BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).However,its incidence has recently increased in South Korea.Moreover,UC diagnoses are frequently delayed,and the relationship between dia...BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).However,its incidence has recently increased in South Korea.Moreover,UC diagnoses are frequently delayed,and the relationship between diagnostic delay and UC prognosis has not been extensively studied in South Korean patients.AIM To identify meaningful diagnostic delay affecting UC prognosis and to evaluate risk factors associated with diagnostic delay in South Korean patients.METHODS Medical records of 718 patients with UC who visited the outpatient clinic of six university hospitals in South Korea were reviewed;167 cases were excluded because the first symptom date was unknown.We evaluated the relationship between the prognosis and a diagnostic delay of 3,6,12,18,and 24 mo by comparing the prognostic factors[anti-tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αuse,admission history due to acute flare-ups,frequent admission due to flare-ups,surgery associated with UC,and the clinical remission state at the latest followup]at each diagnostic interval.RESULTS The mean diagnostic interval was 223.3±483.2 d(median,69 d;75th percentile,195 d).Among the prognostic factors,anti-TNFαuse was significantly increased after a diagnostic delay of 24 mo.Clinical risk factors predictive of a 24-mo diagnostic delay were age<60 years at diagnosis[odd ratio(OR)=14.778,95%confidence interval(CI):1.731-126.121],smoking history(OR=2.688,95%CI:1.239-5.747,P=0.012),and misdiagnosis of hemorrhoids(OR=11.066,95%CI:3.596-34.053).Anti-TNFαuse was associated with extensive UC at diagnosis(OR=3.768,95%CI:1.860-7.632)and 24-mo diagnostic delay(OR=2.599,95%CI:1.006-4.916).CONCLUSION A diagnostic delay>24 mo was associated with increased anti-TNFαuse.Age<60 years at diagnosis,smoking history,and misdiagnosis of hemorrhoids were risk factors for delayed diagnosis.展开更多
BACKGROUND Refractory pouchitis is a common cause of pouch failure,which may require surgical excision of the pouch or permanent diversion.We aimed to show the effect of vedolizumab on treatment of the patient with re...BACKGROUND Refractory pouchitis is a common cause of pouch failure,which may require surgical excision of the pouch or permanent diversion.We aimed to show the effect of vedolizumab on treatment of the patient with refractory pouchitis.CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old male with pancolonic ulcerative colitis since the age of 25 with primary failure of infliximab and mesalamine and intolerance of azathioprine,underwent a total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 2012.He developed chronic diarrhea in 2014,which was watery,30 per day and accompanied with blood and mucus affecting his quality of life.CONCLUSION Vedolizumab is safe and effective in the management of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha refractory pouchitis.展开更多
【目的】研究黄芪甲苷对 SD大鼠脓毒症致肝损伤的保护作用。【方法】采用盲肠结扎穿孔（Cecal ligation and puncture ，CLP）诱导形成脓毒症大鼠肝损伤模型，黄芪甲苷分别于大鼠 CLP术前1 h灌胃给药。30只SD大鼠随机分为三组，分别为...【目的】研究黄芪甲苷对 SD大鼠脓毒症致肝损伤的保护作用。【方法】采用盲肠结扎穿孔（Cecal ligation and puncture ，CLP）诱导形成脓毒症大鼠肝损伤模型，黄芪甲苷分别于大鼠 CLP术前1 h灌胃给药。30只SD大鼠随机分为三组，分别为假手术组、CLP模型组、CLP＋黄芪甲苷（50 mg／kg）治疗组。记录一般情况并检测CLP术后24 h各组大鼠的存活率，血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平及各组大鼠肝脏组织中TNF‐α、IL‐6水平及其 HE染色的病理变化情况。【结果】各时间点假手术组大鼠均无死亡。术后12 h ，模型组、黄芪甲苷组大鼠存活率分别为80％和100％，术后24 h ，模型组大鼠无存活，而黄芪甲苷组大鼠存活率为40％，经比较有显著性差异（χ2＝8．4，P＜0．05），显示黄芪甲苷能提高实验性脓毒症大鼠的存活率；术后24 h ，大鼠血清AST、ALT值脓毒症模型组较假手术组显著升高（ P ＜0．05），黄芪甲苷治疗组则明显改善（ P ＜0．05）；脓毒症模型组较假手术组肝组织 TNF‐α、IL‐6值显著升高（ P ＜0．05），黄芪甲苷治疗组则明显改善（ P＜0．05）；病理切片显示假手术组大鼠肝脏结构轻微改变，脓毒症模型组肝组织点灶状坏死、混合炎细胞浸润、肝细胞脂肪变性，黄芪甲苷治疗组肝脏组织病理损伤情况均较模型组明显改善。【结论】黄芪甲苷对CLP诱导的SD大鼠肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。展开更多
