Antibiotic-associated diarrhea(AAD) and Clostridum difficile infections(CDI) have been well studied for adult cases, but not as well in the pediatric population. Whether the disease process or response to treatments d...Antibiotic-associated diarrhea(AAD) and Clostridum difficile infections(CDI) have been well studied for adult cases, but not as well in the pediatric population. Whether the disease process or response to treatments differs between pediatric and adult patients is an important clinical concern when following global guidelines based largely on adult patients. A systematic review of the literature using databases Pub Med(June 3, 1978-2015) was conducted to compare AAD and CDI in pediatric and adult populations and determine significant differences and similarities that might impact clinical decisions. In general, pediatric AAD and CDI have a more rapid onset of symptoms, a shorter duration of disease and fewer CDI complications(required surgeries and extended hospitalizations) than in adults. Children experience more community-associated CDI and are associated with smaller outbreaks than adult cases of CDI. The ribotype NAP1/027/BI is more common in adults than children. Children and adults share some similar risk factors, but adults have more complex risk factor profiles associated with more co-morbidities, types of disruptive factors and a wider range of exposures to C. difficile in the healthcare environment. The treatment of pediatric and adult AAD is similar(discontinuing or switching the inciting antibiotic), but other treatment strategies for AAD have not been established. Pediatric CDI responds better to metronidazole, while adult CDI responds better to vancomycin. Recurrent CDI is not commonly reported for children. Prevention for both pediatric and adult AAD and CDI relies upon integrated infection control programs, antibiotic stewardship and may include the use of adjunctive probiotics. Clinical presentation of pediatric AAD and CDI are different than adult AAD and CDI symptoms. These differences should be taken into account when rating severity of disease and prescribing antibiotics.展开更多
Probiotics use has increased tremendously over the past ten years.This was coupled with a surge of data relating their importance in clinical practice.Antibioticassociated diarrhea,whose frequency has risen recently,w...Probiotics use has increased tremendously over the past ten years.This was coupled with a surge of data relating their importance in clinical practice.Antibioticassociated diarrhea,whose frequency has risen recently,was one of the earliest targets with data published more than ten years ago.Unfortunately,available trials suffer from severe discrepancies associated with variability and heterogeneity of several factors.Most published randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyses suggest benefit for probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.The same seems to also apply when the data is examined for Clostridium difficile-associated colitis.However,the largest randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to date examining the use of a certain preparation of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea showed disappointing results,but it was flawed with several drawbacks.The commonest species of probiotics studied across most trials is Lactobacillus;however,other types have also shown similar benefit.Probiotics have enjoyed an impeccable safety reputation.Despite a few reports of severe infections sometimes leading to septicemia,most of the available trials confirm their harmless behavior and show similaradverse events compared to placebo.Since a consensus dictating its use is still lacking,it would be advisable at this point to suggest prophylactic use of probiotics to certain patients at risk for antibiotic-associated diarrhea or to those who suffered previous episodes.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus-containing commercially available probiotic formulations in Germany during antibiotic treatment with an analysis of cost-efficiency.
