Summertime Surface N2O Concentration Observed on Fildes Peninsula Antarctica:Correlation with Total Atmospheric O3 and Solar Activity

Three-year summertime surface atmospheric N_2O concentrations were observed for the first time on the Fildes Peninsula, maritime Antarctica, and the relationships among the N2O concentration, total atmospheric O3 amount, and sunspot number were analyzed. Solar activity had an important effect on surface N2O concentration and total O3 amount, and increases of sunspot number were followed by decreases in the N2O concentration and total O3 amount. A corresponding relationship exists between the N2O concentration and total atmospheric O3, and ozone destruction was preceded by N2O reduction. We propose that the extended solar activity in the Antarctic summer reduces the stratospheric N2O by converting it into NOx, increases the diffusion of N2O from the troposphere to the stratosphere, decreases the surface atmospheric N2O, and depletes O3 via the chemical reaction between O3 and NOx. Our observation results are consistent with the theory of solar activity regarding the formation of the Antarctic O3 hole.

The pedogenic groups and diagnostic characteristics in the Fildes Peninsula of King George Island， Antarctica

ased on the analysis of the soil-forming factors, pedogenic processes and the soil properties in the study area, this paper is to propose the soil geographico-genetic classification of maritime-climatic Sub-Antarctic regions. The soils of the Fildes Peninsula were classified into 3 soil-orders,4 suborders and 13 soil groups, and then the relationship between the soil distribution and the environment was discussed.

Hydrochemistry of the meltwater streams on Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica

King George Island, situated in the South Shetland Islands archipelago, is one of the most visited sites in Antarctica. Antarctica attracts much attention because it is one of the most sensitive areas under the influence of global warming. To understand its hydrochemistry characteristics, we collected various types of water samples, including samples from streams, meltwaters, ground waters, snow and ice from around the Great Wall Station, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, from January to February, 2015. Major ions, alkalinities, silicate, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and electric conductivities were measured. Several approaches were applied to identify processes that af fect the hydrochemistry on Fildes Peninsula, including ternary diagrams, principal components analysis and cluster analysis. Our data suggest that atmospheric seasalt deposition is the main factor controlling the hydrochemistry on Fildes Peninsula. After atmospheric influences were corrected for seasalt, we defined the weathering of local rocks to be another important factor on the Peninsula's hydrochemistry. Processes such as Ca dissolution from the Ca-bearing basalt, Si loss through secondary mineralization and biological uptake influence the chemical composition of runof fs on the peninsula. Cluster analysis identified 4 groups of streams based on their hydrochemical features, which reflect their original weathering characters under icecap and the combined effects with melt snow, biological activity and the anthropogenic input.

Human impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem of Fildes Peninsula of King George Island, Antarctica

Antarctic environment has valuable baseline information for understanding the global change. The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of human activities on Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem. Based on the investigation results and the sampling analysis of the environment of Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, it was shown that there are some artificial radioactive elements—? ? 137 Cs in Antarctic environment: the radioactivity of 137 Cs in the surface soil, the surface moss, the fruticose lichen and the crustaceous lichen are 6 00—14 80, 25 07, 29 04 and 58 07 Bq/kg separately; i.e. the sequence of 137 Cs specific activity is as follows: crustaceous lichen>fruticose lichen>surface moss>surface soil, which demonstrates that the crustaceous lichen is one of the most sensitive monitor ways for the effect of the long term diffusion of 137 Cs. The impacts of the scientific research activities on the partial ecosystem of Fildes Peninsula include: the changes of the landscape and the soil material have made a strong freezing thawing process, which decreases the stability of the ground surface, causes the degradation of the vegetation in the some small areas; some small lakes, runoff and lichens in middle areas of Fildes Peninsula have been affected by the wastes of the stations, in the surrounding areas of the expedition stations, the concentration of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the lichen and the water are higher than that of the contrasting area. Fildes Peninsula is one of the most crowded areas of expedition stations, at some extent, the environment and terrestrial ecosystem have been affected by the human activities. The conservation of the environment and ecosystem should be an important aspect of Antarctic environmental sciences.

