A Study on the Loss of Tourist Attractions in Central China Hubei Province During the Anti-Japanese War

This paper takes the Wudang Mountains and Wuhan Battle Memorial Hall as examples to investigate and analyze the losses of Wuhan during the Anti-Japanese War.The paper concludes with two inspirations:to make full use of the intangible cultural heritage spots to carry out patriotism education for primary and middle school students;and to effectively transform the cultural resources of the tourist spots in Hubei Province into cultural industries,in order to achieve the sustainable development of intangible cultural resources of Hubei Province tourist attractions.

The Grass-Roots Governance of the National Government in Tianjin Recovery Area After the Triumph of the Anti-Japanese War

The national government wants to penetrate into the grass-roots unit after the triumph of the Anti-Japanese War in the recovery area.Through the reorganization of the Baojia system,the government expects to achieve local autonomy and then solve the people’s livelihood issues.The new Baojia system provides a platform for people to achieve their own demands,which presents the vision of civil rights to a certain extent.However,because of the complexity of the postwar social environment,the Baojia system cannot completely represent the will of the people,and finally becomes a militarized organization that was used as a tool to carry out the government decree.

Under the Pagoda Mountain:Japanese POW Reformation During the Anti-Japanese War

As a typical Lenin-style political party,what should be concerned most is the CPC’s (Communist Party of China) capacity in fighting against and clearing enemies.This study provides a distinct perspective to observe and recognize CPC’s ability of turning hostility into friendship.Japanese prisoners of war (POW) had been poisoned by ultra-nationalism and militarism for years,and thus were extremely difficult to be reformed.However,under the correct ideological guidance of Mao and the unremitting efforts of the CPC’s political officers and cadres,a great number of them acknowledged the CPC’s political ideology and joined the CPC’s team.

Assessment of orthotic needs in Iranian veterans with ankle and foot disorders

Background: War-related traumas can lead to orthopedic and neurological disorders in victims. However, the scope of such disorders may expand months or even years after the trauma. Orthotic treatment as a rehabilitation process aims to enable people with disabilities to reach and maintain their optimal physical, sensory, intellectual, psychological, and social functional levels. This study aimed to investigate the rate of using orthoses among Iranian veterans with neuromuscular and skeletal disorders of the ankle and foot. Furthermore, the priorities of orthotic treatment in those veterans were explored.Methods: This qualitative study was a national health needs assessment conducted in 11 provinces of Iran during 2011–2016. A stakeholder research group was established to survey the veterans in respect to their demographic variables, activities of daily living, current health conditions, and rate of using orthoses.Results: Overall, 907 of the 1124 veteran participants completed the survey(response rate: 80.7%). Most of the veterans were men(97.7%), and their age and disability rate were 52.07±8.13 years and 31.92%±14.93%, respectively. Nearly 42% of the veterans had experience in using orthoses on a daily and weekly basis. As physical ambulation was the main problematic activity in veterans, most of them were using medical shoes and foot orthoses. Nearly 37% of veterans were in need of some type of lower limb orthoses on the contralateral side to compensate for their hip inequality. In sequential order, the most in need orthoses for veterans were foot orthoses(n=538), medical shoes(n=447), lower limb orthoses on the contralateral side(n=320), spinal orthoses(n=273), and upper limb orthoses(n=86).Conclusion: In spite of the high demands for orthoses among Iranian veterans with ankle and foot disorders, the use of orthoses is insufficient. Hence, there is a discrepancy between the current rate of orthoses use and its ideal situation, and more resources should be provided for service providers to be able to serve veterans. Moreover, veterans should be educated regarding orthoses, their use, and their impacts on the user's health status. The findings of a needs assessment of orthoses can be used in strategic planning and decision making to improve health care services for Iranian veterans.

