Anti-oxidative stress treatment and current clinical trials

Oxidative stress disturbs the balance between the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and the detoxification biological process.It plays an important role in the development and progression of many chronic diseases.Upon exposure to oxidative stress or the inducers of ROS,the cellular nucleus undergoes some biological processes via different signaling pathways,such as stress adaption through the forkhead box O signaling pathway,inflammatory response through the IκB kinase/nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway,hypoxic response via the hypoxia-inducible factor/prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins pathway,DNA repair or apoptosis through the p53 signaling pathway,and antioxidant response through the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling pathway.These processes are involved in many diseases.Therefore,oxidative stress has gained more attraction as a targeting process for disease treatment.Meanwhile,anti-oxidative stress agents have been widely explored in pre-clinical trials.However,only limited clinical trials are performed to evaluate the efficacy of anti-oxidative stress agents or antioxidants in diseases.In this letter,we further discuss the current clinical trials related to anti-oxidative stress treatment in different diseases.More pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are expected to use anti-oxidative stress strategies as disease treatment or dietary supplementation to improve disease treatment outcomes.

Anti-Cancer, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Herbacetin and Its Molecular Mechanisms

Rhodiola rosea,a perennial herb of the genus Rhodiola in the Crassulaceae family,is commonly used to treat depression,fatigue,cancer and cardiovascular diseases.Herbacetin is a natural flavonol compound extracted from R.rosea plant,with many pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer effect,anti-oxidant effect and anti-inflammatory effect.In this paper,the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of herbacetin were summarized by consulting domestic and foreign literature,in order to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of herbacetin.

Anti-oxidation properties of ZrB_2 modified silicon-based multilayer coating for carbon/carbon composites at high temperatures

To improve the anti-oxidation ability of silicon-based coating for carbon/carbon （C/C） composites at high temperatures, a ZrB2 modified silicon-based multilayer oxidation protective coating was prepared by pack cementation. The phase composition, microstructure and oxidation resistance at 1773, 1873 and 1953 K in air were investigated. The prepared coating exhibits dense structure and good oxidation protective ability. Due to the formation of stable ZrSiO4-SiO2 compound, the coating can effectively protect C/C composites from oxidation at 1773 K for more than 550 h. The anti-oxidation performance decreases with the increase of oxidation temperature. The mass loss of coated sample is 2.44% after oxidation at 1953 K for 50 h, which is attributed to the decomposition of ZrSiO4 and the volatilization of SiO2 protection layer.

Study on Anti-oxidation and Inhibitory Effect on Nonenzymatic Glycation Reaction of Fermentation Extract from Biotransformation of Ginkgo biloba L. (EGB) by Hericium erinaceus

[ Objective] In order to study the anti-oxidation and inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation reaction of EGB fermentation extraction biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus. [ Method ] The free radical scavenging ability and reducing capacity of DPPH as well as inhibitory rate of nonenzymatic glycation reaction were measured targets for comparing changes of anti-oxidation and inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation reaction of fermentation lyophilizer and fermentation extraction before and after EGB fermention adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin. The EGB fermention was biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus. [ Result ] After adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin, the bioactive matters were concentrated and separated. The free radical scavenging rate, reducing capacity and inhibitory rate of nonenzymatic glycation reaction were increased significantly after adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin. [ Conclusion] AB-8 macroporous resin could be used for preliminary concentration of EGB fermentation which was biotransformed by Hericium erinaceus.

The Technology Research of Anti-oxidation Peptide Preparation by Alkaline Protease Hydrolyzing Wheat Germ Meal

Wheat germ meal is the by production of oil extracting, and a great quantity of it has been wasted, thus the quantity of lost protein is great. In order to use wheat germ meal proteins adequately, wheat germ proteins were hydrolyzed to anti-oxidation peptides by using alkaline protease. Through the single factor analysis and regression analysis, the optimized experiment conditions of hydrolysising wheat germ meal to wheat germ peptides were enzymatic quantity 0.8%（w/w）, material to liquid ratio 1∶12.3, enzymolysis time 2.1 h. Under these conditions, the scavenging effect was 49.78%,the DH was 22% and peptides content in enzymatic hydrolysate was 1.9%（w/w）.By SDS-PAGE electrophoresis,the molecular weight range of wheat germ peptides were below 10 ku and most were between 4.54 and 5.63 ku.The wheat germ proteins could be used ful y and grain resources would be saved.