Temporal and spatial variations of atmospheric methane concentration and δ^(13)C-CH_4 near the surface on the Millor Peninsula,East Antarctica

During the 22nd Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition （ CHINARE-22, 2005/06） , the atmospheric gas samples near the surface were taken on the Millor Peninsula and adjacent areas, east Antarctica, using Tedlar gas bags. The methane （ CH4 ） concentration and δ^13C-CH4 in those samples were analyzed in the laboratory. The average value of atmospheric CH4 concentration on this peninsula was （ 1.87 ± 0. 12） × 10^ -6, slightly higher than the global average CH4 concentration. The summertime variation of CH4 concentrations showed a large fluctuation, corresponding to the variation of air temperatures. The average δ^13 C-CH4 was （ - 38.26 ± 0.52 ） ‰. CH4 concentrations and δ^13C-CH4 at different sites varied from 1.74 ×10^-6 to 2. 56 × 10^ -6 and from - 39.31‰ to - 31.25‰, respectively. The factors affecting CH4 concentrations and δ^13C-CH4 values have also been discussed in this study.

Trace Metals Analysis Along the Fildes Peninsula Coastline Using Two Red Algae, Rhodymenia antarctica and Iridaea cordata, as Monitors

Two red algae, Rhodymenia antarctica and Iridaea cordata(Rhodophyta), were employed to investigate the pollution situation along Fildes Peninsula coastline, King George Island. Ten sites from east and west coastlines were investigated, and the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, As and Hg were determined. The metal pollution index(MPI) was used to evaluate the overall pollution level represented by the investigated sites and for interregional comparisons. The two algae exhibited different preference to special trace metal. R. antarctica could accumulate more Cd(0.63 mg kg^(-1)) and Hg(0.026 mg kg^(-1)) than I. cordata(Cd 0.34 mgkg^(-1), Hg 0.019 mg kg^(-1)). I. cordata could accumulate more As(15.53 mg kg^(-1)) than R. antarctica(10.11 mg kg^(-1)). There was no significant difference in accumulating Cu, Pb, Zn and Cr between the two algae. R. antarctica could be used to monitor Cd and Hg. I. cordata would be more appropriate for monitoring As. MPI monitored by the two algae were from 1.02 to 2.26(R. antarctica), and 1.03 to 1.25(I. cordata), respectively. Pollution situation of Fildes Peninsula was becoming serious, especially of the east coastline. The objective of this research was to gather the baseline information for trace metals investigation in Antarctic.

Self－organization phenomena of the nonequilibrium process in magmatism of the Fildes Peninsula， West Antarctica

Volcanic geological,petrological and geochemical characteristics of the Tertiary volcanic rocks from the Fildes Peninsula,West Antarctica show that magma evolution was a process of dissipation of heat energy exchanged energy and mass occurring between the magma system and its surrounding environments, and with the feature of dynamic equilibrium and periodicity(stage). In the study volcanic rocks of different types commonly exhibit a multi-grade composite texture and the derivative magmas produced by differentiation of parent magymas in the magma chamber show a zonal structure in the high--level--magma chamber which represent self-organization phenomenon of the nonequilibrium process in magmatism. The self-organization phenomenon is dissipative structure formed under given conditions.

GEOLOGY OF FILDES PENINSULA, KING GEORGE ISLAND, WEST ANTARCTICA——A Study on the Stratigraphy and Volcanism

On the basis of the geological mapping, isotopic choronoogcal and petrological evidences, the authors suggested that the early Tertiary volcanic strata in the Fildes Peninsula could be divided into two formations and four members. The erupted centers in the peninsula were gradualy migrating from the western coast to the eastern and the subvolcanic intrusives were regularly distributed along a series of NWW-SEE trending faults. All of these were basically formed in two stages of volcanic activities from Paleocene to Eocene.

东南极茹尔群岛梅瑟半岛富铁铝副片麻岩超高温变质作用:相平衡模拟与锆石U-Pb年龄

东南极梅瑟半岛出露大量的副片麻岩。本文以岩相学和矿物化学为基础,结合相平衡模拟、地质温度计及年代学分析方法对费拉副片麻岩中的含尖晶石榴夕线石片麻岩和梅瑟副片麻岩中的含堇青石榴夕线石片麻岩进行综合研究,结果显示片麻岩经历了超高温(UHT)麻粒岩相变质作用。两个样品峰期前阶段(M1)进变质条件为600~650℃和0.63~0.85GPa;峰期UHT阶段(M2)变质条件为930~1000℃和0.9~1GPa;峰期后变质重结晶阶段(M3)变质条件为610~780℃和0.3~0.39GPa。三个不同阶段的变质条件定义了一致的顺时针的P-T演化轨迹。锆石U-Pb年龄分析结果表明两个片麻岩样品的超高温变质和相关的深熔作用发生在990~920Ma期间的早新元古代格林威尔期,而流体改造与变质重结晶作用发生在~510Ma的早古生代泛非期。结合区域地质特征,超高温变质作用发生的构造背景可能与以放射性元素衰变为热源的大型热碰撞造山带相关。