Gastrointestinal problems in modern wars: clinical features and possible mechanisms

Gastrointestinal problems are common during wars, and they have exerted significant adverse effects on the health of service members involved in warfare. The spectrum of digestive diseases has varied during wars of different eras. At the end of the 20 th century, new frontiers of military medical research emerged due to the occurrence of high-tech wars such as the Gulf War and the Kosovo War, in which ground combat was no longer the primary method of field operations. The risk to the military personnel who face trauma has been greatly reduced, but disease and non-battle injuries(DNBIs) such as neuropsychological disorders and digestive diseases seemed to be increased. Data revealed that gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and noncardiac chest pain are common among military personnel during modern wars. In addition, a large number of deployed soldiers and veterans who participated in recent wars presented with chronic gastrointestinal complaints, which fulfilled with the Rome III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs). It was also noted that many veterans who returned from the Gulf War suffered not only from chronic digestive symptoms but also from neuropsychological dysfunction; however, they also showed symptoms of other systems. Presently, this broad range of unexplained symptoms is known as "Gulf War syndrome". The mechanism that underlies Gulf War syndrome remains unclear, but many factors have been associated with this syndrome such as war trauma, stress, infections, immune dysfunction, radiological factors, anthrax vaccination and so on. Some have questioned if the diagnosis of FGIDs can be reached given the complexity of the military situation. As a result, further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease among military personnel.

Progression of intervention-focused research for Gulf War illness

The Persian Gulf War of 1990 to 1991 involved the deployment of nearly 700,000 American troops to the Middle East.Deployment-related exposures to toxic substances such as pesticides,nerve agents,pyridostigmine bromide(PB),smoke from burning oil wells,and petrochemicals may have contributed to medical illness in as many as 250,000 of those American troops.The cluster of chronic symptoms,now referred to as Gulf War Illness(GWI),has been studied by many researchers over the past two decades.Although over$500 million has been spent on GWI research,to date,no cures or condition-specific treatments have been discovered,and the exact pathophysiology remains elusive.Using the 2007 National Institute of Health(NIH)Roadmap for Medical Research model as a reference framework,we reviewed studies of interventions involving GWI patients to assess the progress of treatment-related GWI research.All GWI clinical trial studies reviewed involved investigations of existing interventions that have shown efficacy in other diseases with analogous symptoms.After reviewing the published and ongoing registered clinical trials for cognitivebehavioral therapy,exercise therapy,acupuncture,coenzyme Q10(CoQ10),mifepristone,and carnosine in GWI patients,we identified only four treatments(cognitive-behavioral therapy,exercise therapy,CoQ10,and mifepristone)that have progressed beyond a phase II trial.We conclude that progress in the scientific study of therapies for GWI has not followed the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research model.Establishment of a standard case definition,prioritized GWI research funding for the characterization of the pathophysiology of the condition,and rapid replication and adaptation of early phase,single site clinical trials could substantially advance research progress and treatment discovery for this condition.

Lower blood malondialdehyde is associated with past pesticide exposure:findings in Gulf War illness and healthy controls

Background: Malondialdehyde(MDA) is a candidate general marker of oxidative stress(OS). We sought to assess the relation of MDA to Gulf War illness(GWI) and to a variety of exposures.Methods: This is an observational study involving subjects from Southern California recruited from October 2011 to May 2014. MDA was assessed in 81 participants(41 GWI-cases, 40 controls). General and Gulf-specific exposures were elicited. MDA case–control comparison was restricted to 40 matched pairs. The potential association between MDA and exposures was assessed using regression analyses. Gulf-specific exposures were incorporated into a case-specific model.Results: Plasma MDA was significantly lower in GWI-cases than controls. Composite pesticide and fuel-solvent exposures negatively predicted MDA in the total sample, as well as in the analyses that included either GWI-cases or controls only. Self-reported exposure to organophosphate(OP) nerve gas was a strong predictor for lower MDA level in veterans with GWI.Conclusions: Past pesticide exposures predicted lower MDA in both veterans with GWI and in healthy controls.