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is defi ned by relapsing and remitting episodes. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) appears to play a central role in the pat...Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is defi ned by relapsing and remitting episodes. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) appears to play a central role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Standard therapies for inflammatory bowel disease fail to induce remission in about 30% of patients. Biological therapies have been associated with an increased incidence of infections, especially infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Thalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory agent with anti-TNF-α properties. Recent studies have suggested that thalidomide is effective in refractory luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Thalidomide costimulates T lymphocytes, with greater effect on CD8+ than on CD4+ T cells, which contributes to the protective immune response to Mtb infection. We present a case of Crohn's disease with gastric, ileal, colon and rectum involvement as well as steroid dependency, which progressed with loss of response to infliximabafter three years of therapy. The thorax computed tomography scan demonstrated a pulmonary nodule suspected to be Mtb infection. The patient was started on thalidomide therapy and exhibited an excellent response.展开更多
AIM： To investigate genetic differences between Crohn＇s disease （CD） patients with a sustained remission vs relapsers after discontinuing infliximab while in cortico- steroid-free remission. METHODS： Forty-eight ...AIM： To investigate genetic differences between Crohn＇s disease （CD） patients with a sustained remission vs relapsers after discontinuing infliximab while in cortico- steroid-free remission. METHODS： Forty-eight CD patients received infliximab and were in full corticosteroid-free clinical remission but then discontinued infliximab for reasons other than a loss of response, were identified by review of an electronic database and charts. Infliximab-associated remis- sion was defined as corticosteroid-free plus normaliza- tion of clinical disease activity [CD activity index （CDAI） 〈 150] during follow-up visits based on physician global assessments. A CD relapse （loss of infliximab-induced remission） was clinically defined as a physician visit for symptoms of disease activity （CDAI 〉 220） and a thera- peutic intervention with CD medication（s）, or a hospital- ization with complications related to active CD. Genetic analyses were performed on samples from 14 patients （n = 6 who had a sustained long term remission after stopping infliximab, n -- 8 who rapidly relapsed after stopping infliximab）. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 （NOD2）/caspase activation recruitment do- main 15 （CARD15） polymorphisms （R702W, G908R and L1007fs） and the inflammatory bowel disease 5 （IBDS） polymorphisms （IGR2060a1 and IGR3081a1） were ana- lyzed in each group. RESULTS： Five single nucleotide polymorphisms of IBD5 and NOD2/CARD15 genes were successfully analyzed for all 14 subjects. There was no signifcant increase in frequency of the NOD2/CARD15 polymor- phisms （R702W, G908R and L1007fs） and the IBD5 polymorphisms （IGR2060al and IGR3081a1） in either group of patients; those whose disease relapsed rap- idly or those who remained in sustained long term remission following the discontinuation of infliximab. Nearly a third of patients in full clinical remission who stopped infliximab for reasons other than loss of re- sponse remained in sustained clinical remission, while two-thirds relapsed rapidly. There was a marked dif- ference in the duration of clinical remission following discontinuance of infliximab between the two groups. The patients who lost remission did so after 1.0 years 4- 0.6 years, while those still in remission were at the time of this study, 8.1 years 4- 2.6 years post-discon- tinuation of infliximab, P 〈 0.001. The 8 patients who had lost remission after discontinuing infiiximab had a mean number of 5 infusions （range 3-7）, with a mean treatment time of 7.2 mo （range 1.5 mo-15 mo）. The mean duration of time from the last infusion of inflix- imab to the time of loss of remission was 382 d （range 20 d-701 d）. The 6 patients who remained in remission after discontinuing infliximab had a mean number of 6 infusions （range 3-12）, with a mean treatment dura- tion of 12 mo （range 3.6 mo-32 too） （P = 0.45 relative to those who lost remission）. CONCLUSION： There are no IBD5 or NOD2/CARD15 mutations that predict which patients might have sus- tained remission and which will relapse rapidly after stopping infliximab.展开更多
