, 1993 were cultured in a cool-room on board. They spawned within 1 to 16 days after capture. Most of them spawned only once except two, that spawned secondly on the 5th and 7th day after first spawning. The brood size of first spawning ranged from 225 to 5919 eggs with the average of 2132 eggs. The second brood was rather small,about 500 eggs. There were 0～213 (mean 32) mature oocytes remained in the post-spawn ovaries, and revitellogenesis was not observed. Brood size increased with the increasing of they length, but the correlation was not good. The number of ovarian oocytes in gravid female ranged from 2188 to 9263 with a mean of 5283. The composition of oocytes of different type varied in different samples. That all oocytes become completely matured seems to be an indication of pre-spawning. Spawning could take place through the summer with the peakspawning occurring from late January to late February. Interannual variation in peak spawning season might be significant.

Filtration rate and ingestion rate of Antarctic krill measured in vitro and in situ

During the summer cruise of R/V JIDI in 1992/1993 filtration rate and ingestion rate of Antarctic krill Euphausta superba Dana were measured by constant volume incubation, flow-through incubation and gut fluorescence method in the southern part of the Scotia Sea and in the Prydz Bay region. The mean filtration rate obtained by different methods ranged form 189. 8 to 459. 6 ml/h for sub-adult (60.6～205. 4 mg dry weight), and 253. 6～902. 1ml/h for adult (166. 8～598. 7 mg dry weight). No significant methedological effect was found on measurement of filtration rate if suitable experimental conditions were used with special respect to animal density and vessel volume. Within the range of food concentration (0. 44～3. 05μg chl-α/l) of our experiments. The ingestion rate increased with the increasing of food concentration, while the filtration rate didn't increase. The ingestion rate obtained by gut fluorescence method had no correlation with ambient chlorophyll α concentration.

Progress of Chinese zooplankton ecology research in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Zooplankton are considered an important trophic link between primary producers and higher trophic level species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. Since 1989, when the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station was built, zooplankton have regularly been sampled and investigated in Prydz Bay through oceanographic surveys of each Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. This review summarizes the main results from zooplankton ecology studies conducted in Prydz Bay by Chinese researchers. Major topics covered in this review are： （1） a description of the biology and ecology of Antarctic krill （Euphausia superba）, the key zooplankton species of the Southern Ocean ecosystem; （2） zooplankton community structure, including the horizontal distribution in the epipelagic region and vertical distribution between 0-1500 m; （3） feeding ecology of dominant species such as Antarctic krill, salps and copepods; （4） a short introduction to the molecular research; and （5） prospects for future research.

Degree of ontogenetic diet shift and trophic niche partitioning of Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura are influenced by food availability

Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura are dominant krill species in the Southern Ocean and their habitats are often overlapped reportedly.Studies of the feeding strategies of these two krill species will help us better understand the coexistence mechanisms and estimate the roles that krill played in the food web of the Southern Ocean.The trophodynamics of E.superba and T.macrura at different ontogenetic stages(furcilia,juvenile,adult)were studied using fatty acid and stable isotope biomarkers in the samples collected in Amundsen Sea during austral summer of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019.Diatoms like Fragilariopsis spp.was the most abundant phytoplankton species in the summer of 2017/2018,while the abundance of phytoplankton in the summer of 2018/2019 was dominated by Phaeocystis sp.The gradual increase of the carnivorous index 18꞉1n-9/18꞉1n-7 with ontogeny of both species in 2018/2019 indicated more carnivorous feeding of adults compared with juveniles and larvae.Meanwhile,greaterδ15N values of T.macrura than that of E.superba were more significant in the juvenile and adult stages during the summer of 2018/2019.Our results indicate that the trophic niche differentiation between the two krill species appeared in postlarval stage and can be influenced by food availability.Compared with E.superba,T.macrura was more prone to feed omnivorously or carnivorously responding to food availability.

南极磷虾与南大洋生态系统

南极磷虾在南极生态系统中起着至关重要的作用,是南大洋生态系统中初级生产的主要消费者,同时又是鱼类、乌贼、海豹、海鸟和鲸类的主要食物。由于其巨大的生物量,使其成为潜在的巨大渔业资源。