On Indiscriminate Bombardment during World War II: Opposition between Human Rights and Human Rights Abuse

Base on the strategic bombardment to destroy willpower of Chinese Anti-Japanese war, in the Second World War, Japanese aircrafts were nondiscriminatorily bombing China’s cities, which committed crimes against humanity. Actually, the US army nondiscriminatorily bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki and damaged the human rights too. The US army, however, speeded up Japanese surrender and protected more people’s rights to life. It is never forgotten that the painful game of protecting and damaging human rights between Japanese militarism and anti-fascist alliance.

Battle of Human Rights and Anti-Human Rights in Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

The Chinese Anti-Japanese War was a battle between human rights protections and abuses, between civilization and brutality, and between justice and evil. During the war, the human rights of Chinese people were completely violated by the Japanese aggressors, causing an unprecedented human rights catastrophe. At the same time, Chinese people vigorously resisted the aggression in order to defend the national survival right and safeguard the human peace against war. The history of human rights’ victory over human rights abuses tells us: aggressive wars are the most serious violations of human rights. We must protect people’s right to peace for every country in the world. In order to avoid violations of human rights by war once again, we must safeguard the international postwar order and prevent the revival of fascism, whose essences are contempt for and trample on human rights. Therefore we have to respect and protect human rights and defend both the collective rights of every nation and the individual rights of every person in the world.

Changes in the Foot Binding Culture: The Female Body and Politics in Regions Governed by the Communist Party of China during the Anti-Japanese War

Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during the Anti-Japanese War.They participated in production,women's mobilization,and reconstruction of the rural political order Tike men.55 They pursued the equality between men and women,marked by freedom of marriage,and also participated in regional guerrilla warfare to combat the Japanese puppet army"as men."However,in the remote villages of north China at the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,it was not common for women to unbind their feet.In wartime,most women over twenty years of age were forever left with the"three-inch golden lotus"(sancun jinlian)feet.The damage of the war accelerated their acceptance of the CPC's emancipation concepts and policies and presented them with an opportunity to actively implement them.The experience of survival drastically changed traditional aesthetics,ideas,and customs related to women.Physical and psychological changes occurred as a result of the war;women began to go out of their homes to participate in the work of the Women's Salvation Association and the Youth Salvation Association,and a group of women achieved marriage equality between men and women in the form of"divorce her husband"(qi xiu fu).Due to pressure,women carried more physical and mental responsibilities,faced insufficient advocacy for their rights,and the aesthetics and mentality of womanhood underwent change.

Image Reconstruction and the Reflection of Values in the Formation of National Traumatic Memories： A Review of Recent Anti-Japanese War Films and Teleplays in China

The cosmopolitan cultural behaviors employed by war films and teleplays in the reconstruction of national traumatic memories are worthy of understanding and respect. However, in present-day China, the quantity of Anti-Japanese War films and teleplays is abnormally high, and their values deeply enmeshed in a radical nationalism. The result is a general trend towards a ＂carnival of vengeful images.＂ Given the potential harms implicit in this situation, the question of just what kind of war narratives are appropriate for the contemporary circumstances of globalization should receive serious attention and reconsideration from society at large.

抗战时期中共精兵建设之动员与人员裁减和处置——以华北抗日根据地精兵简政期间为考察中心

精兵建设是抗战时期中共精兵简政的重要举措之一。为了较好完成精简任务,各地大多首先进行了思想疏导与周密的组织和领导,并广泛采取了教育以及开会传达与教育讨论相结合等多种动员方式。在人员裁减与处置中,各地大多结合自身情况设定裁减标准,并力求区别对待、多元安置。历经中共努力与各地协同配合,中共精兵建设中的人员裁减与处置工作成效显著,人员与经费开支大幅减少,部队的机动性和战斗力得到加强。然该项工作也存有一定不足,主要表现在有些地区和部门或对老弱残废人员的处理过于轻率,或存在着坚持个人意见不服从组织分配的情况,或存在着情绪波动较大及不安心工作等情况。