There was estimated a higher incidence of de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after solid organ transplantation than in the general population. The onset of IBD in the organ transplant recipient population is an ...There was estimated a higher incidence of de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after solid organ transplantation than in the general population. The onset of IBD in the organ transplant recipient population is an important clinical situation which is associated to higher morbidity and difficulty in the medical therapeutic management because of possible interaction between anti-reject therapy and IBD therapy. IBD course after liver transplantation (LT) is variable, but about one third of patients may worsen, needing an increase in medical therapy or a colectomy. Active IBD at the time of LT, discontinuation of 5-aminosalicylic acid or azathioprine at the time of LT and use of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression may be associated with an unfavorable outcome of IBD after LT. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) therapy for refractory IBD may be an effective and safe therapeutic option after LT. The little experience of the use of biological therapy in transplanted patients, with concomitant anti-rejection therapy, suggests there be a higher more careful surveillance regarding the risk of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neoplasms. An increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is present also after LT in IBD patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). An annual program of endoscopic surveillance with serial biopsies for CRC is recommended. A prophylactic colectomy in selected IBD/PSC patients with CRC risk factors could be a good management strategy in the CRC prevention, but it is used infrequently in the majority of LT centers. About 30% of patients develop multiple IBD recurrence and 20% of patients require a colectomy after renal transplantation. Like in the liver transplantation, anti-TNFα therapy could be an effective treatment in IBD patients with conventional refractory therapy after renal or heart transplantation. A large number of patients are needed to confirm the preliminary observations. Regarding the higher clinical complexity of this subgroup of IBD patients, a close multidisciplinary approach between an IBD dedicated gastroenterologist and surgeon and an organ transplantation specialist is necessary in order to have the best clinical management of IBD after transplantation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Infliximab(IFX)is an anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)agent that is widely used for the management of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,including Crohn's disease(CD).As a result o...BACKGROUND Infliximab(IFX)is an anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)agent that is widely used for the management of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,including Crohn's disease(CD).As a result of its increasing administration,new complications have emerged.Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion,secondary to IFX therapy,is a rare but life-threatening complication.