Phyllanthuse emblica polyphenols:Optimization of high-voltage pulsed electric field assisted extraction,an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro

Background:The polyphenols extraction of Phyllanthus emblica is primarily carried out using organic solvents,and assisted by physical fields such as ultrasound and microwave for extraction.High voltage pulsed electric field technology(PEF)is a non-thermal processing technology that has high efficiency and minimal damage to thermosensitive substances.PEF has been applied to plant extraction in many studies,however,the extraction of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF has still not been reported;Objective:This study explores the optimal extraction process of polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica using the PEF,and investigates its relaxation and anti-wrinkle based on anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory experiment,in order to develop a Phyllanthus emblica extract with substantial efficacy;Materials and Methods:The method of Phyllanthus emblica extract using PEF is established,and compared with a traditional extraction method.The experimental conditions,such as electric field intensity(0.5–6.0 kV/cm),pulse times(20−120),extraction time(0–60 min)and material concentration(0.5%∼3%),are investigated and optimized using orthogonal experiments;Results:the polyphenols in the Phyllanthus emblica extract were highest at the electric field intensity of 5 kV/cm,120 pulses,extraction time of 30 min,and 2%material concentration.The PEFcontained more polyphenols than the conventional water extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction.The Phyllanthus emblica extract had substantial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,with a good clearance effect on DPPH(IC50 of 1.82%)and ABTS(IC50 of 1.80%)radicals.At the Phyllanthus emblica extract concentration of 1.25%,inflammatory factors(TNF-α)were reduced by 47.08%;and Conclusion:The PEF is a leading-edge and promising method for preparing Phyllanthus emblica extracts.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Peanut Skin Extracts

Peanut skins are regarded as a low economic value by-product of the peanut industry;however, they contain high levels of bioactive compounds including catechins and procyanidins, which are known for their health-promoting properties. The in vitro antioxidant activity of peanut skin extracts (PSE) has been reported but the associated anti-inflammatory properties have not been widely examined. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of PSE on the pro-inflammatory enzyme, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, on its downstream product, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and on nitrous oxide (NO) levels. Defatted peanut skins were extracted using two aqueous solvent mixtures (50% acetone and 90% ethanol), in order to compare the effects of the two solvent systems on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. PSE antioxidant activity was determined by the hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (H-ORAC) assay, while total phenolics were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and flavan-3-ols and procyanidins were quantified by HPLC. Acetone extracted PSE (A-PSE) exhibited numerically, but not statistically higher H-ORAC and total phenolic values than the ethanol extracted PSE (E-PSE) (1836 μmol Trolox/100 g and 67.9 mg GAE/g, and 1830 μmol Trolox/100 g and 51.8 GAE/g respectively). A-PSE also had higher levels of flavan-3-ols and procyanidins than E-PSE. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% (v/v) of A-PSE or E-PSE and induced with the inflammatory marker, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 hours. COX-2 protein expression, measured by Western blotting was significantly (p 2 and NO levels measured by ELISA, were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing added levels of A-PSE and E-PSE suggesting that A-PSE and E-PSE not also possess similar antioxidant properties, but also exhibit similar anti-inflammatory effects.

Betalains protect various body organs through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways

Betalains are natural coloring pigments with betalamic acid as the core structure of all subclasses.Besides their coloring properties,betalains exhibit various biological activities,including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties,which are highly imperative.Further in-vivo studies reported that betalains protect various body organs,leading to health enhancement.Body organs,including the heart,liver,kidney,lung,etc.,are important for a healthy life.However,these organs can be affected or damaged by various stress factors,toxicants,and harmful substances.Recent studies have claimed that betalains could protect all vital organs of the body through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.This review article described the in-vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of betalains in various cell-line or animal models.A comprehensive discussion has been provided on the mechanism of action of betalains in protecting various body organs,including cardio-protective effect,hepato-protective ability,renal protection capacity,repro-protective ability,neuro-protective effect,lung protection,and gut protection ability.Finally,future research directions and conclusions have been outlined.

Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of an ACAZY Herbal Formula Used in Traditional Medicine to Treat Respiratory Infections

ACAZY is a plant formula used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso to treat respiratory infections. After phytochemical analysis, this study evaluated extracts’ anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial properties from the ACAZY recipe. Three extractions, an aqueous macerate (AM), an aqueous decoction (AD) and an hydroethanolic macerate (HEM) of the ACAZY recipe powder were carried out. Phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and the determination of phenolic compounds. The anti-inflammatory potential was assessed in vitro using pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibition tests. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) antioxidant properties were also determined. The antibacterial activity was evaluated on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae strains. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthracenosids, sterols and triterpenes in the extracts. The extracts inhibited pro-inflammatory enzymes by more than 40% at only 100 µg/mL. The extracts also showed potent antibacterial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration 1 mg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus and 2 mg/mL on Streptococcus pneumoniae. The extracts in the ACAZY formula have shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in vitro. The AD also showed an antibacterial activity. This justifies its use in traditional medicine to treat acute respiratory infections.

Anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts from Moroccan thyme varieties

Objective: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant and antioxidant effects of aqueous extracts of thyme varieties from Moroccan.Methods: The aqueous extracts of tree medicinal plants [Thymus atlanticus(T. atlanticus), Thymus satureioides and Thymus zygis(T. zygis)] were screened for their antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, radical scavenging activity method, the inhibition of 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride that induces oxidative erythrocyte hemolysis and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. The anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extracts was evaluated in vivo using croton oil-induced ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and rats, respectively. This extracts were evaluated in vitro for their anticoagulant activity at the different concentrations by partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time activated. Results: All thyme varieties were found to possess considerable antioxidant activity and potent anti-inflammatory activity in the croton oil-induced edema. Administration of aqueous extracts of two varieties(50 mg/kg)(T. zygis and T. atlanticus) reduced significantly the carrageenaninduced paw edema similar to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(indomethacin, 10 mg/kg). In partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time tests, T. atlanticus and T. zygis extracts showed the strongest anticoagulant activity. In contrast, Thymus satureioides did not show the anticoagulant activity in these tests. Conclusions: All aqueous extracts possess considerable antioxidant activity and are rich in total polyphenol and flavonoid but they act differently in the process of inflammatory and coagulation studied. This study shows great variability of biological activities in thyme varieties.

Antioxidants, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial effects of isolated compounds from Swertia corymbosa (Grieb.) Wight ex C.B. Clark – An in vitro approach

The present study,antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory,anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of isolated compounds such as Decussatin(1),Gentiacaulein(2),Swertianin(3),1,8-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxy xanthone(methylswertianin)(4)8-hydroxy-1,2,4,6-tetramethoxyxanthone(5)and 1,2-dihydroxy-6-methoxyxanthone-8-O--d-xylopyranosyl(6)were investigated using an in vitro model.Results of antioxidant studies revealed that the compound 6 possessed an efficient 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH•)(IC5007.19±4.56μmol/mL),2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS•^+)(42.62±0.25 mmol/L TE/g),superoxide(57.89±3.45μmol/mL),nitric oxide(18.45±1.23μmol/mL)and hydroxyl(12.13±2.76μmol/mL)radical scavenging activities,ferric reducing antioxidant power(14.76±0.10 molar Fe(II)/g),metal chelating(213.85±27.18 mg EDTA/g)ability.Compounds 6 and 3 exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity.Compound 6 displayed strongest antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with MIC value of 3.90μg/mL and 21.21±0.25 and 20.27±0.11 mm zone of inhibition at 25μg/mL concentration respectively.In the membrane stabilization and protein denaturation test 3 was the most potent with an IC50 value of 12.57,18.75μmol/mL respectively.

Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides in Yam Bulbils and Their Hypoglycemic Effect in Diabetic Mice

The polysaccharides in yam bulbils were extracted, and their antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice were discussed. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in yam bulbils was signifi- cantly enhanced with the increase of concentration; they showed a strong scaveng- ing ability against DPPH. and .OH, and the scavenging ability was dose dependent to some extent; the scavenging rates reached 91.15% and 89.06% respectively when the dose reached 4.0 mg/ml; the polysaccharides in yam bulbils significantly educed the blood glucose in model rice, and the hypoglycemic effect of large-dose polysaccharides was more obvious. The polysaccharides in yam bulbils has good antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect, which provides a new source for devel- opment of safe and natural food antioxidants and blood sugar-lowering agents.

Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect of Enicostemma littorale Blume

Objective:To investigate the hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effects of aqueous leaf extract of Enicoslemma littorale(E.littorale)Blume(Ens)against ethanol induced hepatic injury in albino rats.Methods:Male albino rats of six numbers in each group were undertaken for study.Hypolipidaemic and antioxidant effect of E.littorale Blume(Ens)aqueous leaf extract at a dosage of 250 mg/kg bw was evaluated.Results:Levels of serum and tissue cholesterol,triglycerides and free fatty acids were elevated and levels of tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS)and lipid hydroperoxide were increased in ethanol treated rats.The activity levels of liver antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT),glutathione peroxidase(GPX)and glutathione-s-transferase(GST)were decreased.After adiminstration of extract of E,littorale Blume,levels of cholesterol,triglycerides and free fatty acids were decreased in serum and liver tissue,levels of TBARS and lipid hydroperoxide were decreased,and Ever antioxidant enzymes were increased in liver tissue;Conclusions:It can be concluded that the aqueous leaf extract of E,littorale Blume(Ens)has potent restorative effect on hyperlipidaemic and oxidative stress.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Capacity of Ferulic Acid Released from Wheat Bran by Solid-state Fermentation of Aspergillus niger

Objective A strain of Aspergillus niger(A. niger), capable of releasing bound phenolic acids from wheat bran, was isolated. This strain was identified by gene sequence identification. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of ferulic acid released from wheat bran by this A. niger strain(FA-WB) were evaluated. Methods Molecular identification techniques based on PCR analysis of specific genomic sequences were conducted; antioxidant ability was examined using oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC), cellular antioxidant activity(CAA) assays, and erythrocyte hemolysis assays. RAW264.7 cells were used as a model to detect anti-inflammatory activity. Results The filamentous fungal isolate was identified to be A. niger. ORAC and CAA assay showed that FA-WB had better antioxidant activity than that of the ferulic acid standard. The erythrocyte hemolysis assay results suggested that FA-WB could attenuate AAPH-induced oxidative stress through inhibition of reactive oxy gen species(ROS) generation. FA-WB could significantly restore the AAPH-induced increase in intracellular antioxidant enzyme activities to normal levels as well as inhibit the intracellular malondialdehyde formation. TNF-?, IL-6, and NO levels indicated that FA-WB can inhibit the inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Conclusion Ferulic acid released from wheat bran by a new strain of A. niger had good anti-inflammatory activity and better antioxidant ability than standard ferulic acid.

Antioxidant, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic root extract of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication

Objective: To evaluate in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extract of the root of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Methods: Malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin as indices of liver damage and lipid peroxidation were detected in rats after intraperitoneal administration of extract (5 mg/kg). Results: The liver, kidney and heart showed significant reduction ( P <0.05) in the levels of MDA from (0.18依0.04), (0.23 依0.07) and (0.26依0.10) nmol/mg respectively in the CCl 4 control to (0.15依0.03), (0.17依0.04) and (0.17 依0.07) nmol/mg protein in groups pre-treated with the extract for three days at 5 mg/kg). Similarly, compared to the CCl 4 control, significant reduction ( P<0.05) in serum AST, ALT and bilirubin as well as in level of total cholesterol and MDA with concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels when CCl 4 -intoxicated rats were treated with Cassia singueana root extract for two weeks. Conclusions: These results suggest that methanolic extract of Cassia singueana contain potent antioxidant compounds that can offer significant protection against hepatic and oxidative injuries.

Estimation of total phenolic content,in-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of flowers of Moringa oleifera

Objective:To evaluate and compare the antioxidant potential and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of flowers of Moringa oleifera(M.oleifera)grown in Oman.Methods:Flowers of M.oleiferawere collected in the month of December 2012 and identified by a botanist.Alcoholic extract of the dry pulverized flowers ofM.oleiferawere obtained by cold maceration method.The ethanolic flower extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening as the reported methods.Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to estimate total phenolic content.DPPH was used to determinein-vitroantioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity of flowers was investigated by protein denaturation method.Results:Phytochemical analysis of extract showed presence of major classes of phytochemicals such as tannins,alkaloids,flavonoids,cardiac glycosidesetc.M.oleiferaflowers were found to contain 19.31 mg/g of gallic acid equivalent of total phenolics in dry extract but exhibited moderate antioxidant activity.The anti-inflammatory activity of plant extract was significant and comparable with the standard drug diclofenac sodium.Conclusions:The results of our study suggest that flowers ofM.oleiferapossess potent anti-inflammatory activity and are also a good source of natural antioxidants.Further study is needed to identify the chemical compounds responsible for their anti-inflammatory activity.