南极菲尔德斯半岛环境微生物含量估计

对 1 993～ 1 994年南极夏季取自菲尔德斯半岛地区的空气、雾、雨、冰、雪、海、淡水、陆上、湖泊和海滨的土、砂、石、不同深度湖泊沉积物的 2 0 6份样品的微生物 ,包括海洋性细菌、陆源性细菌、菌物 (即真菌 )、大肠埃希氏菌、耐铬、镉、汞、银、铁、阴离子洗涤剂 (LAS)菌、耐酸菌及烃氧化菌等的含量做了分析 。

南极半岛附近海域与南海北部海域多道地震资料对比分析

在中国第33次南极科学考察中,自然资源部中国地质调查局下属的广州海洋地质调查局"海洋六号"船于2016年12月到2017年2月在南极半岛南设得兰海沟海域获得了1 400多km的高分辨率多道地震资料。这是我国首次在南极海域获得高分辨率多道地震资料,是一次艰辛的探索和尝试。在出航南极之前,为了保证采集设备的稳定和取得合理的采集参数,"海洋六号"船在我国南海北部海域多次对采集设备和采集参数进行了检测和试验,获得了多条高分辨率多道地震资料。通过对比南极半岛附近海域和南海北部海域的地震资料,在相同采集设备和采集参数的情况下,表现出了明显不同的特征。

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被微区CO_2浓度的监测

在南极苔藓植被的微环境区内 ,CO2 的浓度在 4 73 5mg·m- 3以上 ,大大高于全球CO2 的平均浓度 (3 56mg·m- 3) ,可见苔藓等植被区可能是大气CO2 的源之一 .这与特殊的南极条件下植被的生理生态特性有关 .在苔藓分布区 ,CO2 浓度日变化的主要影响因素是光照和温度 .菲尔德斯半岛变化无常的天气状况使得CO2 浓度昼夜变化规律出现局部波动 ,不同的天气状况也使CO2 浓度发生变化 .研究表明 :光照条件是CO2 浓度变化的主导影响因素 ,从CO2 浓度的季节变化中可以看出 ,CO2 浓度变化与大气温度呈负相关 ;与降水量和空气相对湿度呈正相关 .本文首次给出了极地环境下植被微区的CO2 浓度变化及其影响因素 。

菲尔德斯半岛植物和表层土壤中部分金属元素的富集特征

利用湿法消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对南极菲尔德斯半岛地区植物和表层土壤中的化学元素进行了分析,讨论了其元素含量、相关性、富集系数及污染指数等化学特征。研究发现,南极菲尔德斯半岛土壤和植物中的Ni、Li、As、Cs变异系数波动较大,且土壤中元素的区域性变化小于植物。植物中的Al、Fe、Mn元素丰度主要依赖于土壤元素丰度的高背景值,而对Ca、K、Cr、Ba元素具有较强的选择吸收能力,对重金属元素Cr、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb富集能力很强。进行重金属污染评价表明,南极菲尔德斯半岛地区受到不同程度的污染,Cu元素存在普遍污染,Cd和As均达到了轻度污染,Cd元素的潜在生态风险最大。

南极法尔兹半岛植被土壤CH_4通量特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极法尔兹半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤CH4 排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被土壤在夏季 2个月内CH4 的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴好天气条件下 ,苔藓土壤CH4 排放通量可能呈现双峰型变化特征 ;而在雨、雪等复杂多变的天气条件下 ,CH4 通量变化无规则 ,存在较大的时空变化 ,且与温度的响应关系不明显 ;苔藓土壤CH4 通量夏季变化的主要影响因子是温度 ,同时还受降水的影响 .苔藓土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 6 6 5 3× 10 2 kg ;地衣土壤吸收CH4 总量为 0 76 0 3×10 2 kg .由此可见 ,该半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤起着大气CH4

南极菲尔德斯半岛土壤可培养细菌多样性分析

对中国第29次南极科学考察采自南极菲尔德斯半岛区域16个站位的土壤样品进行了细菌的分离培养。经细菌16S r DNA序列测定及系统发育分析,共鉴定得到3个门,13个属的67株细菌。其中优势门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),优势属为节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)。对受到不同外界动物因素影响的4个典型站位的土壤理化性质进行了测定,初步分析了土壤理化因子对可培养细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明在菲尔德斯半岛人活动对土壤中可培养细菌群落的影响显著区别于企鹅和海豹。研究还对产淀粉酶的菌株进行了筛选,发现8株产淀粉酶的菌株。