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old man was diagnosed with CD(Montreal A2L3B1)6 years prior.After failing to respond to mesalazine and methylprednisolone,he took the first dose of IFX 300 mg based on his weight(60 kg,dose 5 mg/kg)on December 3,2018.He responded well to this therapy.However,on January 21,2019,1 wk after the third injection,he suddenly developed dyspnea,fever,and worsening weakness and was admitted to our hospital.On admission,computed tomography scan of the chest revealed a large pericardial effusion and a small rightside pleural effusion.An echocardiogram showed a large pericardial effusion and normal left ventricular function.Then successful ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was performed and 600 mL hemorrhagic fluid was drained.There was no evidence of infection and the concentrations of TNF-α,IFX,and anti-IFX antibody were 7.09 pg/mL(reference range<8.1 pg/mL),<0.4μg/mL(>1.0μg/mL),and 373 ng/mL(<30 ng/mL),respectively.As the IFX instruction manual for injection does mention pericardial effusion as a rare adverse reaction(≥1/10000,<1/1000),so we discontinued the IFX.Monitoring of the patient’s echocardiogram for 2 mo without IFX therapy showed no recurrence of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion.Follow-up visits and examinations every 3 to 6 mo until April 2021 showed no recurrence of CD or pericardial effusion.CONCLUSION This is a case of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion following treatment with IFX.It is a rare but life-threatening complication of IFX.Early recognition helps prevent the occurrence of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion and minimize the impact on the natural evolution of the disease.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis(UC)is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).However,its incidence has recently increased in South Korea.Moreover,UC diagnoses are frequently delayed,and the relationship between diagnostic delay and UC prognosis has not been extensively studied in South Korean patients.AIM To identify meaningful diagnostic delay affecting UC prognosis and to evaluate risk factors associated with diagnostic delay in South Korean patients.METHODS Medical records of 718 patients with UC who visited the outpatient clinic of six university hospitals in South Korea were reviewed;167 cases were excluded because the first symptom date was unknown.We evaluated the relationship between the prognosis and a diagnostic delay of 3,6,12,18,and 24 mo by comparing the prognostic factors[anti-tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-αuse,admission history due to acute flare-ups,frequent admission due to flare-ups,surgery associated with UC,and the clinical remission state at the latest followup]at each diagnostic interval.RESULTS The mean diagnostic interval was 223.3±483.2 d(median,69 d;75th percentile,195 d).Among the prognostic factors,anti-TNFαuse was significantly increased after a diagnostic delay of 24 mo.Clinical risk factors predictive of a 24-mo diagnostic delay were age<60 years at diagnosis[odd ratio(OR)=14.778,95%confidence interval(CI):1.731-126.121],smoking history(OR=2.688,95%CI:1.239-5.747,P=0.012),and misdiagnosis of hemorrhoids(OR=11.066,95%CI:3.596-34.053).Anti-TNFαuse was associated with extensive UC at diagnosis(OR=3.768,95%CI:1.860-7.632)and 24-mo diagnostic delay(OR=2.599,95%CI:1.006-4.916).CONCLUSION A diagnostic delay>24 mo was associated with increased anti-TNFαuse.Age<60 years at diagnosis,smoking history,and misdiagnosis of hemorrhoids were risk factors for delayed diagnosis.
文摘BACKGROUND Refractory pouchitis is a common cause of pouch failure,which may require surgical excision of the pouch or permanent diversion.We aimed to show the effect of vedolizumab on treatment of the patient with refractory pouchitis.CASE SUMMARY A 32-year-old male with pancolonic ulcerative colitis since the age of 25 with primary failure of infliximab and mesalamine and intolerance of azathioprine,underwent a total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 2012.He developed chronic diarrhea in 2014,which was watery,30 per day and accompanied with blood and mucus affecting his quality of life.CONCLUSION Vedolizumab is safe and effective in the management of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha refractory pouchitis.
