Breeding and Application Techniques of a New Rice Variety Liliang-you 3822 with High Yield and Disease Resistance

Liliangyou 3822 is a novel indica hybrid rice variety that exhibits disease resistance,high yield,lodging resistance,and late maturity.It employs a self-selected two-line sterile line,Li 38S,and a self-selected restorer line,R22.This variety was subjected to a regional test of indica late-maturing groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2020.The results demonstrated that the average yield of the variety was 9.95 t/hm 2,which was 10.67%higher than that of the control Fengliangyou 4,indicating a highly significant yield increase.In the continuous test in 2021,the average yield was 9.74 t/hm 2,representing a 6.52%increase over the control,which also exhibited a significant increase.Finally,the average yield of the two years regional test was 9.84 t/hm 2,which was 8.58%higher than that of the control.In the 2021 production test,the average yield of the variety was 9.32 t/hm 2,which was 12.19%higher than that of the control,indicating a remarkably significant yield increase.In 2022,the variety was validated by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee(GSD 20220143).

Physiological Response and Resistance of Plants to Disease and Pest Stress

This paper outlines the physiological responses of plants to pathogenic microbial infection and pest feeding stress,as well as the resistance characteristics of plants to diseases and pests,and proposes new directions for future research on crop resistance to diseases and pests.The objective of this paper is to provide a reference framework for the breeding of crops with enhanced resistance to diseases and pests,the utilization of natural immunity in crops,and the efficient prevention and control of diseases and pests.This framework is intended to facilitate the healthy and sustainable development of the agricultural industry.

Increasing Fusarium verticillioides resistance in maize by genomicsassisted breeding:Methods,progress,and prospects

Maize(Zea mays L.)is an indispensable crop worldwide for food,feed,and bioenergy production.Fusarium verticillioides(F.verticillioides)is a widely distributed phytopathogen and incites multiple destructive diseases in maize:seedling blight,stalk rot,ear rot,and seed rot.As a soil-,seed-,and airborne pathogen,F.verticillioides can survive in soil or plant residue and systemically infect maize via roots,contaminated seed,silks,or external wounds,posing a severe threat to maize production and quality.Infection triggers complex immune responses:induction of defense-response genes,changes in reactive oxygen species,plant hormone levels and oxylipins,and alterations in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids,phenylpropanoids,phenolic compounds,and benzoxazinoid defense compounds.Breeding resistant maize cultivars is the preferred approach to reducing F.verticillioides infection and mycotoxin contamination.Reliable phenotyping systems are prerequisites for elucidating the genetic structure and molecular mechanism of maize resistance to F.verticillioides.Although many F.verticillioides resistance genes have been identified by genome-wide association study,linkage analysis,bulkedsegregant analysis,and various omics technologies,few have been functionally validated and applied in molecular breeding.This review summarizes research progress on the infection cycle of F.verticillioides in maize,phenotyping evaluation systems for F.verticillioides resistance,quantitative trait loci and genes associated with F.verticillioides resistance,and molecular mechanisms underlying maize defense against F.verticillioides,and discusses potential avenues for molecular design breeding to improve maize resistance to F.verticillioides.

Advances in Cotton Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium and Verticillium Wilt in the Last Fifty Years in China

This review summarizes the main advances in cotton breeding for resistance to fusarium and verticillium wilt in the last fifty years in China. The topics discussed include main achievements, experiences, problems and countermeasures for solving.

Immunogenomics for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs: a review focusing on Gram-negative bacilli

Over the past years, infectious disease has caused enormous economic loss in pig industry. Among the pathogens, gram negative bacteria not only cause inflammation, but also cause different diseases and make the pigs more susceptible to virus infection. Vaccination, medication and elimination of sick pigs are major strategies of controlling disease. Genetic methods, such as selection of disease resistance in the pig, have not been widely used. Recently, the completion of the porcine whole genome sequencing has provided powerful tools to identify the genome regions that harboring genes controlling disease or immunity. Immunogenornics, which combines DNA variations, transcriptorne, immune response, and QTL mapping data to illustrate the interactions between pathogen and host immune system, will be an effective genomics tool for identification of disease resistance genes in pigs. These genes will be potential targets for disease resistance in breeding programs. This paper reviewed the progress of disease resistance study in the pig focusing on Gram-negative bacilli. Major porcine Gram-negative bacilli and diseases, suggested candidate genes/pathways against porcine Gram-negative bacilli, and distributions of QTLs for immune capacity on pig chromosomes were summarized. Some tools for immunogenomics research were described. We conclude that integration of sequencing, whole genome associations, functional genomics studies, and immune response information is necessary to illustrate molecular mechanisms and key genes in disease resistance.

