Game Analysis of Implementing Price Undertaking Agreements in Anti-dumping Disputes

The Price Undertaking Agreement is one of the strategies a company accused of dumping often adopts in dealing with anti-dumping disputes.Using static game analysis,this paper compares the impact that anti-dumping duties and price undertaking agreements may have on an importing country's social welfare and an accused company's market performance.We conclude that,compared with anti-dumping duties,price undertakings improve the importing country's social welfare and reduce the accused company's market share in the import country.We also note that,in addition to the financial benefit,price undertakings can prevent escalation of trade disputes in international trade negotiations.

Construction of Strategic Supporting-System for Anti-dumping Measures on China's Agricultural Products

With the international trade theories as the basis,this study started with researches on the reality of agricultural products that often experience anti-dumping,carried out a careful study on the construction of business strategic supporting-system to cope with the anti-dumping so as to promote the association governance and industrial warning mechanism and to provide new strategic thinking and theoretical support for the exporters to cope with anti-dumping.

Solutions of the Growing Use of Anti-dumping Measures by Countries in Recent Decades

In recent decades, international trade has evolved into a complex system of trade barriers to ensure the protection of domestic industry and its workers interests. However as tariffs have fallen and international trade tends to be free trade, countries have found another way of protecting domestic industries from foreign competition—non-tariff protection. Among them anti-dumping is the most controversial subject that is involved in the foreign trade. This theme will analyze the reason and effect of growing use anti-dumping measures by countries in recent decades and try to give some possible solutions.

Study on the use of trade barrier of anti-dumping in China

WTO allows its members to use anti-dumping barrier to combat unfair competition. Nowadays, anti-dumping barrier has been dominant protective trade measure in the world, while in China, this measure is still not fully used and at low level. For the purpose of protecting domestic industries and enhancing national welfare, China should use this barrier cautiously and construct its own anti-dumping system at the same time.

Comparison Research on Anti-dumping Duty Rates between Administrative Review and Welfare Maximization under Dynamic Game of Perfect Information

Using economics and game theory, two kinds of models have been proposed in this paper under the assumption that foreign and domestic firms behave under the condition of dynamic game of perfect information. One model is for calculating Anti-dumping rate which is obtained according to current regulations of Anti-dumping, but it is not optimal. The other is an optimal model of Anti-dumping which is obtained according to the maximum principle of domestic social welfare. Then, through the comparison of this two models in detail, several shortages have been revealed about Anti-dumping rate model based on current regulations of Anti-dumping. Finally, a suggestion is indicated that WTO and China should use the optimal model to calculate Anti-dumping rate.

Why Has China Become a Target of Anti-dumping Activities?

Although the benefits of China’s trade expansion have been distributed much more broadly than those of some early industrialized nations,China has become the primary target of anti-dumping activities.Being a new and relatively efficient new rival in the global market may be an important reason for this.On the other hand,China’s development stage and her trade structure also place her in a disadvantageous position when it comes to anti-dumping activities.

Anti-dumping in Textiles and Clothing

In the run up to the expiry of quota restrictions that had long regulated much of global trade in textiles and clothing, many a pundit predicted widespread recourse to anti-dumping actions.

Interrater Reliability Estimation via Maximum Likelihood for Gwet’s Chance Agreement Model

Interrater reliability (IRR) statistics, like Cohen’s kappa, measure agreement between raters beyond what is expected by chance when classifying items into categories. While Cohen’s kappa has been widely used, it has several limitations, prompting development of Gwet’s agreement statistic, an alternative “kappa”statistic which models chance agreement via an “occasional guessing” model. However, we show that Gwet’s formula for estimating the proportion of agreement due to chance is itself biased for intermediate levels of agreement, despite overcoming limitations of Cohen’s kappa at high and low agreement levels. We derive a maximum likelihood estimator for the occasional guessing model that yields an unbiased estimator of the IRR, which we call the maximum likelihood kappa (κML). The key result is that the chance agreement probability under the occasional guessing model is simply equal to the observed rate of disagreement between raters. The κMLstatistic provides a theoretically principled approach to quantifying IRR that addresses limitations of previous κcoefficients. Given the widespread use of IRR measures, having an unbiased estimator is important for reliable inference across domains where rater judgments are analyzed.

NCTO Endorses Mexican Anti-dumping Case With China

The president of the National Council of Textile Organizations(NCTO )has written a letter to the Mexican Economic Secretary Hugo Diaz strongly endorsing his country’s decision to seek a World Trade Organization(WTO)

Chaotic Map-Based Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol with Low-Latency for Metasystem

With the rapid advancement in exploring perceptual interactions and digital twins,metaverse technology has emerged to transcend the constraints of space-time and reality,facilitating remote AI-based collaboration.In this dynamic metasystem environment,frequent information exchanges necessitate robust security measures,with Authentication and Key Agreement(AKA)serving as the primary line of defense to ensure communication security.However,traditional AKA protocols fall short in meeting the low-latency requirements essential for synchronous interactions within the metaverse.To address this challenge and enable nearly latency-free interactions,a novel low-latency AKA protocol based on chaotic maps is proposed.This protocol not only ensures mutual authentication of entities within the metasystem but also generates secure session keys.The security of these session keys is rigorously validated through formal proofs,formal verification,and informal proofs.When confronted with the Dolev-Yao(DY)threat model,the session keys are formally demonstrated to be secure under the Real-or-Random(ROR)model.The proposed protocol is further validated through simulations conducted using VMware workstation compiled in HLPSL language and C language.The simulation results affirm the protocol’s effectiveness in resisting well-known attacks while achieving the desired low latency for optimal metaverse interactions.