抗战时期陕甘宁边区代耕问题研究

抗日根据地的代耕是根据地政权实行的帮助没有劳动力或劳动力不足的抗工属和退伍军人代耕、代种、代管、代收的制度。在陕甘宁边区,它是诸多优抗措施中最中心的方式。边区政府颁布了一系列相关条例和细则,制定了代耕原则、代耕办法、代耕方式及加强代耕的组织领导和思想教育等措施。代耕的实施,对改善抗工属及退伍军人的生活,稳定军心,激励士气乃至抗战的胜利起到了重要作用。边区的代耕充分体现了统一战线的政治特征和全民性、长期性等时代特色。

图书馆抗战老兵口述资源建设与推广研究

从调研抗战老兵口述资源研究的现状破题,指出了图书馆抗战老兵口述资源建设与推广过程中存在的问题,结合优秀实践案例,从口述资源的规范共建、访谈切入点的科学选择、口述资源数据库的建设、著作权保护以及线上线下推广等方面提出了应对策略,以期为相关理论研究和实践工作提供参考。

抗战时期中共精兵建设中荣退军人的安抚——以华北抗日根据地精兵简政期间为考察中心

精兵建设是抗战时期中共精兵简政的重要举措之一。荣退军人安抚是抗战时期中共精兵建设的重要问题。其中,无论是荣退军人供给还是荣退军人的组织与管理,中共不仅遵循了精兵简政的总体原则,亦贯彻了实事求是、灵活掌握的宗旨。这也是抗战时期中共遵循以人为本的重要体现。

人微言不轻——安徽省图书馆《抗战老兵口述历史》项目案例分析

口述资料是抗战研究的宝贵财富,是整个抗战史料中不可或缺的重要组成部分。文章基于安徽省图书馆《抗战老兵口述历史》项目工作实践,结合亲历抗战的普通士兵的口述内容,从安徽抗战历史溯源、项目实践过程、对具体问题的反思以及未来工作设想四个方面进行仔细梳理,旨在为国内图书馆界提供参考与借鉴。

抗战时期陕甘宁边区建立家务活动研究

优抚即优待抚恤之意,主要是对保卫国家的将士及其家属进行物质优待和精神抚慰,为历代统治者所重视。抗战时期,为了充分调动抗工属和退伍军人蕴藏的巨大生产潜能,消除他们对政府的依赖心理,使他们过上丰衣足食的生活,陕甘宁边区党和政府从1944年开始在优抚过程中进行了一场大规模的帮助抗工属和退伍军人建立家务活动。为了把这一活动搞好,边区各级政府根据实际情况,制定了一系列的措施,如帮助抗工属和退伍军人制定生产计划并检查其执行情况、为他们分配土地和为无劳动力者代耕、为退伍军人介绍对象等。建立家务活动是抗战后期陕甘宁边区优抚的基本政策和中心工作,且取得了极大成功。它为改善抗工属和退伍军人的生活、促进边区大生产运动的深入开展及改变边区存在的一些陋习等,有着重要的历史意义。

历史的另一种书写——评刘玉的《烽火青山》和《抗战老兵口述历史》

刘玉的《烽火青山》和《抗战老兵口述历史》从民间视角来呈现历史图景,这种民间叙事在展示普通大众心目中历史的同时,完成了对历史多样性的表达与多元化的解读,补充了历史资料。这两部口述历史作品对抗日战争时期普通官兵的关注,对战争中人的生与死、对人的生命的思考彰显出历史的人文关怀。抗战老兵们充满细节和情感的个体记忆,为我们提供了前所未有的历史场景与历史影像,这是一种鲜活的、富有生命体温的历史。与理性的、宏大的抗战历史叙事相比,亲历者感性的口述历史更能使我们感同身受,促使我们牢记国耻,奋发图强。

原国民党抗战老兵老年保障探析

关于原国民党抗战老兵老年保障问题媒体报道较多,而学术界却鲜有关注。根据诸多媒体的调研报道,目前大多数原国民党抗战老兵生活比较困顿。虽然社会和政府一直致力于对原国民党抗战老兵的帮扶,但是没有彻底解决其老年保障问题。因此,应该从实施主体、保障项目、保障供给三个方面重构其老年保障,切实保障原国民党抗战老兵安度晚年。