Breeding of High Yield,High Quality and Disease-Resistant Hybrid Cotton Varieties Hanza 160 and Hanza 1692

The hybrid cotton varieties of Hanza 160 and Hanza 1692 were bred by reciprocal crosses between Han 5158 and Han 333 in Hainan and Hebei for several years. Both varieties had the characters of high yield, high quality and disease resistance. Hanza 160 and Hanza 1692 were approved by Hebei Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2013 and 2016, respectively.

Studies on Cotton Breeding Resistant to Fusarium and Verticillium wilt Diseases

Both Fusarium and Verticillium wilts are important soil-borne diseases,which can not be effectively controlled by chemical fungicides.The two diseases,especially Verticillium wilt,have

Advances in Research on Rape Sclerotia and Resistance Breeding

Rapeseed is an important oil crop with high economic value.It can be used not only as edible oil and livestock feed,but also in medicine,industry and tourism.Sclerotium sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that harms the yield and quality of rape.This article mainly summarizes the research status of S.sclerotiorum from three aspects:the biological characteristics,infection mode,process and disease resistance breeding of S.sclerotiorum,and summarizes the future research directions of antibacterial sclerotium on rape,to provide reference for future research on sclerotinia.

Research Progresses of Eggplant Phomopsis Rot and Its Resistance Breeding

Eggplant phomopsis rot was summarized from the aspects of distribution and damage, pathogen identification and pathogenicity differentiation, and disease-resistant breeding. Furthermore, some existing problems and research directions in future was also discussed.

抗枯萎病宝岛蕉早花突变体的筛选与鉴定

【目的】筛选鉴定抗枯萎病香蕉品种宝岛蕉的早花突变体,为进一步利用突变体株系选育适应性更广的香蕉新品种提供参考依据。【方法】利用多代组织培养繁育结合田间种植对比试验,依据生育期短、抗病性强、株高矮、株产高和遗传稳定筛选目标,从宝岛蕉早花突变后代中筛选优良株系,以宝岛蕉为对照,按照香蕉种质资源描述规范对优良突变株系的形态特征和生物学特性等进行观察鉴定,测定分析植株球茎生长点部位碳、氮营养累积以及成花相关激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素(ZR)、赤霉素(GA)和脱落酸(ABA)含量差异,通过ISSR分子标记检测突变体及其野生型之间的遗传变异和亲缘关系。以宝岛蕉和主栽品种(桂蕉6号及巴西蕉)为对照,利用伤根浸菌法进行苗期抗病性鉴定,并在广西和海南开展区域种植试验及田间抗病性鉴定。【结果】筛选获得优良突变株系0523(简称0523),其新植蕉平均株高280.0 cm,假茎基围80.5 cm、中围60.0 cm,较宝岛蕉分别减小14.0%、5.8%和11.8%,新抽总叶片数26~29片;果实营养品质和单株产量与宝岛蕉无显著差异(P>0.05,下同)。0523球茎生长点碳氮比较宝岛蕉显著提高19.0%(P<0.05,下同),GA和IAA含量显著降低24.8%和22.6%,ABA和ZR含量与宝岛蕉相比略有增加,差异不显著。抗病性苗期鉴定结果显示0523为中抗且偏强,抗性水平与宝岛蕉相比略有提高,桂蕉6号为高感。突变株系0523与宝岛蕉的多态性比率为8.8%,遗传相似系数为0.95,二者存在差异。0523在广西和海南各试验点第1、2造蕉平均发病率分别为4.5%和3.5%,较主栽品种降低87.8%和94.1%,各试验点发病率均显著低于主栽品种。0523第1、2造蕉的生育期较宝岛蕉显著缩短,与主栽品种无显著差异。【结论】突变株系0523具有抗枯萎病、早熟、矮化、适应性广等优良性状,可用来培育大面积推广的香蕉新品种,或作为亲本育种材料应用于香蕉育种研究。

绵羊肺炎支原体研究进展

【现状】绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae)是引起绵羊和山羊呼吸系统疾病的主要病原之一,病羊以咳嗽、气喘、流鼻液、消瘦等为主要临床症状。【问题】由于该病原具有广泛的寄主范围,病程长,体外培养困难,对抗菌药物的敏感性难以测定,致使临床选药困难,用药依从性差。因此,目前该病防控缺乏便捷且行之有效的措施,具有较高的病死率,一旦发病对羊产业造成巨大经济损失。【对策】目前有效防控措施为疫苗免疫,但缺乏针对性强的商业化市售疫苗。根据目前抗病育种研究,可以针对绵羊肺炎支原体培育新抗病绵羊品种。【结论】疫苗防控是快速有效的防控措施之一,但由于流行病原无交叉保护性,且成本较高,无法满足新疆羊产业发展需要,因此,培育抗绵羊肺炎支原体的绵羊新品种十分必要且意义深远。