文摘【目的】研究黄芪甲苷对 SD大鼠脓毒症致肝损伤的保护作用。【方法】采用盲肠结扎穿孔（Cecal ligation and puncture ，CLP）诱导形成脓毒症大鼠肝损伤模型，黄芪甲苷分别于大鼠 CLP术前1 h灌胃给药。30只SD大鼠随机分为三组，分别为假手术组、CLP模型组、CLP＋黄芪甲苷（50 mg／kg）治疗组。记录一般情况并检测CLP术后24 h各组大鼠的存活率，血清中谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、谷草转氨酶（AST）水平及各组大鼠肝脏组织中TNF‐α、IL‐6水平及其 HE染色的病理变化情况。【结果】各时间点假手术组大鼠均无死亡。术后12 h ，模型组、黄芪甲苷组大鼠存活率分别为80％和100％，术后24 h ，模型组大鼠无存活，而黄芪甲苷组大鼠存活率为40％，经比较有显著性差异（χ2＝8．4，P＜0．05），显示黄芪甲苷能提高实验性脓毒症大鼠的存活率；术后24 h ，大鼠血清AST、ALT值脓毒症模型组较假手术组显著升高（ P ＜0．05），黄芪甲苷治疗组则明显改善（ P ＜0．05）；脓毒症模型组较假手术组肝组织 TNF‐α、IL‐6值显著升高（ P ＜0．05），黄芪甲苷治疗组则明显改善（ P＜0．05）；病理切片显示假手术组大鼠肝脏结构轻微改变，脓毒症模型组肝组织点灶状坏死、混合炎细胞浸润、肝细胞脂肪变性，黄芪甲苷治疗组肝脏组织病理损伤情况均较模型组明显改善。【结论】黄芪甲苷对CLP诱导的SD大鼠肝损伤具有一定的保护作用。
文摘Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is defi ned by relapsing and remitting episodes. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) appears to play a central role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Standard therapies for inflammatory bowel disease fail to induce remission in about 30% of patients. Biological therapies have been associated with an increased incidence of infections, especially infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Thalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory agent with anti-TNF-α properties. Recent studies have suggested that thalidomide is effective in refractory luminal and fistulizing Crohn's disease. Thalidomide costimulates T lymphocytes, with greater effect on CD8+ than on CD4+ T cells, which contributes to the protective immune response to Mtb infection. We present a case of Crohn's disease with gastric, ileal, colon and rectum involvement as well as steroid dependency, which progressed with loss of response to infliximabafter three years of therapy. The thorax computed tomography scan demonstrated a pulmonary nodule suspected to be Mtb infection. The patient was started on thalidomide therapy and exhibited an excellent response.
基金Supported by Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal,Inflammation and Immunity Research at the University of Alberta
文摘AIM： To investigate genetic differences between Crohn＇s disease （CD） patients with a sustained remission vs relapsers after discontinuing infliximab while in cortico- steroid-free remission. METHODS： Forty-eight CD patients received infliximab and were in full corticosteroid-free clinical remission but then discontinued infliximab for reasons other than a loss of response, were identified by review of an electronic database and charts. Infliximab-associated remis- sion was defined as corticosteroid-free plus normaliza- tion of clinical disease activity [CD activity index （CDAI） 〈 150] during follow-up visits based on physician global assessments. A CD relapse （loss of infliximab-induced remission） was clinically defined as a physician visit for symptoms of disease activity （CDAI 〉 220） and a thera- peutic intervention with CD medication（s）, or a hospital- ization with complications related to active CD. Genetic analyses were performed on samples from 14 patients （n = 6 who had a sustained long term remission after stopping infliximab, n -- 8 who rapidly relapsed after stopping infliximab）. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 （NOD2）/caspase activation recruitment do- main 15 （CARD15） polymorphisms （R702W, G908R and L1007fs） and the inflammatory bowel disease 5 （IBDS） polymorphisms （IGR2060a1 and IGR3081a1） were ana- lyzed in each group. RESULTS： Five single nucleotide polymorphisms of IBD5 and NOD2/CARD15 genes were successfully analyzed for all 14 subjects. There was no signifcant increase in frequency of the NOD2/CARD15 polymor- phisms （R702W, G908R and L1007fs） and the IBD5 polymorphisms （IGR2060al and IGR3081a1） in either group of patients; those whose disease relapsed rap- idly or those who remained in sustained long term remission following the discontinuation of infliximab. Nearly a third of patients in full clinical remission who stopped infliximab for reasons other than loss of re- sponse remained in sustained clinical remission, while two-thirds relapsed rapidly. There was a marked dif- ference in the duration of clinical remission following discontinuance of infliximab between the two groups. The patients who lost remission did so after 1.0 years 4- 0.6 years, while those still in remission were at the time of this study, 8.1 years 4- 2.6 years post-discon- tinuation of infliximab, P 〈 0.001. The 8 patients who had lost remission after discontinuing infiiximab had a mean number of 5 infusions （range 3-7）, with a mean treatment time of 7.2 mo （range 1.5 mo-15 mo）. The mean duration of time from the last infusion of inflix- imab to the time of loss of remission was 382 d （range 20 d-701 d）. The 6 patients who remained in remission after discontinuing infliximab had a mean number of 6 infusions （range 3-12）, with a mean treatment dura- tion of 12 mo （range 3.6 mo-32 too） （P = 0.45 relative to those who lost remission）. CONCLUSION： There are no IBD5 or NOD2/CARD15 mutations that predict which patients might have sus- tained remission and which will relapse rapidly after stopping infliximab.