普里兹湾邻近海域大磷虾的种群结构研究

本文依据 1 989/ 1 990和 1 990 / 1 991南极夏季在普里兹湾邻近海域所获取的拖网样品 ,对大磷虾 (Euphausia superba Dana)的种群结构进行了分析。体长频数分布表明 ,种群中主要包括4个年龄组 ,即 1 + 、2 + 、3 + 、和 4+ 龄。 5 + 和 5龄以上的高龄组所含比重很小 (<3 %)。雌性临产个体 (3 DF)的体长频数分布表明 ,大磷虾的初次性成熟年龄为 3龄。生殖群体也以 3 +龄为主 ,4+龄次之。种群组成存在着明显的地区差异。普里兹湾以北海域是典型的双态分布 ,1 + 龄占有相当大比重 ;测区东西两侧以成体虾为主 ,极少有 1 + 龄虾。种群组成的年际变化也是明显的 ,特别表现在补充群体 (1 + 龄 )

南极磷虾渔业管理形势分析

明晰不断调整的南极磷虾渔业管理制度,掌握渔业开发的游戏规则对于推动南极磷虾产业化开发具有重要意义。CEMP点建设的加强、更加严格的鲜重报告要求、科学观察员的系统配备、密切关注捕捞活动对其他生物的深远影响将成为南极磷虾渔业管理的关注趋势。我国今后应该认真遵守具体制度,结合中国的远洋渔业规划认真思考,加强南极海洋科学调查,重视南极磷虾渔业管理等软科学方面的研究,提出相关科学数据,以便为中国南极磷虾资源开发的进一步发展做基础。

南极半岛周边南极大磷虾群体体长组成研究

南极大磷虾（Euphausia superba）,俗指南极磷虾,是目前已知的地球上生物量最大的单一生物资源[1],在南大洋一半以上海域均有分布[2],尤以南极半岛海域最为密集[3,4]。其个体较大,最大体长可达60 mm以上,是世界上最大的磷虾种。

普里兹湾邻近海域大磷虾的生殖特点研究

本文依据 1 989/1 990和 1 990 /1 991夏季 ,“极地”号考察船在普里兹湾邻近海域 (南大洋的印度洋区 )的拖网样品 ,对大磷虾的性腺发育和生殖群体的年龄结构等 ,进行了分析研究。大磷虾的生殖开始于 1月 ,一直持续到 3月。高峰期出现在 2月中旬 ,比大西洋区相比迟了一个月。生殖群体主要包括两个年龄组 ,即 3 + 龄和 4+ 龄。换句话说 ,绝大部分个体是三年性成熟 ,一生可生殖两次 ,不排除少数个体两年性成熟 ,或第三次性成熟的可能 ,但比例非常小。在 5 91 6尾能区分性别的个体中 ,雄性个体只占 3 4 .1 %。雄性比随体长的增加而降低。体长大于 5 0 mm的个体中雄性仅占 2 2 .9%。

南极磷虾

南极洲面积 14 0 0万km2 ,是目前世界上唯一没有明确归属的国际区域 ,环绕南极大陆的水圈部分称为南大洋 ,面积为 36× 10 6km2 。南大洋具有丰富的生物资源 ,南极大磷虾是地球上最大的单种生物资源之一 ,其现存量的最新估计为 6 5 - 10亿吨 ,它支持着世界上最庞大的须鲸、海豹和企鹅等高层捕食者的种群 ,同时也形成巨大的潜在渔业资源 ,每年的可捕获量可达 1亿吨 ,这相当于目前全世界每年鱼类和甲壳类渔获量的总和 (0 99亿吨 ) ,被认为是我们这颗星球上最大、也是最后一个动物蛋白库。对于人口膨胀、食物短缺的当今世界 ,南极磷虾资源有着无限前景。近年来南极渔业的发展是与世界范围内传统渔业的过度捕捞和资源衰退以及七十年代 2 0 0海里渔业保护区宣言分不开的。自从南极磷虾的巨大生物量被人们认识之后 ,人们就一直在探索如何将南极磷虾作为一个具有商业开发价值的捕捞对象。 70年代中期 ,开始了大规模的商业化捕捞。到 1982年达到创记录的 5 2 8,2 0 1吨 ,其中 93%被前苏联捕获。随着前苏联的解体 ,南极磷虾的捕获量也急剧减少。目前主要有下列四个国家对南极磷虾进行商业捕捞 :智利、俄罗斯、波兰和日本 ,日本占整个捕获量的 80 %。南极磷虾资源不仅是一个巨大的蛋白资源 ,并且被认为具有很大?