高产优质抗病玉米新品种达美5号的选育、特性分析及栽培技术

玉米(Zea mays L.)新品种达美5号是十堰市农业科学院和华中农业大学以HZ1711为母本、Q4-2为父本育成的杂交种,2020—2021年2年区域试验平均产量为9950.85 kg/hm^(2),比对照品种华玉11增产8.53%,具有突出的高产稳产、抗逆广适、品质优良、制种产量高的特性,于2022年8月通过湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。总结了达美5号的选育过程、特征特性、抗逆性、品质和产量表现,介绍了栽培和制种技术要点,为品种的应用推广提供参考。

小麦黄花叶病抗性研究及育种应用进展

小麦黄花叶病是一种全球性的土传病毒病,严重时会导致小麦产量大幅下降。小麦黄花叶病毒(WYMV)是主要的病原体之一,属于马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae)大麦黄花叶病毒属(Bymovirus),以禾谷多黏菌(Polymyxa graminis)为媒介感染小麦。目前已鉴定出14个抗WYMV的基因位点,图位克隆了1个抗病基因,证实了3个基因具有抗病性调控功能,已育成多个抗病小麦品种(系)。本文从小麦黄花叶病毒的病原体特性、病害分布、小麦抗性遗传和抗病育种等方面,综述了WYMV及小麦抗病性的研究进展,并对WYMV抗性基因挖掘和小麦抗病育种应用进行了展望。

坛紫菜抗细菌病害品系的筛选

为建立坛紫菜抗细菌性病害品系的筛选指标,以ZD-1、GS-1、MF-2等10个坛紫菜(Neoporphyra haitanensis)品系为材料,以病原菌Vibrio mediterranei 117-T6和Phaeobacter sp. JN-W1作为感染源,根据紫菜叶状体的病烂率、病烂程度及病情指数构建病情评价体系,并确定紫菜的抗病等级。利用群体选择法获得候选的抗性品系GS-1和易感品系YS-W-01,进一步分析感染前后坛紫菜藻体抗氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白、相关基因以及光合色素含量等生理生化指标的变化。结果显示,在感染组中,藻体的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性先增加后减少,其中抗性品系GS-1的SOD、POD活性峰值显著高于易感品系(P<0.05),可溶性蛋白(SP)的含量则随感染时间的延长而下降。两个品系的游离脯氨酸(游离Pro)含量在达到峰值后下降,而丙二醛(MDA)含量保持在较高水平,其中抗性品系游离Pro峰值显著高于易感品系(P<0.05),MDA则无差异。此外,藻胆蛋白与叶绿素a(Chl a)含量在短暂上升后,随感染时间的延长均持续下降。统计结果表明,Chl a、游离Pro、SP含量、SOD、POD活性以及Mn-sod相对表达量等与藻体的抗病性呈显著或极显著正相关,初步认为这些参数可作为筛选抗病品系的有效指标。本研究结果可为坛紫菜抗细菌性病害品系的良种筛选提供参考依据。

绵羊布鲁氏菌病抗病育种研究进展

布鲁氏菌病(brucellosis)是一种由布鲁氏菌(Brucella)感染引起的全球性人畜共患病,不仅给绵羊养殖业造成巨大的经济损失,还对公共卫生带来重大的安全隐患。布鲁氏菌具有胞内寄生和免疫逃避的能力,因此疫苗接种等常规措施难以有效防控布鲁氏菌的感染。开展绵羊布鲁氏菌病抗病新品种的选育工作,能从动物源头切断布鲁氏菌病的传播途径。本文简要阐述了布鲁氏菌依赖于毒力因子的免疫逃避机制,系统回顾了国内外布鲁氏菌病抗病育种的研究进展,包括家系群体选育、基因工程选育和标记辅助选育,并按炎症和免疫反应的发生发展阶段对候选抗病基因作了详细的梳理,以期为布鲁氏菌病的致病机制研究、抗病基因挖掘和抗病绵羊培育提供理论依据。

