埃及萨卡拉新出土彩绘人形木棺解读

本研究对埃及萨卡拉新出土的十具有代表性的彩绘人形木棺进行铭文解读、样式和装饰图案的分析,以期为古埃及木棺的类型学研究提供新的材料。作为迄今为止埃及出土的最大规模的窖藏墓,其中埋葬的上千个保存完好的彩绘木棺的陆续整理发表,将对以往以底比斯木棺样本为核心建立的类型学研究提出重大的挑战。2024年7月19日,上海博物馆策划的“金字塔之巅:古埃及文明大展”开幕,展览的一大亮点是首次系统公布埃及考古队近十年在萨卡拉地区自主考古取得的重大发现,这也是这批文物的全球首展。本研究将对其中尚未发表的十具彩绘人形木棺进行解读和分析。2020年以来,埃及国家文物局考古队在萨卡拉地区(埃及古代都城孟菲斯墓区)北区陆续发掘出土了一批重要墓葬和神庙遗址,其中包括一座罕见的巴斯泰特神庙遗址。在该神庙东部发现了两座深12 m石灰岩悬崖竖井墓,编号为64号、65号,年代为公元前8世纪,地下墓室里存储有近千具完整的彩绘木棺。此外,还发现了古埃及最大的动物木乃伊墓地和最完整的制作木乃伊的作坊,并出土了大量朱鹭、鹰、狒狒和圣母牛的木乃伊,特别是首次发现了蛇、蜣螂、幼狮等稀有的动物木乃伊。这批新出土的文物为研究古埃及墓葬习俗、来世信仰及社会发展状况提供了珍贵的一手资料。

笼养蓑羽鹤繁殖期的行为时间分配

通过对两组笼养蓑羽鹤 (Anthropoidesvirgo)繁殖期行为时间分配的初步观察表明 :笼养蓑羽鹤繁殖期行为呈日节律变化 ,各种行为所占比例依次为休息行为 31.7%、取食 2 4 .0 %、理羽 17.4 %、游走 12 .5 %、警戒 9.4 %、繁殖5 .0 %。繁殖各期行为时间分配存在显著差异 ,繁殖后期行为时间分配受中期繁殖活动影响 ;繁殖期行为时间分配的性别差异总体不显著 ,温度和天气因素对笼养蓑羽鹤繁殖期的时间分配具显著影响。笼养蓑羽鹤繁殖期的行为时间分配与野生鹤类有较大差别 ,呈现出蓑羽鹤对笼养条件下适应环境因子变化的综合表现。

三种鹤人工授精技术研究

使用人工授精技术可以提高笼养鹤的卵受精率。人工授精时精子的密度和活率是影响卵受精的重要参数,输精间隔和部位也是影响卵受精的因素。为了解人工授精时输入的活精子数与卵受精率的关系,2006年～2007年对3只白鹤Grus leucogeranus、1只黑颈鹤Grus nigricollis和1只蓝蓑羽鹤Anthropoides paradisea雌鹤进行了人工输精实验,采用输卵管内输精,输精间隔2 d,产完一枚卵后尽早完成一次输精的方法,采精后共输精56次,每次平均输入的活精子数为1.2×107个,3种鹤所产26枚卵中有20枚卵受精,卵受精率为77%。

文化发生的基点:生存与性

以探求文化发生问题为写作动机,抓住工具的产生即文化的介入作为这一问题的契点沿波讨源,探赜索隐。通过详解读史前孑遗———岩画、神话、葬俗、陶器,凸显了文化发生的基点———生存与性,且肯定了文化多元归“一”性的存在。

What Are Our Possibilities and What Should We Do?

It is thought that the life of our Earth can be divided into two basic periods which are: the abiotic sterile physical life and the biological life. Both can be separated into smaller sections which are in the case of physical life: glowing star state with atomic evolution, solidification of the surface, the appearance of C, O2 and water and abiotic chemical evolution. During that period of time kinds of external and internal energy were effective only through physical-chemical way. In the case of biological life, the 1st section started with the appearance of the first living unit and ended with the beginning of photosynthesis. The 2nd one lasted from the start of photosynthesis till the appearance of the first two man-like creatures. The 3rd one began from that point of time and lasted till 1778 and the last one the 4th has existed since that date. Since the appearance of the first living unit biological accumulation of external energy and mainly C but not only, emission of CO2 gas, metabolites, heat, transformation and loading of the earthly environment as well as natural mutation of organisms that is the biological evolution have flown. When photosynthesis began biological fixation of solar energy/photon and free atmospheric CO2, as well as production of free O2, have also started beside the former events and the biological evolution has continued. No unnatural event had happened in these two sections. The fate of the 3rd and the 4th sections— that is the anthropoid time—has been determined by the unnatural effects of man kind. The most important altering events are: the number of the inhabitants, the use of fire, agricultural production, domestication of animals, formation and maintenance of industry, trade, vehicle-park, denaturation of the surface of the Earth and contamination of soil, atmosphere and waters etc. Finally, ideas for the solution of the climate problems which are mainly the results of the 3rd and 4th sections will be discussed.