ANTI-HYPOXIA AND ANTI-OXIDATION EFFECTS OF AMINOPHYLLINE ON HUMAN WITH ACUTE HIGH-ALTITUDE EXPOSURE

Objective To investigate the anti-hypoxia and anti-oxidation effects of aminophylline on human with acute high- altitude exposure. Mothoda Totally 100 young male army members newly recruited from Sichuan province （400 meters above sea level） were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups： 50 in aminophylline group （A group） and 50 in control group （ C group）. A group and C group orally took aminophylline and placebo respectively for 10 days, 7 days before entering Lhasa （3 658 meters above sea level） by air and 3 days after it. Several parameters were measured at three time points： before drug taken, 7 days after drug taken, and 3 days after ascending high altitude. These parameters included serum levels of nitric oxide （NO）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT）, hydrogen dioxide （H2O2）, lactic acid （LA）, as well as arterial oxygen saturation （SO2）, arterial oxygen partial pressure （PaO2）, and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure （PaCO2）. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the difference between two groups with Stata 7.0 software system. Results There were no statistical differences between groups in hypoxia and oxidation indicators before and after drug taken in plain area. Three days after ascending high altitude, the serum levels of SOD, CAT, H202, LA, PaCO2 increased in both groups, yet to a much larger degree in C group than A group （P 〈0. 01 ） ; and NO, SO2 , PaO2 decreased more markedly in C group （ P 〈 0. 05 for NO, P 〈 0. 0001 for SO2 and PaO2 ）. Conclusion Aminophylline has significant anti-hypoxia and anti-oxidation effects at high altitude.

Preparation and Properties of Anti-oxidation Inorganic Nano-coating for Low Carbon Steel at an Elevated Temperature

A new kind of anti-oxidation inorganic nano-coating for the common low carbon steel was prepared. It included magnesite mineral, metallurgic dust and silicate adhesive as the main raw materials. The nano-coating could be sprayed directly onto the low carbon steel slab even though with hot surface as far as under 1000 ℃ . And at the same time, a compact thin nano-film was formed, and the film would inhibit the oxygen into the interface of the steel body and decrease the loss of weight because of oxidation. The loss was decreased by about 60% or more. The properties and mechanism of oxidation resistance of the coating were discussed through XRD, TG-DTA and SEM. The experimental results show that many reactions would happen among the companents of the coating and then many microspheres with the size of 80- 100nm generated in the system. By using the heat of the steel body, the silicate adhesive would interact with the microspheres, and the other components of the coating would be soft and sintered so that when the coating was sprayed onto the suface of the steel slab , the intact and compact film could be formed and adhesive with the steel body. Besides the special properties of anti- oxidation, the coating could prevent the volatilization of microelement in the steel such as silicate and carbon at a high temperature. So it can improve the quality and output of steel with this new kind of nano-coating.

Fabrication of MoSi;coatings on molybdenum and its high-temperature anti-oxidation properties

Industrial spent MoSi_(2)-based materials were used to fabricate oxidation-resistant coatings on molybdenum via slurry painting in air. The microstructure, phase constituent and high-temperature oxidation behaviors of the coatings at 1500 ℃ were explored. The results show that the bonding layer is generated in the coatings after sintering,which strengthens the metallurgical combination between the coating and the substrate because of the formation of diffusion layers. Rare cracks appear in the coating using pure MoSi_(2)(PM coating) while the coating using spent MoSi_(2)(SM coating) is free of cracks due to decreased thermal expansion mismatch. After oxidation, the oxide scale of PM coating possesses large-sized pores while a relatively dense oxide scale is acquired by SM coating. Compared with PM coating, thinner glassy oxide scale with lower mass gain is obtained by SM coating, exhibiting better anti-oxidation properties at 1500 ℃.

Microstructure of a Mo-Si-C-N multi-layered anti-oxidation coating on carbon/carbon composites by fused slurry

A Mo-Si-C-N multi-layered anti-oxidation coating was in-situ fabricated by introducing nitrogen atmosphere during the fused sintering of Mo-Si slurry pre-layer on carbon/carbon composites. The phase composition and microstructure of the Mo-Si-C-N coating were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The Mo-Si-C-N coating exhibited a three-layered structure. Besides the MoSi2/Si main-layer and the SiC bonding-layer, a surface layer of about 10 μm in thickness was synthesized on the coating surface. The surface layer mainly consisted of SiC nanowires and contained some Si3N4 and Si phases. SiC nanowires of 10 to 200 nm in diameter presented a terrace and distortion structure. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the SiC nanowires grew along the preferred 〈111〉 direction. During oxidation test, SiC nanowires transmuted into SiO2 glass, which can play an important role in improving the oxidation resistance of C/C composites.