AIM： To assess the effcacy and safety of probiotics for preventing pediatric： （1） antibiotic associated diarrhea and （2） Clostridium diffcile （C. diffcile） infections.METHODS： On June 3, 2013, we searched Pu...AIM： To assess the effcacy and safety of probiotics for preventing pediatric： （1） antibiotic associated diarrhea and （2） Clostridium diffcile （C. diffcile） infections.METHODS： On June 3, 2013, we searched PubMed （1960-2013）, EMBASE （1974-2013）, Cochrane Da-tabase of Systematic Reviews （1990-2013）, CINAHL （1981-2013）, AMED （1985-2013）, and ISI Web of Science （2000-2013）. Additionally, we conducted an extensive grey literature search including contact with National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry, abstracts from annual infectious disease and gastroen-terology meetings, experts in the feld and correspondence with authors. The primary outcomes were the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea （AAD） and C. difficile infections （CDI）. Dichotomous outcomes （e.g. , incidence of AAD or CDI） were pooled using a random-effects model to calculate the relative risk and corresponding 95% confidence interval （95%CI） and weighted on study quality. To explore possible explanations for heterogeneity, a priori subgroup analysis were conducted on probiotic strain type, daily dose, quality of study and safety of probiotics. The overall quality of the evidence supporting each outcome was assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation criteria.RESULTS： A total of 1329 studies were identifed with 22 trials （23 treatment arms and 4155 participants） meeting eligibility requirements for our review of prevention of AAD and 5 trials （1211 participants） for the prevention of CDI. Trials in adult populations, trials of uncertain antibiotic exposure or studies which did not provide incidence of AAD were excluded. We found 12 trials testing a single strain of probiotic and 10 trials testing a mixture of probiotic strains. Probiotics （all strains combined） signifcantly reduced the incidence of pediatric AAD （pooled RR = 0.42, 95%CI： 0.33-0.53） and significantly reduced pediatric CDI （pooled RR = 0.35, 95%CI： 0.13-0.92）. Of the two strains with multiple trials, both signifcantly reduced pediatric AAD： Sac-charomyces boulardii lyo （pooled RR = 0.43, 95%CI： 0.32-0.60） and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG （pooled RR = 0.36, 95%CI： 0.19-0.69）. There was no significant effect by type of antibiotic, or by duration or dose of probiotic. No adverse events associated were found in the 22 controlled trials relating to the use of probiotics.CONCLUSION： This meta-analysis found that probiotics signifcantly prevented pediatric antibiotic associated diarrhea and pediatric CDI, but the effcacy varies signifcantly by the strain of the probiotic.展开更多
Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity in hospitalized children. Absence of clinical suspicion and suboptimum laboratory diagnostic methods are behind the mis...Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity in hospitalized children. Absence of clinical suspicion and suboptimum laboratory diagnostic methods are behind the misdiagnosed infections. Objectives: To determine the association of Cl. difficle infection among hospitalized children suspected of having antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) plus detection of the bacterium’s toxins A and B and the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Batool Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baquba City for the period from March 2017 to April 2018. Sixty stool samples were collected from children inpatients. The age range was 15 days up to one year. 41 (68.3%) and 19 (31.7%) were males and females respectively. Additionally, 20 healthy children were enrolled as control group. The age range was 50 days up to one year, 12 (60%) and 8 (40%) were males and females respectively. Special questionnaire was preconstructed for collection of demographic information. Isolation of Cl. difficile was carried out on Colombia blood agar and tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar. Enzyme linked immunosorband assays were used for the detection of toxin A and B (CerTest-Biotec, Spain), and for the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme (CerTest-Biotec, Spain). Human privacy was respected by obtaining the parents’ oral consent. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS Version 18 and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The isolation rate of Cl. difficile form patients and healthy children was 11.7% and 5% respectively. The toxins detection rate among patients was 23.3%, of these 35.7% for toxin A, and 64.3% for toxin A and B together. Neither of the patients’ specimens was positive for toxin B alone, nor was healthy control positive for all toxins. The overall detection rate of GDH enzyme in study groups was 32.5%, with a significantly higher among patients as compared to control (28.8% vs. 3.8% , P = 0.045). The isolation and detection rate of Cl. difficile were increased as the time of the onset of diarrhea was increased. Other factors: age, sex, residence, and type of feeding were insignificantly affecting the isolation and detection rate of Cl. difficile by different techniques. The third generation cephalosporines either singly or in combinations with each other or with another antibiotic were mostly associated with the higher rates of diarrhea. Conclusion: Cl. difficile infection is associated with about one third of antibiotic associated diarrhea among hospitalized children one year of age in Diyala province. CDI should be included in the routine differential diagnoses for hospitalized children presenting with AAD.展开更多