Pressure from hunting on crane species in southern districts of northern Pakistan

This study was carried out to assess the biological status of two crane species, the Common Crane (Grus grus L.) and the Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo L.), with respect to the hunting pressure in two southern districts of northern Pakistan, Bannu and Lakki. Field surveys, interviews and questionnaires were the major tools for data collection. We visited 165 hunting camps in the fall of 2008 and 85 in the spring of 2009 in the two districts. Of the hunters, most possessed wildlife permits for hunting and most people hunted for recreation. According to our survey, the population of two crane species is declining due to overhunting, destruction of natural habitats, anthropogenic activities and geographical factors. Suggestions for protection of the cranes are proposed.

内蒙古苏里格南区块天然气开发生态影响预测研究

苏里格南区块气田位于鄂尔多斯高原东南部的毛乌素沙地腹地,自然生态环境十分脆弱,具有极其重要的生态保护价值。通过工程分析,天然气开发必然会对区内生态环境造成巨大的影响,主要体现在对自然植被的破坏和对野生动物的干扰两个方面。为科学预测其生态影响,先后对项目区进行了自然植被和鸟类实地专项调查,查明了自然植被的种类、类型和分布,并首次在项目区发现了国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)的繁殖种群及其主要分布区域,结合工程资料,预测了生态影响,并提出了具体的减缓影响的生态保护措施和建议。

Quasi-inverse Pendulum Model of 12 DoF Bipedal Walking

This paper presents modeling of a 12-degree of freedom （DoF） bipedal robot, focusing on the lower limbs of the system, and trajectory design for walking on straight path. Gait trajectories are designed by modeling of center of mass （CoM） trajectory and swing foot ankle trajectory based on stance foot ankle. The dynamic equations of motion of the bipedal robot are derived by considering the system as a quasi inverted pendulmn （QIP） model. The direction and acceleration of CoM movement of the QIP model is determined by the position of CoM relative to the centre of pressure （COP）. To determine heel-contact and toe-off, two custom designed switches are attached with heel and toe positions of each foot. Four force sensitive resistor （FSR） sensors are also placed at the plantar surface to measure pressure that is induced on each foot while walking which leads to the calculation of CoP trajectory. The paper also describes forward kinematic （FIK） and inverse kinematic （IK） investigations of the biped model where Denavit-Hartenberg （D-H） representation and Geometric-Trigonometric （G-T） formulation approach are applied. Experiments are carried out to ensure the reliability of the proposed model where the links of the bipedal system follow the best possible trajectories while walking on straight path.

Time and energy minimization strategy codetermine the loop migration of demoiselle cranes around the Himalayas

Tens of thousands of demoiselle cranes’crossing the Himalayas to the Indian subcontinent have been reported for decades,but their exact spring migration route remained a mystery until our previous study found they made a detour in spring along the western edge of the Himalayas and crossed the Mongolian Plateau to their breeding areas based on satellite telemetry of 3 birds.To corroborate the loop migration pattern and explore whether demoiselle crane’s loop migration route is shaped by time-and energy-minimization strategies in spring and autumn and how the temporal and spatial variation of environmental conditions contribute to crane’s selection of migration routes,we tracked 11 satellite-tagged demoiselle cranes from their breeding area in China and Russia,simulated 2 pseudo migration routes,and then compared the environmental conditions,time,and energy cost between true and pseudo routes in the same season.Results show that demoiselles’spring migration obeyed time-minimization hypothesis,avoiding the colder Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,benefited by abundant food and higher thermal and orographic uplift along the route;autumn migration follows energy-minimization hypothesis with the shorter route.Our research will contribute to uncover the mechanical reasons why demoiselle crane avoids crossing the giant barrier of the Himalayas in spring,and shapes a loop migration route.

鄂尔多斯蓑羽鹤小群体的GPS-GSM跟踪初步分析

在内蒙古鄂尔多斯遗鸥国家级自然保护区已多次发现有一个孤立的蓑羽鹤(Anthropoides virgo)小种群在此地繁殖和度夏。2015年7月,在该地区为5只成年蓑羽鹤(3只繁殖,2只非繁殖)佩戴了中国湖南生产的GPS-GSM发射器。截止到5只蓑羽鹤全部离开鄂尔多斯高原,共获得7 794个GPS位点信息。通过跟踪信息了解到1只个体在9月18日死于鄂尔多斯高原的中西部,其余个体于9月末至10月初先后迁出鄂尔多斯高原。迁徙过程中的最快瞬时速度为93.1 km/h。4只个体迁出鄂尔多斯高原的时间和路线均略有不同。