Preparation and Anti-oxidation Mechanism of Mullite/Yttrium Silicate Coatings on C/SiC Composites

In order to enhance the oxidation resistance of C/Si C composites, mullite/yttrium silicate coatings were fabricated on C/Si C composites through dip-coating route. Al_2O_3-SiO_2 sol with high solid content was selected as the raw material for mullite and ＂silicone resin ＋ Y_2O_3 powder＂ slurry was used to synthesize yttrium silicate. The microstructure and phase composition of coatings were characterized, and the investigation on oxidation resistance and anti-oxidation mechanism was emphasized. The as-fabricated coatings consisting of SiO_2-rich mullite phase and Y_2Si_2O_7 phase show high density and favorable bonding to C/Si C composites. After oxidized at 1 400 ℃ and 1 500 ℃ for 30 min in static air, the coating-containing C/Si C composites possess 91.9% and 102.4% of the original flexural strength, respectively. The desirable thermal stability of coatings and the further densification of coatings due to viscous flow of rich SiO_2 and Y-Si-Al-O glass are responsible for the excellent oxidation resistance. In addition, the coating-containing composites retain 99.0% of the original flexural strength and the coatings exhibit no cracking and desquamation after 12 times of thermal shock from 1 400 ℃ to room temperature, which are ascribed to the combination of anti-oxidation mechanism and preferable physical and chemical compatibility among C/Si C composites, mullite and Y_2Si_2O_7. The carbothermal reaction at 1 600 ℃ between free carbon in C/Si C substrate and rich SiO_2 in mullite results in severe frothing and desquamation of coatings and obvious degradation in oxidation resistance.

Orthogonal Test Optimization of Extraction Technology of Total Fla-vonoids from Fruits and Leaves of Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. and Its in Vitro Anti-oxidation Activity

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids component,and investigate its in vitro anti-oxidation activity.[Methods]The single factor was inspected firstly. By orthogonal experiment,the best extraction conditions of total flavonoids from fruits and leaves of P. mume Sieb. et Zucc. were determined,and reducing ability of the extracted total flavonoids and its DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities were explored. [Results] The best extraction technology conditions: solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 50,ethanol concentration of 50%,extraction time of 2. 5 h,extraction temperature of 85 ℃,two-time extraction. By detecting DPPH and ABTS scavenging abilities of total flavonoids,the anti-oxidation activity of the total flavonoids from fruits and leaves of P. mume Sieb. et Zucc. was analyzed and evaluated. [Conclusions]Fruits and leaves of P. mume Sieb. et Zucc. had a certain in vitro anti-oxidation activity,and heat reflux extraction method of its total flavonoids had high extraction rate and simple and convenient operation,which had some practical value.

Contrastive Study on Content and Anti-oxidation Activity of Total Saponins from Cultivated and Wild Paris Plants in Southwest China

[Objectives]To study content of total saponins from cultivated and wild Paris herbs in Southwest China,evaluate its in vitro antioxidation activity,and explore the correlation between quality of Paris herbs and production place,variety,cultivated and wild varieties.[Methods]Colorimetric method of perchloric acid reaction was used,and content of total saponins from Paris herbs was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometer at 406 nm. [Results]The lowest content of total saponins from cultivated and wild Paris herbs in Southwest China was0. 55%,while the maximum was 12. 24%,with obvious difference. Total saponins from Paris herbs had stronger clearance ability on free radical DPPH and stronger reduction ability on Fe^(3+),and the results showed good dose-effect relationship with concentration. Among them,S6 had the highest clearance ability on DPPH,which reached 89. 66%. In the determination of reduction ability,the absorbance of S16 reached3. 643 and was the highest,with very good reducing property. Content and anti-oxidation capacity of total saponins from Paris herbs in Southwest China did not have obvious correlation with production place,altitude and cultivation but was related to variety. [Conclusions]The quality of Paris herbs in Southwest China was unstable,and their anti-oxidation abilities were also different,and cultivation could not guarantee high quality. It should normalize cultivation,and develop planting industry of Paris herbs,which could guarantee stable supply of Paris herbs and stability and controllability of quality.