Anti-dumping Investigation Puts Pressure on China

Under the pressure of the anti- dumping investigations on silk fabrics launched by the Indian government, the China Chamber of Commerce for Import & Export of Textiles (CCCT) announced that it has decided not to hold the Silk Trade Fair (Autumn) this year, in order to avoid the negative effects the case might bring.

Anti-Dumping on and from China

The past years saw an increased cases of anti-dumping on China mostly from the developed countries,some from developing countries.But Pakistan,a friendly neighbor to China,recently adds up to that list of ranks for an anti-dumping investigation on China.It is the national interests that count most,after all. It gives out a signal that anti-dumping would be a frequent tool to defend or to attack. Evidences show China is a target for this trade remedy,but is also targeting others.

Cautionary Remarks When Testing Agreement between Two Raters for Continuous Scale Measurements: A Tutorial in Clinical Epidemiology with Implementation Using R

Background: When continuous scale measurements are available, agreements between two measuring devices are assessed both graphically and analytically. In clinical investigations, Bland and Altman proposed plotting subject-wise differences between raters against subject-wise averages. In order to scientifically assess agreement, Bartko recommended combining the graphical approach with the statistical analytic procedure suggested by Bradley and Blackwood. The advantage of using this approach is that it enables significance testing and sample size estimation. We noted that the direct use of the results of the regression is misleading and we provide a correction in this regard. Methods: Graphical and linear models are used to assess agreements for continuous scale measurements. We demonstrate that software linear regression results should not be readily used and we provided correct analytic procedures. The degrees of freedom of the F-statistics are incorrectly reported, and we propose methods to overcome this problem by introducing the correct analytic form of the F statistic. Methods for sample size estimation using R-functions are also given. Results: We believe that the tutorial and the R-codes are useful tools for testing and estimating agreement between two rating protocols for continuous scale measurements. The interested reader may use the codes and apply them to their available data when the issue of agreement between two raters is the subject of interest.

Ministry of Commerce's Final Arbitration on Anti-dumping Investigation on Nonyl Pheno

The Ministry of Commerce of People’s Republic of China issued the Announcement No.11,2007 of

China,India in sharp contrast in anti-dumping action

Based on 1995-2008 data, the author researched China and India’s anti-dumping situations, examining the level ofinternational status and countries and industries involved, and analyzed the symmetry between China and India’sinitiation and the encounter of anti-dumping cases using the index of accusation symmetry (IA) and the index ofsanction symmetry (IS); based on this, the author surveyed India’s successful anti-dumping experiences and analyzedwhy China is frequently accused of anti-dumping, yet loses most anti-dumping petitions initiated against othercountries.The author then put forward policy suggestions regarding how to reduce the intensity of anti-dumpingaccusations filed against China and intensify the strength of its own anti-dumping actions filed against other dumpingnations.

基于WS-Agreement的资源预留与QoS监控框架

目前还没有遵循OGSA/WSRF规范的网格服务中间件能够很好地支持基于QoS协商的网格资源管理,因此重点研究了如何设计一个执行服务级协定(SLA)的框架,能够在网格中协商资源预留和任务执行期间对所在资源的QoS监控。首先通过定义资源预留的XML Schema,使得资源请求者和提供者基于WS-Agreement能够协商包含关于资源预留的协定;然后遵循WSRF及WS-*规范设计和开发出一组Web服务用于构建一个基于WS-Agreement的资源预留与QoS监控框架(RMF),并将其集成到Globus资源管理模型中;最后通过理论分析和模拟实验评估了RMF的综合性能。

Possible Chinese Strategic Responses to the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement

Negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership （TPP） Agreement have concluded, but the TPP still must be ratified by each of the 12 member countries. China is the world＇s second largest economy and yet it has not joined the TPP. This has provoked much debate in China as to the best strategic approach to the TPP This paper analyzes China＇s possible strategy for the TPP agreement. We make three key points. First, the security of market access should be China＇s main concern in any free-trade agreement negotiations, regrettably, it is not included in TPP. The second point is that the present TPP agreement is somewhat diminished from its ambitious original claims. We suggest four strategies for China. The first is to promote the development of China＇s remaining regional and bilateral free trade agreements （FTAs）. The second is to negotiate a bilateral FTA with the United States. The third is to promote deep domestic reforms via enlarged TPP coverage. The last is negotiating entrance to the entering do not worsen. TPP as soon as possible so that terms of