Comparison of temperature extremes between Zhongshan Station and Great Wall Station in Antarctica

Although temperature extremes have led to more and more disasters, there are as yet few studies on the extremes and many disagreements on temperature changes in Antarctica. Based on daily minimum, maximum, and mean air temperatures(Tmin, Tmax, Tmean) at Great Wall Station(GW) and Zhongshan Station(ZS), we compared the temperature extremes and revealed a strong warming trend in Tmin, a slight warming trend in Tmean, cooling in Tmax, a decreasing trend in the daily temperature range, and the typical characteristic of coreless winter temperature. There are different seasonal variabilities, with the least in summer. The continentality index and seasonality show that the marine air mass has more effect on GW than ZS. Following the terminology of the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC AR5), we defined nine indices of temperature extremes, based on the Antarctic geographical environment. Extreme-warm days have decreased, while extreme-warm nights have shown a nonsignificant trend. The number of melting days has increased at GW, while little change at ZS. More importantly, we have found inverse variations in temperature patterns between the two stations, which need further investigation into the dynamics of climate change in Antarctica.

Seasonal variations in aerosol compositions at Great Wall Station in Antarctica

High volume aerosol samplers at Great Wall Station in Antarctica were used to collect 73 aerosol samples between January 2012 and November 2013. The main ions in these aerosol samples, Cl^-, NO3-, SO4^2-, Na＋, K＋, Ca2＋, Mg2＋, NH4＋, as well as methane sulfonic acid, were analyzed using ion chromatography. Trace metals in these samples, including Pb, Cu, Cd, V, Zn, Fe, and Al, were determined by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results showed that sea salt was the main component in aerosols at Great Wall Station. Most ions exhibited significant seasonal variations, with higher concentrations in summer and autumn than in winter and spring. Variations in ions and trace metals were related to several processes（or sources）, including sea salt emission, secondary aerosol formation, and anthropogenic pollution from both local and distant sources. The sources of ions and trace metals were identified using enrichment factor, correlation, and factor analyses. Clearly, Na＋, K＋, Ca2＋, and Mg2＋were from marine sources, while Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd were from anthropogenic pollution, and Al and V were mainly from crustal sources.

Features of visibility variation at Great Wall Station,Antarctica

The variation of visibility at Great Wall Station （GWS） was analyzed using manual observational data for the period of 1986 to 2012. Results show that the frequencies of occurrence of high （≥ 10 km） and low visibility （0-1 km） are 61.0% and 8.0%, respectively. Visibility at GWS shows an evident seasonal variation： The highest visibility between November and March, and the lowest visibility from June to October. Sea fog and precipitation are the main factors for low visibility during summer, whereas frequent adverse weather, such as falling snow, blowing snow, or blizzards, are responsible for low visibility in winter. The frequency of occurrence of low visibility has decreased significantly from 1986 to 2012. Conversely, the frequency of occurrence of high visibility has shown a significant increasing trend, especially during winter. The decreasing tendencies of fog, blowing snow, and snowfall have contributed to the increasing trend of high visibility during winter. Visibility at GWS exhibits significant synoptic-scale （2.1 to 8.3 d）, annual, and inter-annual periods （2 a, 4.1 a, and 6.9 a to 8.2 a）, among which the most significant period is 4.1 a. The visibility observed during 2012 indicates that instrumental observation can be applied in the continuous monitoring of visibility at GWS.

^(210)Pb distribution characteristics in the lake sediment core at Great Wall Station,Antarctica

The results of 210 Pb measurements in the lake sediment core from Antarctica are reported: the relative specific activities of 210 Pb in the lake sediment were found to decrease exponentially with the depth in the study area; the sedimentation rate of the lake is about 0.072 cm/a. This paper shows that 210 Pb method is applicable to Antarctic lake sediment ,and during the 1960's the atmospheric nuclear tests have an effect on the rate of 210 Pb deposition in Antarctica.