Infection by Clostridium difficile, a complication of treatment with antibiotics, causes antibiotic- associated diarrhea (AAD) and can lead to colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. Incidence of C. difficile infection ...Infection by Clostridium difficile, a complication of treatment with antibiotics, causes antibiotic- associated diarrhea (AAD) and can lead to colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. Incidence of C. difficile infection is increasing among the elderly undergoing antibiotics therapy confined to health care facilities, conditions that are expensive to treat, decrease the quality of life and are life threatening. Use of probiotics has been proposed as a method to decrease the incidence of AAD in health care facilities. To examine the efficacy of using probiotics, 120 nursing home residents undergoing antibiotic therapy were provided with a synbiotic tablet containing two probiotics, Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus coagulans, and a prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide. Residents were evaluated retrospectively for AAD and C. difficile infection. It was found that 95% of residents treated with antibiotics and taking the synbiotic tablet were free of AAD. More than 97% of the residents did not become infected with C. difficile. No adverse effects were reported. Minor side effects, gastrointestinal upset and nausea, were reported by less than 6% of the residents. The cause of the minor side effects was not known. Only 2.5% of the residents stopped taking the synbiotic tablet because of the gastrointestinal upset. These Results suggest that use of the synbiotic tablet prevents AAD and C. difficile infection in nursing home residents undergoing antibiotic therapy. It is concluded that this synbiotic tablet provides an easy to administer and safe approach to controlling AAD and C. difficile infection in residents in nursing homes.展开更多
目的:基于网状Meta分析,评价不同中药联合益生菌治疗抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的疗效及安全性,为临床安全用药方案提供循证医学依据。方法:在万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、中华医学期刊数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库中检...目的:基于网状Meta分析,评价不同中药联合益生菌治疗抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的疗效及安全性,为临床安全用药方案提供循证医学依据。方法:在万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、中华医学期刊数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库中检索中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的随机对照试验(观察组干预措施为中药联合益生菌,对照组干预措施为单纯使用益生菌),检索时间截至2023年1月。采用贝叶斯网状Meta分析方法,对不同中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的安全性和有效性进行评价。结果:筛选出21篇随机对照试验文献,涉及患者2 093例;使用的中药包括健脾补肾固摄汤、人参败毒散或健脾止泻汤、四逆汤联合四神汤、参术止泻汤、乌梅丸、巴特日-7味丸、胃肠安丸、参苓白术颗粒(参苓白术散)、小儿腹泻散、参苓白术散+补肺汤、醒脾养儿颗粒、儿泻停颗粒、黄芪建中汤、马齿苋煎煮液、固本益肠片共15种。以总有效率为基础指标进行贝叶斯网状Meta分析,结果显示,人参败毒散或健脾止泻汤的效果最佳(OR=12,95%CI=3.1~78.0),且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:文献研究前后患者的身体指标未见异常,15种中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的研究方案未对患者造成伤害;同时在鼠类的AAD模型复现上也得到了相应的证实,可以认为本次网状Meta分析的结果是安全、可靠的。本研究中的中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的疗效均优于单纯使用益生菌,能有效缩短病程,为临床用药提供了循证医学证据,但仍需要更多的研究支持和验证。展开更多
文摘Antibiotic-associated diarrhea(AAD) and Clostridum difficile infections(CDI) have been well studied for adult cases, but not as well in the pediatric population. Whether the disease process or response to treatments differs between pediatric and adult patients is an important clinical concern when following global guidelines based largely on adult patients. A systematic review of the literature using databases Pub Med(June 3, 1978-2015) was conducted to compare AAD and CDI in pediatric and adult populations and determine significant differences and similarities that might impact clinical decisions. In general, pediatric AAD and CDI have a more rapid onset of symptoms, a shorter duration of disease and fewer CDI complications(required surgeries and extended hospitalizations) than in adults. Children experience more community-associated CDI and are associated with smaller outbreaks than adult cases of CDI. The ribotype NAP1/027/BI is more common in adults than children. Children and adults share some similar risk factors, but adults have more complex risk factor profiles associated with more co-morbidities, types of disruptive factors and a wider range of exposures to C. difficile in the healthcare environment. The treatment of pediatric and adult AAD is similar(discontinuing or switching the inciting antibiotic), but other treatment strategies for AAD have not been established. Pediatric CDI responds better to metronidazole, while adult CDI responds better to vancomycin. Recurrent CDI is not commonly reported for children. Prevention for both pediatric and adult AAD and CDI relies upon integrated infection control programs, antibiotic stewardship and may include the use of adjunctive probiotics. Clinical presentation of pediatric AAD and CDI are different than adult AAD and CDI symptoms. These differences should be taken into account when rating severity of disease and prescribing antibiotics.
