The tobacco Ralstonia Solanacearum were both cultured on nutrient agar plates and inoculated in seedling stage of tobacco, then treated with K1 and K2, two anti-bacterial agents, at a serial con-centrations to study t...The tobacco Ralstonia Solanacearum were both cultured on nutrient agar plates and inoculated in seedling stage of tobacco, then treated with K1 and K2, two anti-bacterial agents, at a serial con-centrations to study their inhibitory efficiency. The result indicated that K1 can inhibit R. Solanacearum growth entirely, at the concentration range from 1/50 to 1/5000. K2 can reach the same result at the concentration range from 1/50 to 1/50000. Compared with the control plates, K1, at the concentration 1/50000, had no significant differences, and the average number of colony per plate was 112-115. The immature tobacco shown wilt as soon as inoculated with R. Solanacearum, and recovered gradually after using K1, K2. The densities of microbial suspension, handled by K1, K2 within 10 hs, were both significantly lower than the controlled ones. The optical microscopy also shown that handled microbial body differed from the controlled, whose body was regular short, rod shape as opposed to the handled ones with irregular rod shape and damaged body. All the results indicated that K1 and K2 both had inhibitory effects on tobacco R. Solanacearum, and K2 was more efficient than K1.展开更多
To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with d...To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with different types of infectious agents, includ-ing CRE and their related superbugs, were reviewed. Published during the past 30 years, both prior to and since CRE's emergence, these reports were obtained by searching the peer-reviewed medical literature(via the United States National Library of Medicine's "MEDLINE" database); the Food and Drug Administration's Manu-facturer and User Facility Device Experience database, or "MAUDE"; and the Internet(via Google's search engine). This review focused on an outbreak of CRE in 2013 following the GI endoscopic procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, performed at "Hospital X" located in the sub-urbs of Chicago(IL; United States). Part of the largest outbreak of CRE in United States history, the infection and colonization of 10 and 28 of this hospital's patients, respectively, received considerable media attention and was also investigated by the Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention(CDC), which published a report about this outbreak in Morbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport(MMWR), in 2014. This report, along with the results of an independent inspection of Hospital X's in-fection control practices following this CRE outbreak, were also reviewed. While this article focuses primar-ily on the prevention of transmissions of CRE and their related superbugs in the GI endoscopic setting, some of its discussion and recommendations may also apply to other healthcare settings, to other types of flexible endoscopes, and to other types of transmissible infec-tious agents. This review found that GI endoscopy is an important risk factor for the transmission of CRE and their related superbugs, having been recently as-sociated with patient morbidity and mortality following ERCP. The CDC reported in MMWR that the type of GI endoscope, known as an ERCP endoscope, that Hospi-tal X used to perform ERCP in 2013 on the 38 patients who became infected or colonized with CRE might be particularly challenging to clean and disinfect, because of the complexity of its physical design. If performed in strict accordance with the endoscope manufacturer's labeling, supplemented as needed with professional organizations' published guidelines, however, current practices for reprocessing GI endoscopes, which include high-level disinfection, are reportedly adequate for the prevention of transmission of CRE and their related superbugs. Several recommendations are provided to prevent CRE transmissions in the healthcare setting. CRE transmissions are not limited to contaminated GI endoscopes and also have been linked to other reusable flexible endoscopic instrumentation, including broncho-scopes and cystoscopes. In conclusion, contaminated GI endoscopes, particularly those used during ERCP, have been causally linked to outbreaks of CRE and their related superbugs, with associated patient morbidity and mortality. Thorough reprocessing of these complex reusable instruments is necessary to prevent disease transmission and ensure patient safety during GI endos-copy. Enhanced training and monitoring of reprocessing staffers to verify the proper cleaning and brushing of GI endoscopes, especially the area around, behind andnear the forceps elevator located at the distal end othe ERCP endoscope, are recommended. If the ERCPendoscope features a narrow and exposed channel thathouses a wire connecting the GI endoscope's controhead to this forceps elevator, then this channel's com-plete reprocessing, including its flushing with a deter-gent using a procedure validated for effectiveness, is also emphasized.展开更多
目的回顾性分析接受中高度致呕性化疗方案的恶性肿瘤患者出现爆发性呕吐后使用甲氧氯普胺联合奥氮平解救处理的疗效。方法本院2013年8月至2014年3月接受含铂类、蒽环类药物等中高度致呕性化疗方案的恶性肿瘤患者，化疗前常规止呕处理后...目的回顾性分析接受中高度致呕性化疗方案的恶性肿瘤患者出现爆发性呕吐后使用甲氧氯普胺联合奥氮平解救处理的疗效。方法本院2013年8月至2014年3月接受含铂类、蒽环类药物等中高度致呕性化疗方案的恶性肿瘤患者，化疗前常规止呕处理后出现爆发性呕吐的患者68例。其中46例接受高度致呕性化疗方案，常规止呕处理为化疗前30 min接受帕诺洛司琼0．25 mg静脉注射d1，联合地塞米松10 mg静脉注射d1～3；22例接受中度致呕性化疗方案，常规止呕处理为化疗前30 min接受昂丹司琼8 mg静脉注射d1～2，联合地塞米松10 m g静脉注射d1～3。化疗后确认出现爆发性呕吐后，予以甲氧氯普胺20 m g肌注、奥氮平10 m g口服，每天一次，使用3 d解救，监测解救用药后0～72 h的恶心、呕吐缓解状况以及其它不良反应发生情况。结果68例分别接受高度和中度致呕性化疗方案患者，解救治疗后其呕吐、恶心完全缓解率分别为80．9％（55／68）、75．0％（51／68）；不良反应主要为嗜睡13．2％（9／68）、疲劳10．3％（7／68）、头晕7．4％（5／68）等，未见明显的3～4级毒性反应。结论甲氧氯普胺联合奥氮平解救中高度致呕性化疗方案导致的爆发性呕吐有较好的疗效，无明显毒副作用，值得临床进一步推广。展开更多
文摘The tobacco Ralstonia Solanacearum were both cultured on nutrient agar plates and inoculated in seedling stage of tobacco, then treated with K1 and K2, two anti-bacterial agents, at a serial con-centrations to study their inhibitory efficiency. The result indicated that K1 can inhibit R. Solanacearum growth entirely, at the concentration range from 1/50 to 1/5000. K2 can reach the same result at the concentration range from 1/50 to 1/50000. Compared with the control plates, K1, at the concentration 1/50000, had no significant differences, and the average number of colony per plate was 112-115. The immature tobacco shown wilt as soon as inoculated with R. Solanacearum, and recovered gradually after using K1, K2. The densities of microbial suspension, handled by K1, K2 within 10 hs, were both significantly lower than the controlled ones. The optical microscopy also shown that handled microbial body differed from the controlled, whose body was regular short, rod shape as opposed to the handled ones with irregular rod shape and damaged body. All the results indicated that K1 and K2 both had inhibitory effects on tobacco R. Solanacearum, and K2 was more efficient than K1.