MASS MOVEMENT IN THE GREAT WALL STATION AREA, ANTARCTICA

This paper deals with the mass movement processes on the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island. Based on numerous field investigation, the authors consider that the slope mass movement and periglacial form on the peninsula have an internal relationship in genesis, reflecting in there main aspects. 1, All patterns of mass movement are developed on the slope surface; 2, different -order mass movement and periglacial type show their space-time distribution rules (their development stages); 3, The slope mass movement are developed from the periglacio - geomorphic processes. More detailed works have been done, such as fixed reapeated surveying whose results are concord and with the typical characteristics above mentimed very well.

The pigmental composition and the absorption spectral analysis of Ulothrix sp．and benthic diatoms in the intertidal zone of Great Wall Station，Antarctica

This paper reports the results of the absorption spectral analysis of Ulothrix sp. attached to the rocks from the intertidal zone in front of Great Wall Station,Antarctica in February 1989,and the benthic diatoms growing on small stones and on the edge of swamps of that zone.Six kinds of pigments were separated and identified in benthic diatoms.They are carotene, chlorophyll-a, fucoxanthin, chlorophyin, neoxanthin and chlorophyll-c. Nine kinds of pigments were identified in Ulothrix sp.. They are carotinoid, pheophytin, chlorophyll-a, -b, chlorophyllin, chlorophyllide-a, neoxanthin, chlorophyll-c and pheophytin-c. The intertidal benthic diatoms and Ulothrix sp. have specific absorption spectra and there are also marked differences in the composition of algal pigments they contain. Since the pigments of marine algae show differences in their absorption spectra, the absorption spectrum can be used to identify the species of marine algae.

A preliminary analysis of the pigments from ice algae in theadjacentwatersofGreatWallStation，Antarctica

This paper reports the results of separation and identification of the pigments from ice algae in the adjacent waters (62°12′30″S～62°14′30″S, 58°53′W～ 58°57′W) of Great Wall Station, Antarctica during the icing Pened (from June 1988～ December 1988) and the discussion is also made on the composition and seasonal variations of the pigments of ice algae in that area as well as their roles in marine ecosystems. The results indicate that 15 kinds of pigments have been separated from ice algae, of which 13 kinds can be identified. They are respeCtively: carotene, pheophytin-a, chlorophyll-a, -b, -c, xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, chlorophyllide-a, violaxanthin, pheophorbide-a, chlorophyllin-a, derivative of chlorophyll-c (diadinoxanthin), but two kinds of pigments can not be identified. There are distinct seasonal variations in the pigments of ice algae at that sea area.

THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PRECIPITATION CHEMISTRY AT THE CHINESE GREAT WALL STATION,ANTARCTICA IN 1998

This paper reports the analysis results (including pH,conductivity and ion concentrations) of the precipitation samples collected at the Chinese Great Wall Station,Antarctica (62°13′S, 58°58′W,ASL10.0 m) in 1998.The average pH value and conductivity were 5.62 and 85.16 μS/cm,respectively.The pH value and conductivity of precipitation were higher during autumn, but lower during other seasons.The major ions in the precipitation were C1- and Na+,followed by SO_4^(2-),Mg^(2+),Ca^(2+),K^+,NO_3^-,NH_4^+ with the lower concentrations in order.The positive correlation significantly existing between the major ions,except NO_3^- and NH_4^+,indicated that those major ions might come from same sources.The fact that the relative abundances of ions in precipitation were very close to that of seawater of Antarctic Ocean indicated that marine aerosol was the dominant source of the ions of precipitation.However,there were yet other sources which may contribute to Ca^(2+) ion in the precipitation.The precipitation at the area was characterized by marine type chemically.

LANDFORM CHARACTERISTICS AND ENVIRONMENT VARIATION IN FELDES PENINSULA——GREAT WALL STATION OF CHINA, ANTARCTICA

The Feldes Peninsula is an ice-free area of the King George Island, which is the biggest one of South Sheltland archipelago. This ice-free area is 7—8 km long, and 2.5—4.5 km wide. The southern end of the Feldes Strait separates the Nelson Island (ice sheet) from the peninsula, the northeast is covered by main ice sheet of the King George Island. The sheet is 350 m thick. The average thickness is 100 m, and the highest elevation is 668 m a. s. 1.

