Definition of Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Variation Index

It is well known that varying of the sea ice not only in the Antarctic but also in the Arctic has an active influence on the globe atmosphere and ocean. In order to understand the sea ice variation in detail, for the first time, an objective index of the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice variation is defined by projecting the monthly sea ice concentration anomalies poleward of 20°N or 20°S onto the EOF (empirical orthogonal function)-1 spatial pattern. Comparing with some work in former studies of polar sea ice, the index has the potential for clarifying the variability of sea ice in northern and southern high latitudes.

The role of the Arctic and Antarctic and their impact on global climate change:Further findings since the release of IPCC AR4,2007

Changes in the climate of the Arctic and of the Antarctic have been of great concern to the international scientific and social communities since the release in 2007 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report （IPCC AR4）. Since then, many new findings have been reported from observations and research carried out in the Arctic and Antarctic during the fourth International Polar Year （IPY）. There is evidence that global warming is inducing rapid changes in the Arctic and Antarctic, in both a quantitative and qualitative sense, and that these regional changes could be used as indicators of global climate change. Declining Arctic sea ice could affect winter snowfall across much of the Northern Hemisphere by bringing harsher winters. Projections suggest that summertime Arctic sea ice will disappear by 2037. By the 2070s, the Antarctic ozone hole will recover to the level of the early 1980s, following the ban on the production of Freon earlier this century. With the loss of the shielding effect of the ozone hole, Antarctic surface temperatures will increase, ice sheets in East Antarctica will begin to melt, and the Antarctic sea ice will retreat. Therefore, sea level rise will become an increasingly serious issue this century. As sea surface temperature rises, the Southern Ocean will become less effective as a sink for atmospheric CO2 and the increase of surface CO2 will be faster than that in the atmosphere. Increased surface CO2 would lead to ocean acidification and affect ecological systems and food chains.

Interaction between sea ice of the Antarctic and Arctic

Sea ice of the Antarctic and Arctic are two huge heat sinks of global atmosphere-ocean thermal machine, and give a significant effect on global atmospheric circulation and climate. Up to now, most of the studies on sea ice on the two polars and their relationship with atmospheric circulation are limited to sea ice variation of the Antarctic and the Arctic and their separate relationship with climatete. This note will do a comprehensive research with a principal foothold on global scale. In addition to their separate impact on

Synoptic mode of Antarctic summer sea ice superimposed on interannual and decadal variability

In contrast to decreased Arctic sea ice extent,Antarctic sea ice extent shows a somewhat increased trend.There is a large interannual variability of Antarctic sea ice,especially in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean.The change and variability of Antarctic sea ice in synoptic timescales in the recent decades remain unclear.We identify synoptic modes of variability of Antarctic summer sea ice by applying the Self Organizing Map(SOM)technique to daily sea ice concentration data for the period 1979–2018.Nearly 40%of the variability is characterized by opposite changes between sea ice cover in the Bellingshausen,Amundsen and western Ross Seas and in the rest of the Antarctic seas,and another 30%by meridional asymmetry in the Weddell,Amundsen,and Ross Seas.Most of these spatial patterns may be explained by the dynamics and thermodynamic processes associated with anomalous atmospheric circulations related to the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)with a structure of strong zonal asymmetry.The interannual variability of the sea ice modes appears to have little connection to SAM,and only a weak relation to ENSO.The annual frequencies of SOM node occurrences also show a great decadal variability.Node 9 appears mainly prior to 1990;while node 1 occurs mainly after 1990.The decadal variability of nodes 1 and 9 is associated with the asymmetrical SAM,which results from two wavetrains excited over northern Australia and the southeastern Indian Ocean.These results further highlight the importance of understanding the role of southern mid-to-high latitude atmospheric intrinsic variability in predicting Antarctic summer sea ice variations from synoptic to decadal timescales.

The relationship between polar sea ice and the precipitation and temperature over China revealed by using SVD method

The relationship between polar sea ice anomalies and the precipitation and temperature anomalies over China is investigated by performing singular value decomposition (SVD) analyses. The first three coupling modes have been studied. Analyses show that there exist key areas of polar sea ice which are highly related with the precipitation and temperature anomalies over China. Different spatial anomaly patterns of these areas of polar sea ice are followed by different spatial anomaly patterns of the precipitation and temperature over China.

Sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to sea ice salinity in a coupled global climate model

The impacts of the spatiotemporal variations of sea ice salinity on sea ice and ocean characteristics have not been studied in detail, as the existing climate models neglect or misrepresent this process. To address this issue, this paper formulated a parameterization with more realistic sea ice salinity budget, and examined the sensitivity of sea ice and ocean simulations to the ice salinity variations and associated salt flux into the ocean using a coupled global climate model. Results show that the inclusion of such a parameterization leads to an increase and thickening of sea ice in the Eurasian Arctic and within the ice pack in the Antarctic circumpolar region, and a weakening of the North Atlantic Deep Water and a strengthening of the Antarctic Bottom Water. The atmospheric responses associated with the ice changes were also discussed.

Improved sea-ice radiative processes in a global coupled climate model

The NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) coupled global climatemodel was used to investigate the sensitivity of sea ice to improved representations of sea-iceradiative processes: (1) a more sophisticated surface albedo scheme and (2) the penetration of solarradiation in sea ice. The results show that the large-scale sea-ice conditions are very sensitiveto the aforementioned parameteriza-tions. Although the more sophisticated surface albedo schemeproduces a more realistic seasonal cycle of the surface albedo as compared with the baselinesimulation, the resulting higher albedo relative to the baseline simulation generates much more andthicker ice in the arctic. The penetration of solar radiation in sea-ice itself tends to reduce theice cover and thickness in the entire arctic and the western antarctic, and increase the ice coverand thickness in the eastern antarctic. The combination of (1) and (2) significantly improves thesimulations of the average ice thickness and its spatial distribution in the arctic. The atmosphericresponses associated with sea-ice changes were also discussed. While improvements are seen,particularly of the ice thickness distribution, there are still some unrealistic aspects that willrequire further improvements to the sea-ice component.

极区海域海冰内部有机物质研究进展

本文对极区海域海冰内部有机物质的国内外研究现状进行了扼要阐述。内容涉及海冰内部溶解态有机物质(DOM)和颗粒态有机物质(POM)的产生、迁移和转化过程;海冰内部冰藻生化组分(糖类、脂类和胞外分泌物);海冰内部有机物质在调节初级生产力和异养生物活性之间的机理研究等,并提出了今后需要重点解决的科学问题。

白令海及西北冰洋有机质来源与新鲜程度的脂肪酸指示

白令海、西北冰洋等高生产力海域在北冰洋“生物泵”中起到重要作用;海水升温、海冰消退等北极快速变化,将强烈影响该海域“生物泵”的结构与规模,并在沉积物中有机质的来源与新鲜程度上有所体现,可用脂肪酸加以指征。对第五次、第六次中国北极科学考察在以上海域采集的表层沉积物进行脂肪酸含量(以沉积物干重计)及组成分析,结果显示楚科奇海陆架总脂肪酸含量非常高((97.15±55.31)μg/g),白令海盆最低((15.00±1.30)μg/g),加拿大海盆、楚科奇海陆坡、白令海陆架居中(分别为(88.65±3.52)μg/g,(70.35±11.32)μg/g与(38.28±14.89)μg/g)。海源脂肪酸占总脂肪酸比例最高(86.82%±7.08%),陆源次之(8.45%±6.62%),细菌最低(4.63%±2.24%);硅藻指数(16:1ω9/16:0)在楚科奇海陆架(>0.82)、白令海陆架边缘(>0.65)较高,其他区域均较低。脂肪酸结果表明:(1)该海域沉积有机质主要来自海源,陆源贡献小;在北部、南部楚科奇海陆架、白令海陆架边缘,硅藻生物量占主要优势;细菌脂肪酸比例显著低于温暖海域,指示低温抑制细菌活动。(2)楚科奇海陆架区硅藻生产力高、细菌活动弱,新鲜有机质沉降效率高,但对未来海水升温、浮游植物群落变化也较为敏感。(3)加拿大海盆、楚科奇海陆坡的浮游植物群落由绿藻与金藻主导。以上结论说明脂肪酸可指示表层沉积物中有机质的来源与新鲜程度;未来,脂肪酸有望进一步揭示北冰洋“生物泵”对北极快速变化的响应。