文摘There was estimated a higher incidence of de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) after solid organ transplantation than in the general population. The onset of IBD in the organ transplant recipient population is an important clinical situation which is associated to higher morbidity and difficulty in the medical therapeutic management because of possible interaction between anti-reject therapy and IBD therapy. IBD course after liver transplantation (LT) is variable, but about one third of patients may worsen, needing an increase in medical therapy or a colectomy. Active IBD at the time of LT, discontinuation of 5-aminosalicylic acid or azathioprine at the time of LT and use of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression may be associated with an unfavorable outcome of IBD after LT. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) therapy for refractory IBD may be an effective and safe therapeutic option after LT. The little experience of the use of biological therapy in transplanted patients, with concomitant anti-rejection therapy, suggests there be a higher more careful surveillance regarding the risk of infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neoplasms. An increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is present also after LT in IBD patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). An annual program of endoscopic surveillance with serial biopsies for CRC is recommended. A prophylactic colectomy in selected IBD/PSC patients with CRC risk factors could be a good management strategy in the CRC prevention, but it is used infrequently in the majority of LT centers. About 30% of patients develop multiple IBD recurrence and 20% of patients require a colectomy after renal transplantation. Like in the liver transplantation, anti-TNFα therapy could be an effective treatment in IBD patients with conventional refractory therapy after renal or heart transplantation. A large number of patients are needed to confirm the preliminary observations. Regarding the higher clinical complexity of this subgroup of IBD patients, a close multidisciplinary approach between an IBD dedicated gastroenterologist and surgeon and an organ transplantation specialist is necessary in order to have the best clinical management of IBD after transplantation.
文摘BACKGROUND Infliximab(IFX)is an anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)agent that is widely used for the management of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases,including Crohn's disease(CD).As a result of its increasing administration,new complications have emerged.Hemorrhagic pericardial effusion,secondary to IFX therapy,is a rare but life-threatening complication.CASE SUMMARY A 27-year-old man was diagnosed with CD(Montreal A2L3B1)6 years prior.After failing to respond to mesalazine and methylprednisolone,he took the first dose of IFX 300 mg based on his weight(60 kg,dose 5 mg/kg)on December 3,2018.He responded well to this therapy.However,on January 21,2019,1 wk after the third injection,he suddenly developed dyspnea,fever,and worsening weakness and was admitted to our hospital.On admission,computed tomography scan of the chest revealed a large pericardial effusion and a small rightside pleural effusion.An echocardiogram showed a large pericardial effusion and normal left ventricular function.Then successful ultrasound-guided pericardiocentesis was performed and 600 mL hemorrhagic fluid was drained.There was no evidence of infection and the concentrations of TNF-α,IFX,and anti-IFX antibody were 7.09 pg/mL(reference range<8.1 pg/mL),<0.4μg/mL(>1.0μg/mL),and 373 ng/mL(<30 ng/mL),respectively.As the IFX instruction manual for injection does mention pericardial effusion as a rare adverse reaction(≥1/10000,<1/1000),so we discontinued the IFX.Monitoring of the patient’s echocardiogram for 2 mo without IFX therapy showed no recurrence of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion.Follow-up visits and examinations every 3 to 6 mo until April 2021 showed no recurrence of CD or pericardial effusion.CONCLUSION This is a case of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion following treatment with IFX.It is a rare but life-threatening complication of IFX.Early recognition helps prevent the occurrence of hemorrhagic pericardial effusion and minimize the impact on the natural evolution of the disease.