Overview of China's Antarctic research progress 1984–2016

It is more than 30 years since the first Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition(CHINARE) landed in Antarctica in 1984, representing China’s initiation in polar research. This review briefly summarizes the Chinese Antarctic scientific research and output accomplished over the past 30 years. The developments and progress in Antarctic research and the enhancement of international scientific cooperation achieved through the implementation of the CHINARE program have been remarkable. Since the 1980 s, four permanent Chinese Antarctic research stations have been established successively and 33 CHINAREs have been completed. The research results have been derived from a series of spatiotemporal observations in association with various projects and multidisciplinary studies in the fields of oceanography, glaciology, geology, geophysics, geochemistry, atmospheric science, upper atmospheric physics, Antarctic astronomy, biology and ecology, human medicine, polar environment observation, and polar engineering.

南极长城站海雾特征分析

本文根据对海雾气象要素场、大气层结和天气形势的分析及其持续时间和季节、年际变化的统计分析,结合个例,讨论了南极长城站海雾的特征和形成机制。认为长城站海雾大多为平流冷却雾,高频率的偏北风和南大洋极锋附近显著的经向海温梯度是长城站多海雾的根本原因;夏半年海雾要多于冬半年,海雾的年际分布差异明显;海雾可出现于0—17m/s的各级风力中,3—11m/s偏北风最有利于海雾的维持;气温为-2—4℃、气-海温差为0—2℃时最易出现海雾;海雾的发生一般伴有稳定的大气层结;"东高西低"是长城站海雾的主要天气形势;海雾的持续时间取决于高压在南极半岛维持时间的长短,平均有10个小时。

南极长城站区土壤重金属含量特征及来源分析

频繁的人类活动对南极生态环境的影响越来越受到关注,在南极长城站周边人类活动密集区对土壤进行采样的基础上,分析长城站周边地区表层土壤中重金属含量特征,并结合近20年来长城站周边土壤中主要重金属含量的分布,展开对比研究,探讨长城站区主要重金属元素的来源。结果表明,8种主要重金属在长城站表层土壤中都有不同程度的富集,站区频繁的车辆活动使得汽车尾气排放及汽车轮胎磨损产生大量含重金属的有害气体和粉尘,这些物质沉降在站区土壤表层或许是南极长城站区土壤重金属富集的重要原因之一。

南极长城站气压场和风场分析

本文利用长城站 1 985～ 1 996年气压和风的观测资料以及所接收的气象传真图对长城站的气压场和风场分冬夏两半年进行了天气学分析 ,结果表明 :长城站地区气压的年际变化可能存在 4～ 5年周期 ;冬半年盛行 ESE风 ,夏半年盛行 WNW风 ;夏半年盛行东高西低 (威德尔海为高压区 ,南极半岛及别林斯高晋海为低压区 )的气压场形势 ,冬半年盛行西南高东北低 (南极半岛以西为高压区 ,威德尔海一带为低压区 )的气压场形势。

南极长城站地区土壤微生物生态作用的初步探讨

从南极长城站附近联合采样１３个，并进行了土壤微生物的数量统计与种类鉴定。氨化细菌的菌量为１０４～１０６ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ，共７个属：微球菌属（Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ），葡萄球菌属（Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ），假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ），芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ），产碱菌属（Ａｌｃａｌｉｇｅｎｅｓ），黄杆菌属（Ｆｌａｖｏｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍ），节杆菌属（Ａｒｔｈｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）；固氮细菌菌量为１０５～１０７ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ，仅一个固氮菌属（Ａｚｏｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒ）；硝化细菌一般为１０４ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ，分属两个属：硝化杆菌属（Ｎｉｔｒｏｂａｃｔｅｒ），硝化球菌属（Ｎｉｔｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）；真菌为１０３ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ，分属５个属：青霉菌属（Ｐｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ），金孢霉菌属（Ｃｈｒｙｓｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ），枝孢霉菌属（Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍ），曲霉菌属（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ），散羹菌属（Ｅｕｒｏｔｉｕｍ），反硝化菌为１０２～１０４ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｇ，分属３个属：假单胞菌属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ），微球菌属（Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ），芽孢杆菌属（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ）；放线菌分属３个属：链霉菌属（Ｓｔｒｅ?