基金Supported by An educational grant provided by FUJIFILM Medical Systems,USA,Inc.,Endoscopy Division(Wayne,NJUnited States)
文摘To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with different types of infectious agents, includ-ing CRE and their related superbugs, were reviewed. Published during the past 30 years, both prior to and since CRE's emergence, these reports were obtained by searching the peer-reviewed medical literature(via the United States National Library of Medicine's "MEDLINE" database); the Food and Drug Administration's Manu-facturer and User Facility Device Experience database, or "MAUDE"; and the Internet(via Google's search engine). This review focused on an outbreak of CRE in 2013 following the GI endoscopic procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, performed at "Hospital X" located in the sub-urbs of Chicago(IL; United States). Part of the largest outbreak of CRE in United States history, the infection and colonization of 10 and 28 of this hospital's patients, respectively, received considerable media attention and was also investigated by the Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention(CDC), which published a report about this outbreak in Morbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport(MMWR), in 2014. This report, along with the results of an independent inspection of Hospital X's in-fection control practices following this CRE outbreak, were also reviewed. While this article focuses primar-ily on the prevention of transmissions of CRE and their related superbugs in the GI endoscopic setting, some of its discussion and recommendations may also apply to other healthcare settings, to other types of flexible endoscopes, and to other types of transmissible infec-tious agents. This review found that GI endoscopy is an important risk factor for the transmission of CRE and their related superbugs, having been recently as-sociated with patient morbidity and mortality following ERCP. The CDC reported in MMWR that the type of GI endoscope, known as an ERCP endoscope, that Hospi-tal X used to perform ERCP in 2013 on the 38 patients who became infected or colonized with CRE might be particularly challenging to clean and disinfect, because of the complexity of its physical design. If performed in strict accordance with the endoscope manufacturer's labeling, supplemented as needed with professional organizations' published guidelines, however, current practices for reprocessing GI endoscopes, which include high-level disinfection, are reportedly adequate for the prevention of transmission of CRE and their related superbugs. Several recommendations are provided to prevent CRE transmissions in the healthcare setting. CRE transmissions are not limited to contaminated GI endoscopes and also have been linked to other reusable flexible endoscopic instrumentation, including broncho-scopes and cystoscopes. In conclusion, contaminated GI endoscopes, particularly those used during ERCP, have been causally linked to outbreaks of CRE and their related superbugs, with associated patient morbidity and mortality. Thorough reprocessing of these complex reusable instruments is necessary to prevent disease transmission and ensure patient safety during GI endos-copy. Enhanced training and monitoring of reprocessing staffers to verify the proper cleaning and brushing of GI endoscopes, especially the area around, behind andnear the forceps elevator located at the distal end othe ERCP endoscope, are recommended. If the ERCPendoscope features a narrow and exposed channel thathouses a wire connecting the GI endoscope's controhead to this forceps elevator, then this channel's com-plete reprocessing, including its flushing with a deter-gent using a procedure validated for effectiveness, is also emphasized.
文摘目的回顾性分析接受中高度致呕性化疗方案的恶性肿瘤患者出现爆发性呕吐后使用甲氧氯普胺联合奥氮平解救处理的疗效。方法本院2013年8月至2014年3月接受含铂类、蒽环类药物等中高度致呕性化疗方案的恶性肿瘤患者，化疗前常规止呕处理后出现爆发性呕吐的患者68例。其中46例接受高度致呕性化疗方案，常规止呕处理为化疗前30 min接受帕诺洛司琼0．25 mg静脉注射d1，联合地塞米松10 mg静脉注射d1～3；22例接受中度致呕性化疗方案，常规止呕处理为化疗前30 min接受昂丹司琼8 mg静脉注射d1～2，联合地塞米松10 m g静脉注射d1～3。化疗后确认出现爆发性呕吐后，予以甲氧氯普胺20 m g肌注、奥氮平10 m g口服，每天一次，使用3 d解救，监测解救用药后0～72 h的恶心、呕吐缓解状况以及其它不良反应发生情况。结果68例分别接受高度和中度致呕性化疗方案患者，解救治疗后其呕吐、恶心完全缓解率分别为80．9％（55／68）、75．0％（51／68）；不良反应主要为嗜睡13．2％（9／68）、疲劳10．3％（7／68）、头晕7．4％（5／68）等，未见明显的3～4级毒性反应。结论甲氧氯普胺联合奥氮平解救中高度致呕性化疗方案导致的爆发性呕吐有较好的疗效，无明显毒副作用，值得临床进一步推广。