文摘Probiotics use has increased tremendously over the past ten years.This was coupled with a surge of data relating their importance in clinical practice.Antibioticassociated diarrhea,whose frequency has risen recently,was one of the earliest targets with data published more than ten years ago.Unfortunately,available trials suffer from severe discrepancies associated with variability and heterogeneity of several factors.Most published randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyses suggest benefit for probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.The same seems to also apply when the data is examined for Clostridium difficile-associated colitis.However,the largest randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to date examining the use of a certain preparation of probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhea showed disappointing results,but it was flawed with several drawbacks.The commonest species of probiotics studied across most trials is Lactobacillus;however,other types have also shown similar benefit.Probiotics have enjoyed an impeccable safety reputation.Despite a few reports of severe infections sometimes leading to septicemia,most of the available trials confirm their harmless behavior and show similaradverse events compared to placebo.Since a consensus dictating its use is still lacking,it would be advisable at this point to suggest prophylactic use of probiotics to certain patients at risk for antibiotic-associated diarrhea or to those who suffered previous episodes.
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of Lactobacillus-containing commercially available probiotic formulations in Germany during antibiotic treatment with an analysis of cost-efficiency.
文摘AIM： To assess the effcacy and safety of probiotics for preventing pediatric： （1） antibiotic associated diarrhea and （2） Clostridium diffcile （C. diffcile） infections.METHODS： On June 3, 2013, we searched PubMed （1960-2013）, EMBASE （1974-2013）, Cochrane Da-tabase of Systematic Reviews （1990-2013）, CINAHL （1981-2013）, AMED （1985-2013）, and ISI Web of Science （2000-2013）. Additionally, we conducted an extensive grey literature search including contact with National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry, abstracts from annual infectious disease and gastroen-terology meetings, experts in the feld and correspondence with authors. The primary outcomes were the incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhea （AAD） and C. difficile infections （CDI）. Dichotomous outcomes （e.g. , incidence of AAD or CDI） were pooled using a random-effects model to calculate the relative risk and corresponding 95% confidence interval （95%CI） and weighted on study quality. To explore possible explanations for heterogeneity, a priori subgroup analysis were conducted on probiotic strain type, daily dose, quality of study and safety of probiotics. The overall quality of the evidence supporting each outcome was assessed using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation criteria.RESULTS： A total of 1329 studies were identifed with 22 trials （23 treatment arms and 4155 participants） meeting eligibility requirements for our review of prevention of AAD and 5 trials （1211 participants） for the prevention of CDI. Trials in adult populations, trials of uncertain antibiotic exposure or studies which did not provide incidence of AAD were excluded. We found 12 trials testing a single strain of probiotic and 10 trials testing a mixture of probiotic strains. Probiotics （all strains combined） signifcantly reduced the incidence of pediatric AAD （pooled RR = 0.42, 95%CI： 0.33-0.53） and significantly reduced pediatric CDI （pooled RR = 0.35, 95%CI： 0.13-0.92）. Of the two strains with multiple trials, both signifcantly reduced pediatric AAD： Sac-charomyces boulardii lyo （pooled RR = 0.43, 95%CI： 0.32-0.60） and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG （pooled RR = 0.36, 95%CI： 0.19-0.69）. There was no significant effect by type of antibiotic, or by duration or dose of probiotic. No adverse events associated were found in the 22 controlled trials relating to the use of probiotics.CONCLUSION： This meta-analysis found that probiotics signifcantly prevented pediatric antibiotic associated diarrhea and pediatric CDI, but the effcacy varies signifcantly by the strain of the probiotic.
