Objective:To examine array of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines,namely, interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-5(IL-5), interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-12(IL-12) and tumor ...Objective:To examine array of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines,namely, interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-5(IL-5), interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-12(IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) concentrations in some Nigerians with falciparum malaria.Methods:Sera were obtained from the blood samples of 96 Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection.The sera were subjected to cytokine evaluation using commercial standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits(Abcam,UK).Results:Mean pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum of children with uncomplicated and complicated malaria were IL-5 482.2 pg/mL versus 526.7 pg/mL,IL-6 98.8 pg/mL versus 82.6 pg/mL,IL-12 24.1 pg/mL versus 15.9 pg/mL,TNF-α107 pg/mL versus 511.7 pg/mL and IFN- 7 2.1 pg/mL versus 2.5 pg/mL.The anti-inflammatory cytokines status of IL-4 were 4.7 pg/mL versus 20.3 pg/mL,and IL-10 were 216 pg/mL versus 143.8 pg/mL in uncomplicated versus complicated/severe malaria cases.Participants with uncomplicated malaria had mean parasitaemia level of 3 158.9 parasites/μL while mean parasitaemia level for participants with complicated malaria was 12 550.5 parasite/μL and this difference was statistically significant(χ~2 =5 614.6,P【0.05).The difference between mean haemoglobin level for uncomplicated malaria(9.6 g/dL) and severe malaria(3.9 g/dL) was statistically significant (χ~2 = 2.3,P【0.05).The relationship between serum level of IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,IL-10 and IL-4 and ages showed positive correlation at r=0.92,0.99,0.86,0.95 and 0.85,respectively;while IL-5 and TNF-αhad negative correlation at r=-0.99 and -0.99,respectively.Conclusion: IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10,IL-12,TNF-αand IFN-γare involved in the immunopathology and immunoregulation of uncomplicated and complicated malaria infections.IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γand IL-10 depressed in complicated/severe malaria may not provide any protective immunity and may be indicators of poor prognosis in Plasmodium falciparum infected Nigerian children.展开更多
SCD is one of the most prevailing homogeneous inherited haemoglobinopathies causing a plethora of various clinical complications to the patients. The high mortality and morbidity severely concern the Western community...SCD is one of the most prevailing homogeneous inherited haemoglobinopathies causing a plethora of various clinical complications to the patients. The high mortality and morbidity severely concern the Western community, where numerous clinical trials and research for a cure are in process. In order to alleviate patients from the severe symptoms of the disease, avoiding the side effects, Botanical Medicine exhibits concrete evidence, as a gold candidate, to be the salvation to the problem. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) protocol has been used to achieve extensive research on the topic, focusing on the identification and evaluation of the phytochemical properties of common medicinal plants. Meta-analysis has also been implemented on the results of published literature. Forest plots have been plotted, comparing and evaluating the results’ validity and significance. The meta-analysis results have undoubtedly demonstrated the importance and significance of the medicinal plants and their properties against various clinical complications, focusing on the pathogenicity of SCD. Surprisingly, their effectiveness to suppress haemoglobin polymerisation and increase the Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> ratio in patients, enhanced the normal morphological erythrocytes’ appearance by suppressing the sickle shape of drepanocytes. Research made on the epidemiology of SCD associates the disease with the geographical frequency of malaria infection. Based on the natural selection theory of Charles Darwin, nature aids in the population’s survival by the endemicity of various medicinal plants in areas with increased SCD patients. Limitations to the medicinal plants’ consumptions and further therapeutic options have been discussed.展开更多
文摘Objective:To examine array of some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines,namely, interleukin-4(IL-4),interleukin-10(IL-10),interferon-γ(IFN-γ),interleukin-5(IL-5), interleukin-6(IL-6),interleukin-12(IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) concentrations in some Nigerians with falciparum malaria.Methods:Sera were obtained from the blood samples of 96 Nigerian children with Plasmodium falciparum infection.The sera were subjected to cytokine evaluation using commercial standard enzyme linked immunosorbent assay kits(Abcam,UK).Results:Mean pro-inflammatory cytokines in serum of children with uncomplicated and complicated malaria were IL-5 482.2 pg/mL versus 526.7 pg/mL,IL-6 98.8 pg/mL versus 82.6 pg/mL,IL-12 24.1 pg/mL versus 15.9 pg/mL,TNF-α107 pg/mL versus 511.7 pg/mL and IFN- 7 2.1 pg/mL versus 2.5 pg/mL.The anti-inflammatory cytokines status of IL-4 were 4.7 pg/mL versus 20.3 pg/mL,and IL-10 were 216 pg/mL versus 143.8 pg/mL in uncomplicated versus complicated/severe malaria cases.Participants with uncomplicated malaria had mean parasitaemia level of 3 158.9 parasites/μL while mean parasitaemia level for participants with complicated malaria was 12 550.5 parasite/μL and this difference was statistically significant(χ~2 =5 614.6,P【0.05).The difference between mean haemoglobin level for uncomplicated malaria(9.6 g/dL) and severe malaria(3.9 g/dL) was statistically significant (χ~2 = 2.3,P【0.05).The relationship between serum level of IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γ,IL-10 and IL-4 and ages showed positive correlation at r=0.92,0.99,0.86,0.95 and 0.85,respectively;while IL-5 and TNF-αhad negative correlation at r=-0.99 and -0.99,respectively.Conclusion: IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-10,IL-12,TNF-αand IFN-γare involved in the immunopathology and immunoregulation of uncomplicated and complicated malaria infections.IL-6,IL-12,IFN-γand IL-10 depressed in complicated/severe malaria may not provide any protective immunity and may be indicators of poor prognosis in Plasmodium falciparum infected Nigerian children.
文摘SCD is one of the most prevailing homogeneous inherited haemoglobinopathies causing a plethora of various clinical complications to the patients. The high mortality and morbidity severely concern the Western community, where numerous clinical trials and research for a cure are in process. In order to alleviate patients from the severe symptoms of the disease, avoiding the side effects, Botanical Medicine exhibits concrete evidence, as a gold candidate, to be the salvation to the problem. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA) protocol has been used to achieve extensive research on the topic, focusing on the identification and evaluation of the phytochemical properties of common medicinal plants. Meta-analysis has also been implemented on the results of published literature. Forest plots have been plotted, comparing and evaluating the results’ validity and significance. The meta-analysis results have undoubtedly demonstrated the importance and significance of the medicinal plants and their properties against various clinical complications, focusing on the pathogenicity of SCD. Surprisingly, their effectiveness to suppress haemoglobin polymerisation and increase the Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup> ratio in patients, enhanced the normal morphological erythrocytes’ appearance by suppressing the sickle shape of drepanocytes. Research made on the epidemiology of SCD associates the disease with the geographical frequency of malaria infection. Based on the natural selection theory of Charles Darwin, nature aids in the population’s survival by the endemicity of various medicinal plants in areas with increased SCD patients. Limitations to the medicinal plants’ consumptions and further therapeutic options have been discussed.