全球气候变化对南极淡水藻类的影响

1982～2008年对中国南极长城站和中山站地区主要湖泊、溪流、雪地等淡水藻类进行了调查研究.结果表明,淡水藻类优势种类为:双尖菱板藻(Hantzschiaa mphioxys),端泥生藻(Luticola mutica),拟钝泥生藻(Lutiola muticopsis),细小隐球藻(Aphanocapsa elachista),极小色球藻(Chroococcus minimus),寒冷席藻(Phormidium frigidum),赖氏鞘氏藻(Lyngbya lagerheimii),拉氏黏球藻(Gloecapsa ralfsiana),易脆席藻(Phormidium fragile),雪衣藻(Chlamydomo nasnivalis),南极侧果藻(Pleurococcus antarcticus),南极螺翼藻(Scotiella antarctica)和细长聚球藻(Synechococcus elongates).回归分析显示了微、小型藻类细胞丰度与水温呈显著的正相关,而与磷酸盐和硝酸盐呈显著负相关.南极气候尤其是水温的变化,引起湖泊藻类丰度与种群结构发生改变.

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被土壤N_2O排放特征

应用密闭箱法首次测定了南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O的排放通量 ,并估算了该半岛植被区土壤在夏季 2个月内N2 O的排放总量 .结果表明 :在晴天和雨天 ,苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量与温度有较好的响应关系 ,呈现单峰型变化趋势 ;但在雪天 ,与温度的变化不一致 ;苔藓、地衣这 2种不同的植被土壤N2 O排放通量日变化基本一致 ;温度是影响苔藓土壤N2 O的排放通量季节变化的主要因子 ,同时还受降水的影响 ,干湿交替有利于N2 O的排放 ;苔藓土壤N2 O的排放总量为 3 .71 52kg ;地衣土壤N2 O的排放总量为 2 .53 4 4kg .由此可见 ,南极菲尔德斯半岛苔藓、地衣植被土壤N2 O排放量虽然很小 ,但仍起着大气N2

南极菲尔德斯半岛地区地衣和苔藓的生物地球化学特征

利用地衣和苔藓化学分析资料对南极菲尔德斯半岛地区地衣和苔藓中化学元素的分配、相关性及其元素比值关系进行了分析。研究表明，地衣和苔藓促进了土壤与风化壳的发育，但受南极地区恶劣环境条件的限制，生物地球化学过程极其微弱。地衣和苔藓植株体中Ｆｅ、Ａｌ、Ｍｎ等元素丰度主要依赖于土壤与风化壳元素丰度的高背景值。Ｃａ、Ｋ、Ｃｒ等元素是地衣选择性吸收较强的元素，苔藓对Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ｚｎ等元素则具有较强的选择性吸收能力。

南极菲尔德斯半岛生物体的微生物含量分析

于１９９３／１９９４年以平板培养法用５种基本培养基对南极菲尔德斯半岛地区的生物体作了微生物含量分析。所研究的海藻、苔藓、地衣、沙蚕、小红蛤、帽贝、鱼、企鹅和鲸等的体表和体内样本计３３个。分析和比较了各类生物体内外所含的陆源性细菌、海洋性细菌、肠细菌、真菌及耐酸细菌等的含量，在一定程度上，培养温度的提高可促进样本中原有的微生物迅速大量繁殖，表明低温仍是制约南极微生物的重要因子。

南极菲尔德斯半岛微生物总量的调查

在南极菲尔德斯半岛进行了微生物总菌量的调查。共收集样品３５个（以土壤样品为主），从这些样品中计数得到一般细菌总量范围为：１０３－１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（３０°Ｃ），１０４－１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（１６°Ｃ），１０４－１０６ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（４°Ｃ）；一般真菌总量范围为：１０２－１０３ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（３０°Ｃ），１０２－１０３ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（１６°Ｃ），１０３ｃｅｌｓ／ｇ（４°Ｃ）。初步鉴定细菌有７个属：微球菌属，葡萄球菌属，节细菌属，黄杆菌属，产碱菌属，假单胞菌属，芽孢杆菌属。真菌有５个属：青霉菌属，金孢霉菌属，枝孢霉菌属，曲霉菌属，散子囊菌属。特别是在绝大多数样品中４°Ｃ下培养的一般细菌与真菌总量明显高于３０°Ｃ下培养的菌量，同时离半岛海岸线近的地区菌量也高于半岛内陆地区的菌量。在该地区，４°Ｃ下培养的低温菌出现率主要是假单胞菌属（６９％），芽孢杆菌属（５４％），青霉菌属（４６％），曲霉菌属（１７％）。