Liaoqiao aqueous extract inhibits B16 melanoma growth involving MAPKs/Nrf2/HO-1 mediated anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation

Aim Forsythia suspensa （Thunb.） Vahl, Lianqiao in Chinese, is one of the most fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） with heat-clearing and detoxicating properties. In this study, we aimed to study the antitumor activity of Lianqiao aqueous extract against melanoma using cancer cell line-based in vitro and mouse allografl tumor in vivo models. Furthermore, we also investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms, par- ticularly the involvement of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation properties in its antitumor activity. Methods The proliferation of cancer cells was measured by MTT assay. The transplanted B16-F10 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice were established and used for the evaluation of in vivo antitumor effect of LQ. Tumor growth was monitored twice a week. Ki67 and CD31 were used to detect cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis in tumor, respectively. The anti-oxidative property of LQ was determined by measuring the levels of ROS, MDA and GSH. The anti-inflamma- tory effect of LQ was evaluated by measuring TNF-α and IL-6 using ELISA kits. Other protein expression was deter- mined by Western Blot. Results LQ strongly inhibited the growth of B16-F10 cells in vitro and the tumor growth in vivo. The survival time of tumor-bearing mice was significantly prolonged by LQ. LQ inhibited cancer cell prolif- eration and angiogenesis in tumor as evidenced by decreased expressions of Ki67 and CD31. Levels of ROS, MDA TNF-α and IL-6 decreased, while GSH increased in LQ treatment group, indicating a strong anti-oxidative and an- ti-inflammatory activity of LQ. The expression of antioxidant proteins Nff-2 and HO-1, tumor suppressors P53 and p-PTEN, and the MAPK pathways in tumor tissues were upregulated by LQ treatment. Conclusions LQ exhibited strong antitumor activity against B16-F10 murine melanoma both in vitro and in vivo. The antitumor effect of LQ in- volved the decreased oxidative stress and inflammation in tumor, which is closely related to the heat-clearing and detoxicating properties of LQ.

Comparative study of high temperature anti-oxidation property of sputtering deposited stoichiometric and Si-rich SiC films

Stoichiometric and silicon-rich(Si-rich) SiC films were deposited by microwave electron cyclotron resonance(MWECR) plasma enhanced RF magnetron sputtering method.As-deposited films were oxidized at 800℃,900 ℃,and 1000 ℃in air for 60 min.The chemical composition and structure of the films were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR).The surface morphology of the films before and after the high temperature oxidation was measured by atomic force microscopy.The mechanical property of the films was measured by a nano-indenter.The anti-oxidation temperature of the Si-rich SiC film is 100 ℃ higher than that of the stoichiometric SiC film.The oxidation layer thickness of the Si-rich SiC film is thinner than that of the stoichiometric SiC film in depth direction.The large amount of extra silicon in the Si-rich SiC film plays an important role in the improvement of its high temperature anti-oxidation property.

Effects of Al, Ga, and Ag on the anti-oxidation and wetting reactions of Sn-gZn-X solders

The effects of Ca, Al, and Ag on the anti-oxidation of Sn-9Zn-X solders and the interface reactions between the solders and Cu substrate were investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy （ AES ） and scanning electron microscope （SEM） analysis, respectively. The mechanism of improving the wettability of Sn-9Zn lead-free solder by adding Ca, Al, and Ag was also revealed. The AES analysis indicated that Al and Ga might enrich on the molten solder surface which resulted in improving the anti-oxidation of Sn-9Zn-O. O05Al and Sn-9Zn-O. 3Ga alloys. The addition of Ga reduced the apparent activation energy and promoted the interface reaction. With the addition of 0. 3 wt. % Ag, some scallop-like intermetallic compounds （IMCs） formed at the interface, according to the energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） analysis, these scallop-like IMCs might be the mixture of Ag-Zn and Cu-Sn compounds.

Mild spring temperature rising affects the anti-oxidation and immune functions of Asian Short-toed Larks

Background:Predicting the possibility of severe effects of global warming on animals is important for understanding the ecological consequences of climate change on ecosystem.Spring is the season during which birds have to physiologically prepare for the subsequent breeding period,and unusual spring temperature rising probably becomes a heat stress to the birds which have adapted to the low spring temperature.Therefore,it is necessary to understand the physiological effect of spring warming on the temperate birds.Methods:Using the activities of blood anti-oxidative enzymes(SOD,CAT,GPx)and the concentrations of serum immunogloblins(IgA,IgY,IgM)as indicators,we compared the anti-oxidative and immune functions of Asian Shorttoed Larks(Calandrella cheleensis)captured between 10 and 15 March,2015 and housed under conditions of 21°C and 16°C.Results:The SOD activities of birds in 21°C group were significantly lower than those in 16°C group on all the treatment days.The CAT activities of the birds in 21°C group were significantly lower than those in 16°C group on the 1 st,5 th,13 th,17 treatment days.The GPx activities of the birds in 21°C group were signifthicantly lower than those in 16°C group on the 1 st,13 th and 17 th,but significantly higher on the 21 st treatment day.The IgA,IgY and IgM concentrations of birds in 21°C group were significantly lower than those in 16°C group on all the treatment days.Conclusions:This study shows that spring temperature rising negatively influences antioxibative and humoral immune functions,which indicates that spring climate warming might reduce the fitness of the temperate passerine birds which have adapted to the low spring temperature.