南极海洋保护区建设及法律政治争论

《南极海洋生物资源养护公约》框架下的海洋保护区建设备受国际社会关注。2009年,南极海洋生物资源养护委员会建立了第一个海洋保护区,但2012年以来,罗斯海海洋保护区提案以及东南极海洋保护区代表体系提案却一直没有进展,其中涉及了南极条约体系解读与海洋保护区定义等法律争论、保护区建设与地缘政治控制以及排斥其他国家渔业活动等政治争论。研究表明,虽然委员会有权建立海洋保护区,以实现养护南极生物资源的目标,但两个提案一定程度上超越了委员会的职责范围;且这两个提案一定程度上都与提案国的南极领土主权以及渔业活动相关联,无法排除其他国家的政治关切;提案每年变化,也体现了政治妥协。因此,为真正实现按公约养护南极生物资源的目标,应切实解决相关的法律与政治关切,提高程序的透明度,扩大参与度,并认真实施对已建立的海洋保护区的研究与监测。

冰藻对南大洋大西洋扇区南极磷虾越冬期间碳源的贡献

南极磷虾是南大洋生态系统的关键物种,种群聚集在南大洋的大西洋扇区。海冰在南极磷虾生活史中起着重要作用,海冰及其冰下环境为磷虾越冬提供了避难场所,但海冰是否为磷虾越冬提供了重要的饵料存在一定的争议,对此问题的解决需要量化源于海冰的冰藻对南极磷虾越冬期间饵料及碳源的贡献。基于2020年冬季(3~8月)于南大洋大西洋扇区48.1亚区(布兰斯菲尔德海峡周边区域)和48.3亚区(南乔治亚岛周边海域)采集的磷虾样品,通过两种高支链类异戊二烯化合物(IPSO_(25)和HBIⅢ)分别作为源于海冰的冰藻和源于水体浮游植物的生物标志物,对两个区域冬季磷虾对冰藻和浮游植物的依赖进行研究。结果显示,处于较高纬度、海冰密集度较高的48.1亚区的南极磷虾体内含有更高的IPSO_(25),而处于开阔水域48.3亚区的磷虾体内有更高比例的HBIⅢ,另外48.3亚区磷虾的δ^(13)C和δ^(15)N稳定同位素显著高于48.1亚区的磷虾。48.1亚区南极磷虾越冬期间对浮游植物和冰藻的依赖与体长相关,其中体长相对较短的早期成体呈现更高的依赖性,同时该区域磷虾对冰藻的摄食提高了其营养级地位。48.3区南极磷虾越冬期间两种类异戊二烯含量与δ^(15)N稳定同位素数值呈负相关关系,表明该区域南极磷虾在初级生产匮乏时会摄食动物性饵料。若未来南大洋大西洋扇区海冰持续减少,这将对整个磷虾种群、磷虾渔业的可持续发展和区域生态系统的稳定性产生威胁。

船载南极磷虾智能化捕捞加工生产线在食品安全体系中的特征分析

在近年来快速发展的南极磷虾产业中,南极磷虾捕捞加工船上的捕捞加工生产是其产业链中的一个重要环节。由于南极磷虾的生物特性,船载捕捞加工线直接影响产品质量,进而影响后端陆基深加工产品的质量等级。以“深蓝”号南极磷虾捕捞加工船智能化捕捞加工的冻虾、虾肉和虾粉3种磷虾产品生产线为研究对象,比较其与传统船载加工的差异,基于HACCP体系对3条生产线的工艺流程进行分解和危害分析,并确定关键控制点;通过初步建立控制体系的过程,研究船载南极磷虾捕捞加工生产线在体系中的特征。研究表明,捕捞加工系统由于自动化、整体连贯性和封闭性较高,减少了人为和环境危害概率,关键控制点更为清晰,所有外部输入环节、控制系统参数设置和金属探测都为关键控制点,并对GMP和SSOP的实施要求更为严格,对设备的维护保养和日常清洁要求更高。分析结果可为其他同类船舶的船载加工线设计和建立标准提供参考。

澳法打击南大洋IUU捕捞执法合作:内在成因、外在动因及合作特色

南大洋IUU捕捞对南极海洋生态环境有重大影响。澳大利亚和法国海域划界的解决及两国对IUU捕捞的共同利益的关切是两国合作的内在成因。虽有多边条约涉及对IUU捕捞的规制,但受条约具体实施机制及效力范围所限,在打击南大洋IUU捕捞方面不能发挥预期作用。这促使澳法有必要通过双边合作来养护海洋生物资源。澳法两国确立了多方位的合作机制,具体内容既有与《联合国海洋法公约》的协调,也有对该公约的突破。从两国合作条约和协定生效十余年发挥的作用可见,澳法合作机制为南大洋打击IUU捕捞起到了示范作用,未来也可能对南海打击IUU捕捞提供借鉴。