A comparative study on antioxidant potentials,inhibitory activities against key enzymes related to metabolic syndrome,and anti-inflammatory activity of leaf extract from different Momordica species

Momordica species are vegetable crops widely distributed in warmer regions of the world.In this work,we describe the antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects of the leaves from three different species of Momordica.The present investigation was initially carried out to explore the possible link between antioxidant,enzyme inhibitory property of Momordica leaf extract and their total phenolic and flavonoid contents.The anti-inflammatory activity was tested by using carrageenan-induced paw edema.Our results illustrated an enhanced antioxidant power of wild species comparable with a commercial variety.In addition,the leaf extract of M.dioica(200 mg/kg)presented a significant anti-inflammatory activity toward carrageenan-induced paw edema in Wistar rats in comparison to indomethacin(10 mg/kg).The contents of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds could be correlated with the antioxidant and enzymes inhibition activities.The major bioactive compounds of phenolic acids and flavonoids such as gallic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid,ferulic acid,ellagic acid,catechin,rutin,and quercetin were identified.Our findings suggest that wild Momordica species contains higher potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities than a commercial variety does,which could be tested as drug candidates against oxidative and inflammation-related pathological processes.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol stem-bark extract of Blighia sapida K.D.Koenig

Blighia sapida(B.sapida)K.D.Koenig(Family Sapindaceae)is a branchless straight bole approximately 15 m in length.The study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanol extract and fractions of B.sapida stem-bark using in vitro methods.Ethanol extract and its fractions were investigated for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging activity,ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP),total antioxidant capacity(TAC),and quantitative phenolic and flavonoid contents.Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation and membrane stabilization assays.The extract and its fractions exhibited radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties.The ethyl acetate fraction possessed maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents(136.67±1.55 gallic acid equivalent mg/g and 75.76±4.03 quercetin equivalent mg/g,respectively).Antioxidant studies revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction displayed superior activity with an IC_(50)=0.09±0.03 mg/mL DPPH,and values of 146.96±3.81 ascorbic acid equivalent(AAE)mg/g and 359.20±4.98 AAE mg/g for FRAP and TAC,respectively.Furthermore,the anti-inflammatory activity was revealed by inhibition of heatinduced albumin denaturation and red blood cell membrane stabilization at concentrations of 200 -1000 mg/mL and 50-250 mg/mL,respectively.The ethanol extract and fractions exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities,with ethyl acetate fraction showing superior activity,which could be attributed to secondary metabolites,mainly phenolic compounds.Overall,the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of B.sapida can be exploited by ethnomedicinal users.

Antioxidant,hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic root extract of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication

Objective:To evaluate in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extract of the root of Cassia singueana in rats following acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication.Methods:Malondialdehyde（MDA）,aspartate aminotransferase（AST）,alanine aminotransferase（ALT） and bilirubin as indices of liver damage and lipid peroxidation were detected in rats after intraperitoneal administration of extract（5 mg/kg）.Results:The liver, kidney and heart showed significant reduction（P【0.05） in the levels of MDA from（0.18±0.04）,（0.23±0.07） and（0.26±0.10） nmol/mg respectively in the CCl4 control to（0.15±0.03）,（0.17±0.04） and（0.17±0.07） nmol/mg protein in groups pre-treated with the extract for three days at 5 mg/kg(.Similarly, compared to the CCl4 control,significant reduction（P【0.05） in serum AST,ALT and bilirubin as well as in level of total cholesterol and MDA with concomitant increase in HDL cholesterol, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels when CCl4-intoxicated rats were treated with Cassia singueana root extract for two weeks.Conclusions:These results suggest that methanolic extract of Cassia singueana contain potent antioxidant compounds that can offer significant protection against hepatic and oxidative injuries.