Study on Hydrogen Storage Properties,Anti-Oxide Ability and Rate Limiting Step of ZrCr-Based Alloy after Introducing Cobalt as Additive

In this work,the microstructure,hydrogen storage properties,anti-oxide ability and rate limiting step of Zr(Cr_(1−x)Co_(x))_(2)(x=0,0.2,0.4 and 0.6)alloys have been investigated.After studying the crystal structure,we found that all alloy samples could show C14-type phase but the alloy sample x=0 could also show a small amount of Cr phase.Rietveld fitting showed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of C14-type phase decreased with increasing x.After further research,it was clear that the first hydrogen absorption capacity decreased with increasing x.But introducing more Co content had a positive influence on the effective hydrogen storage capacity and cyclic hydrogen absorption and desorption properties of the alloy sample.We also found that adding Co to ZrCr_(2)alloy could improve its anti-oxide ability.In addition to this,the rate limiting step model was also studied.

Durable Ru Nanocrystal with HfO_(2)Modification for Acidic Overall Water Splitting

Durable and efficient bi-functional catalyst,that is capable of both oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction under acidic condition,are highly desired for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis.Herein,we report a robust L-Ru/HfO_(2)heterostructure constructed via confining crystalline Ru nanodomains by HfO_(2)matrix.When assembled with a proton exchange membrane,the bi-functional L-Ru/HfO_(2)catalyst-based electrolyzer presents a voltage of 1.57 and 1.67 V to reach 100 and 300 mA cm^(-2)current density,prevailing most of previously reported Ru-based materials as well as commercial Pt/C||RuO_(2)electrolyzer.It is revealed that the synergistic effect of HfO_(2)modification and small crystalline domain formation significantly alleviates the over-oxidation of Ru.More importantly,this synergistic effect facilitates a dual-site oxide path during the oxygen evolution procedure via optimization of the binding configurations of oxygenated adsorbates.As a result,the Ru active sites maintain the metallic state along with reduced energy barrier for the rate-determining step(^(*)O→^(*)OOH).Both of water adsorption and dissociation(Volmer step)are strengthened,while a moderate hydrogen binding is achieved to accelerate the hydrogen desorption procedure(Tafel step).Consequently,the activity and stability of acidic overall water splitting are simultaneously enhanced.

Resveratrol combats chronic diseases through enhancing mitochondrial quality

Resveratrol(RSV),as a functional food component extracted from natural plants,has been widely studied and recognized in preventing and treating various diseases,with major mechanisms including executing anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation functions,and improving mitochondrial quality.Chronic diseases as non-communicable diseases are mainly caused by multiple factors,such as physiological decline and dysfunction in the body,and have become a significant challenge on public health worldwide.It is worth noting that chronic diseases such as Alzheimer's disease(AD),Parkinson's disease(PD),muscle atrophy,cardiovascular disease,obesity,and cancer are accompanied by abnormal mitochondrial function.Therefore,targeted regulation of mitochondria may be a meaningful way to prevent and treat chronic diseases.Increasing evidence has confirmed that RSV is actively involved in regulating mitochondria,and it has become an essential consideration to prevent and treat chronic diseases through targeting mitochondria and improving corresponding functions.In this article,current studies on RSV to optimize mitochondrial quality for preventing and alleviating chronic disease are systematically summarized,which can provide a theoretical reference for the development of functional foods or drugs to combat chronic diseases.

Effects of Zn Stress on Zn Accumulation and Anti-Oxidant Enzymes Activity in Four Varieties of Ryegrass

We investigated the influence of different content of Zn^2＋（0, 2, 4, 8, 16 mmol·kg^-1） on plant growth, activities of peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）, free proline content and Zn accumulation in four varieties of ryegrass （Loliurn perenne L.） hy pot cuhure experiment. The results showed that plant hiomass increased at the ranges of 0-2 （Tuoya）, 0-4 （Yey- ing）, 0-8 mmol·kg^-1（Airuisi and Taide）, respectively, and then decreased under excess Zn. The activities of POD ,SOD and proline content in shoots decreased firstly, and then increased with the in crease of Zn content. The plaut biomass, activities of POD and SOD in Taide were evidently higher than in the other three varie ties. Root tolerance index （RTI） and Zn transport ratio from root to shoot （S/R） in Taide were exceed 1. 0. The maximum of Zn content was 583.9 mg/kg （ at 16 mmol·kg^-1） in Taide＇s shoot.