文摘Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity in hospitalized children. Absence of clinical suspicion and suboptimum laboratory diagnostic methods are behind the misdiagnosed infections. Objectives: To determine the association of Cl. difficle infection among hospitalized children suspected of having antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) plus detection of the bacterium’s toxins A and B and the enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Al-Batool Hospital for Maternity and Children in Baquba City for the period from March 2017 to April 2018. Sixty stool samples were collected from children inpatients. The age range was 15 days up to one year. 41 (68.3%) and 19 (31.7%) were males and females respectively. Additionally, 20 healthy children were enrolled as control group. The age range was 50 days up to one year, 12 (60%) and 8 (40%) were males and females respectively. Special questionnaire was preconstructed for collection of demographic information. Isolation of Cl. difficile was carried out on Colombia blood agar and tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar. Enzyme linked immunosorband assays were used for the detection of toxin A and B (CerTest-Biotec, Spain), and for the detection of glutamate dehydrogenase enzyme (CerTest-Biotec, Spain). Human privacy was respected by obtaining the parents’ oral consent. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS Version 18 and P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: The isolation rate of Cl. difficile form patients and healthy children was 11.7% and 5% respectively. The toxins detection rate among patients was 23.3%, of these 35.7% for toxin A, and 64.3% for toxin A and B together. Neither of the patients’ specimens was positive for toxin B alone, nor was healthy control positive for all toxins. The overall detection rate of GDH enzyme in study groups was 32.5%, with a significantly higher among patients as compared to control (28.8% vs. 3.8% , P = 0.045). The isolation and detection rate of Cl. difficile were increased as the time of the onset of diarrhea was increased. Other factors: age, sex, residence, and type of feeding were insignificantly affecting the isolation and detection rate of Cl. difficile by different techniques. The third generation cephalosporines either singly or in combinations with each other or with another antibiotic were mostly associated with the higher rates of diarrhea. Conclusion: Cl. difficile infection is associated with about one third of antibiotic associated diarrhea among hospitalized children one year of age in Diyala province. CDI should be included in the routine differential diagnoses for hospitalized children presenting with AAD.
文摘Infection by Clostridium difficile, a complication of treatment with antibiotics, causes antibiotic- associated diarrhea (AAD) and can lead to colitis and pseudomembranous colitis. Incidence of C. difficile infection is increasing among the elderly undergoing antibiotics therapy confined to health care facilities, conditions that are expensive to treat, decrease the quality of life and are life threatening. Use of probiotics has been proposed as a method to decrease the incidence of AAD in health care facilities. To examine the efficacy of using probiotics, 120 nursing home residents undergoing antibiotic therapy were provided with a synbiotic tablet containing two probiotics, Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus coagulans, and a prebiotic, fructooligosaccharide. Residents were evaluated retrospectively for AAD and C. difficile infection. It was found that 95% of residents treated with antibiotics and taking the synbiotic tablet were free of AAD. More than 97% of the residents did not become infected with C. difficile. No adverse effects were reported. Minor side effects, gastrointestinal upset and nausea, were reported by less than 6% of the residents. The cause of the minor side effects was not known. Only 2.5% of the residents stopped taking the synbiotic tablet because of the gastrointestinal upset. These Results suggest that use of the synbiotic tablet prevents AAD and C. difficile infection in nursing home residents undergoing antibiotic therapy. It is concluded that this synbiotic tablet provides an easy to administer and safe approach to controlling AAD and C. difficile infection in residents in nursing homes.
文摘目的:基于网状Meta分析,评价不同中药联合益生菌治疗抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的疗效及安全性,为临床安全用药方案提供循证医学依据。方法:在万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、中华医学期刊数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库中检索中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的随机对照试验(观察组干预措施为中药联合益生菌,对照组干预措施为单纯使用益生菌),检索时间截至2023年1月。采用贝叶斯网状Meta分析方法,对不同中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的安全性和有效性进行评价。结果:筛选出21篇随机对照试验文献,涉及患者2 093例;使用的中药包括健脾补肾固摄汤、人参败毒散或健脾止泻汤、四逆汤联合四神汤、参术止泻汤、乌梅丸、巴特日-7味丸、胃肠安丸、参苓白术颗粒(参苓白术散)、小儿腹泻散、参苓白术散+补肺汤、醒脾养儿颗粒、儿泻停颗粒、黄芪建中汤、马齿苋煎煮液、固本益肠片共15种。以总有效率为基础指标进行贝叶斯网状Meta分析,结果显示,人参败毒散或健脾止泻汤的效果最佳(OR=12,95%CI=3.1~78.0),且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:文献研究前后患者的身体指标未见异常,15种中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的研究方案未对患者造成伤害;同时在鼠类的AAD模型复现上也得到了相应的证实,可以认为本次网状Meta分析的结果是安全、可靠的。本研究中的中药联合益生菌治疗AAD的疗效均优于单纯使用益生菌,能有效缩短病程,为临床用药提供了循证医学证据,但仍需要更多的研究支持和验证。