南极乔治王岛的天气预报业务

本文利用从南极乔治王岛地区各国考察站获取的各种气象资料,从业务需求入手,介绍了该地区的天气预报业务概况,并总结了一些重要天气现象的特征和预报技术。作者认为架设先进的卫星通讯系统,以有效利用互联网上丰富的气象资源,提高数据传输的效率,是南极地区天气预报业务发展的新方向。

南极长城站科考队员度夏期心功能的变化

中国第六次南极考察队长城站男性队员２８人分为两个年龄组：１组ｎ＝１７，３０．８±１．１岁；２组ｎ＝１１，４８．０±１．７岁。借助美国Ｂｏｍｅｄ公司ＮＣＣＯＭ－３型无创心功能监护仪对他们心功能的动态变化进行了检测，结果表明：所有受试者夏季在长城站短期停留和工作心功能均无明显变化，但低年龄组心脏的适应能力优于高年龄组。

南极长城站和中山站降水形态变化特征的研究

利用南极长城站1985—2015年和中山站1989—2015年的天气现象记录和日平均气温资料,分析两站降水、降雨和降雪日数的长期变化特征及其变化趋势,并讨论了长城站降水形态变化与当地气温和阿蒙森低压变化的联系。结果表明:长城站降水日数较多,年总降水日数为236~343 d,有增加的趋势,变化速率为4.51 d/10a;其中降雨日数为74~185 d,降雪日数为157~282 d,增加的速率分别为2.68 d/10a和1.25 d/10a。而中山站年降水日数较少,年总降水日数为104~173 d,有减小的趋势,变化速率为-1.30 d/10a,中山站全年气温几乎都在0℃以下,降雨稀少,降雪为主要的降水形态。长城站年平均气温和降雨日数与总降水日数的比值(雨日比)显著正相关,在增温速率较大的秋季(3—5月),雨日比也显著增加(4.36%/10a)。降水形态受气温的影响很大,随着气温升高,长城站年降水日数中降雨日数的比重增加。秋季阿蒙森低压经向中心的东移有利于暖湿气流吹向南极半岛,也促进了降雨的发生。

南极长城站能见度变化分析

利用南极长城站1986—2012年能见度人工观测资料,分析了能见度的变化特征和趋势。结果显示,高于10 km能见度出现频率为61.0%,低于1 km的频率为8.0%。11—3月能见度较好,6—10月能见度较差;海雾和降水是夏季能见度降低的主要原因,冬季则主要归因于频繁的降雪、吹雪或雪暴等灾害性天气。<10 km能见度发生频数有显著减小倾向,>10 km能见度呈上升趋势,且冬季的上升速度最快,大雾、吹雪和降雪减少是主导冬季能见度升高趋势的重要因素。长城站能见度显著的天气尺度周期为2.1—8.3 d,年际变化周期为2 a、4.1 a和6.9—8.2 a,又以4.1 a最为显著。2012年开展的能见度自动观测实验表明,20 km范围内的自动观测精度较高,适用于长城站的连续监测。

南极长城站地区企鹅的种群数量与分布

1993-11～1994-03对南极长城站地区的企鹅种群的数量和分布进行了调查，共记录到6种企鹅，即阿德利企鹅、巴布亚企鹅、南极企鹅、长冠企鹅、王企鹅和帝企鹅．其中前3种企鹅在本地区繁殖，后3种企鹅为本地区鸟类分布的新记录．在长城站地区繁殖的企鹅总数约为1．1万只，繁殖成功率为1．30～1．57只／对（以每对繁殖企鹅所养育的成活幼鸟数表示）．阿德雷岛为本地区企鹅最重要的繁殖地．近10年来，生活在本地区的南极企鹅的数量已显著减少，其原因可能与邻近地区日益增加的人类活动（游人、船只和飞机等）的干扰有关．

2006年南极长城站的气象要素特征

利用第22次南极长城站越冬气象考察所获取的常规气象观测资料,着重分析了2006年长城站的气压、气温、地温、降水、湿度、风等气象要素和天气现象的特征,并同1985～2005年的多年统计值进行了对比。所作分析有助于了解和研究南极长城站地区的气候特点。