花生冠腐病抗病性快速鉴定方法的建立及应用

【目的】建立一种花生冠腐病抗病性快速鉴定方法,为抗冠腐病花生品种筛选、抗病育种提供参考。【方法】以萌发期花生种作为接种材料,在无菌培养皿中进行接种,设置冠腐病孢子悬浮液不同接种浓度(6×10^(5)个/mL、8×10^(5)个/mL、1×10^(6)个/mL、2×10^(6)个/mL、4×10^(6)个/mL)及时间(3 d、4 d、5 d、6 d、7 d)试验,筛选最优接种条件,对徐花甜30、驻花18号、周科花18等104个花生品种(系)进行冠腐病抗病性鉴定,验证其有效性并进行抗病种质资源筛选。【结果】当冠腐病孢子悬浮液接种浓度为2×10^(6)个/mL、培养时间为5 d时,各品种(系)间感染情况差异明显,能有效鉴定不同品种(系)的抗性差异。利用该方法对104个花生品种(系)进行冠腐病抗病性鉴定,能有效区分不同品种(系)的抗性差异,并筛选出12个抗病品种(系)、40个中抗品种(系)、38个感病品种(系)和14个高感品种(系)。【结论】在萌发期建立的花生冠腐病抗病性快速鉴定方法能够快速有效鉴定不同花生品种(系)对冠腐病的抗性水平。

江苏太湖地区粳稻稻瘟病抗性基因(Pi2、Pita、Pib)的分布及抗病效应

为分析稻瘟病抗性基因Pi2、Pita、Pib在江苏太湖地区粳稻稻瘟病抗性育种中的作用,利用五引物扩增受阻突变体系(PARMS)检测技术,检测水稻稻瘟病抗性基因Pi2、Pita、Pib在江苏太湖地区农业科学研究所筛选培育的799份高世代稳定试验材料中的分布情况,并结合穗颈瘟人工接种鉴定结果分析基因型与抗性的关系。结果表明,在799份供试水稻品种中,以抗性基因Pib的分布频率最高,抗性基因Pita的分布频率也相对较高,抗性基因Pi2分布频率较低,多数材料携带2个抗性基因;在抗性基因组合中,Pita+Pib组合检出率较高,为44.81%(358/799)。田间抗病性鉴定结果表明,当供试材料中只存在单一抗病基因时,中抗级别以上材料占比为33.60%(86/256),当供试材料中存在复合基因型时,中抗级别以上材料占比为61.02%(299/490),表明抗性基因共存可以有效增强植株对稻瘟病的抗性。本研究结果为江苏太湖地区粳稻稻瘟病抗性基因聚合育种的选择提供了理论支持。

花生分子标记辅助育种研究进展与展望

花生是重要的食用植物油和植物蛋白来源,高产优质抗病是花生新品种选育的主要目标。目前生产上大面积推广的优良品种主要以传统杂交育种技术选育而成,育种周期长、效率低、成本高。分子标记辅助选择可显著提高育种的精准性和效率。高密度的基因型数据是花生产量、品质、抗病性状QTL定位和开发分子标记的基础。2019年我国花生骨干亲本狮头企和伏花生以及美国匍匐型花生品种Tifrunner的基因组序列相继公布,极大推动了花生重要农艺性状的分子标记开发和应用。近年来,花生籽仁油酸含量、脂肪含量等品质性状,根结线虫病、锈病、叶斑病、青枯病等抗病性状,以及荚果、籽仁大小等产量组成性状的分子标记相继被开发。利用分子标记辅助育种,成功选育出了高油酸且高含油量、高油酸且抗病花生新品种或新种质。未来花生分子标记的开发利用需要重视优异野生种质资源的表型精准鉴定,建立高通量表型及基因型检测平台,以及全基因组选择技术策略的应用。

大豆灰斑病生理小种及抗性遗传研究进展

灰斑病是大豆尾孢菌(Cercospora sojina K. Hara)导致的世界性大豆真菌病害,在大豆主要生产区的流行有增长趋势,给生产带来重大损失。大豆尾孢菌变异迅速,已演化出多个具有致病性差异的生理小种,导致现有品种抗性不能满足生产需求。随着分子生物技术的发展,为了获得具有广谱抗性的种质,近年来研究方向从传统的抗病育种转移到对大豆尾孢菌致病机制解析及大豆抗灰斑病基因精细定位上。本文对大豆尾孢菌生理小种的鉴定及其致病性、抗病遗传、抗病育种等方面的国内外研究进展进行了系统综述,并对未来大豆灰斑病的表型精准鉴定、致病机制解析、抗病基因精细定位和抗病育种进行了探讨,为大豆抗灰斑病的进一步研究提供参考。

CD46基因在家畜抗病育种中的应用研究进展

补体调节蛋白46(complement regulator protein, CD46)在大多数哺乳动物的细胞上广泛表达。除了具有补体失活、调节T细胞活化和生育能力等多种生理功能之外,CD46也可以作为多种细菌和病毒的受体,尤其对牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV)和经典猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus, CSFV)的附着起重要作用。利用基因编辑技术特异修饰CD46成功生产出抗BVDV活牛犊,证明该基因可以作为抗病育种的候选基因。本文主要对CD46蛋白在家畜病毒感染中的作用以及在抗病育种中的应用进行综述。