Impacts of mesenchymal stem cells and hyaluronic acid on inflammatory indicators and antioxidant defense in experimental ankle osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND No effective treatment guarantees full recovery from osteoarthritis(OA),and few therapies have disadvantages.AIM To determine if bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs)and hyaluronic acid(HA)treat ankle OA in Wistar rats.METHODS BMMSCs were characterized using flow cytometry with detection of surface markers[cluster of differentiation 90(CD90),CD105,CD34,and CD45].Fifty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups of 10 rats each:Group I,saline into the right tibiotarsal joint for 2 days;Group II,monosodium iodate(MIA)into the same joint;Groups III,MIA+BMMSCs;Group IV,MIA+HA;and Group V,MIA+BMMSCs+HA.BMMSCs(1×106 cells/rat),HA(75μg/rat),and BMMSCs(1×106 cells/rat)alongside HA(75μg/rat)were injected intra-articularly into the tibiotarsal joint of the right hind leg at the end of weeks 2,3,and 4 after the MIA injection.RESULTS The elevated right hind leg circumference values in the paw and arthritis clinical score of osteoarthritic rats were significantly ameliorated at weeks 4,5,and 6.Lipid peroxide significantly increased in the serum of osteoarthritic rats,whereas reduced serum glutathione and glutathione transferase levels were decreased.BMMSCs and HA significantly improved OA.The significantly elevated ankle matrix metalloproteinase 13(MMP-13)mRNA and transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1)protein expression,and tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α)and interleukin-17(IL-17)serum levels in osteoarthritic rats were significantly downregulated by BMMSCs and HA.The effects of BMMSCs and HA on serum TNF-αand IL-17 were more potent than their combination.The lowered serum IL-4 levels in osteoarthritic rats were significantly upregulated by BMMSCs and HA.Additionally,BMMSCs and HA caused a steady decrease in joint injury and cartilage degradation.CONCLUSION BMMSCs and/or HA have anti-arthritic effects mediated by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on MIAinduced OA.MMP-13 and TGF-β1 expression improves BMMSCs and/or HA effects on OA in Wistar rats.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Arbutus unedo aqueous extract

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Arbutus unedo(A. unedo) leaves.Methods: In this context, the in vitro antioxidant activity was demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical and H_2O_2 radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and by the protection against peroxidation of b-carotene-linoleic acid in emulsion. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated first by studying the membrane of human red blood cells against different hypotonic concentrations of Na Cl and against heat, inhibiting the denaturation of albumin.Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found respectively [(207.84 ± 15.03)mg gallic acid equivalent/g, and(13.070 ± 0.096) mg quercetin equivalent/g]. The extract displayed significant scavenging activity of some radicals such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl [IC_(50)at(7.956 ± 0.278) mg/m L],OH [IC_(50)=(1 015.74 ± 46.35 mg/m L)], H_2O_2[IC_(50)=(114.77 ± 16.86) mg/m L] and showed a good antioxidant activity through ferrous ion chelating activity [IC_(50)=(1 014.30 ± 36.21) mg/m L], ferric reducing power [IC_(50)=(156.55 ± 17.40) mg/m L], total antioxidant capacity [IC_(50)=(461.67± 4.16) mg/m L] and b-carotene-linoleic acid protection against peroxidation [I% =(87.04 ± 1.21)% at 1 000 mg/m L].Conclusions: A. unedo showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation and red blood cells membrane stabilization. Our results show that aqueous leaf extract of A. unedo has good antioxidant activity and interesting anti-inflammatory properties. A. unedo aqueous extract can be used to prevent oxidative and inflammatory processes.

Investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of leaves of Dalbergia paniculata(Roxb)

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of orally administered methanolic leaf extract of Dalbergia paniculala(D.paniculata) in Carrageenan induced inflammation in rats.Methods:In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for superoxide radical, Hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical scavenging activity.Three doses 200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg of D.paniculala were tested for anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and paw thickness was measured every one hour up to 6 h. Results:The melhanolic leaf extract of D.paniculala produced dose dependent inhibition of Superoxide radical,Hydroxyl radical and OPPH radicals.In Carrageenan induced inflammation model,all three doses produced significant percentage inhibition of rat paw edema and 800 mg/kg dose produced maximum percent inhibition of rat paw edema(47.83%) at 3h compared to control group.Conclusions:In the present study we found that methanolic leaf extract of D.paniculata showed good in vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in rats.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Polysaccharide from Embelia parviflora Wall.on Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats

[Objectives]To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Embelia parviflora Wall.polysaccharide on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats.[Methods]RA rat model was induced by type II collagen.After successful modeling,the rats were divided into model group,positive group,low,medium and high dose of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide groups,and normal control group.Body mass,toe volume and arthritis index were measured,and thymus index and spleen index were calculated.The levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were detected by ELISA.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the pathological changes such as synovial hyperplasia and unclear layer were observed in the model group,the body mass was decreased(P<0.05),the toe volume,arthritis index,thymus and spleen index were increased(P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and ankle synovial tissue were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the histopathological changes in synovium of ankle joint in the positive group and the medium and high dose groups of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide were significantly improved,and the body mass was increased(P<0.05).The toe volume,arthritis index,thymus index and spleen index were decreased(P<0.05).The levels of IL-Iβ,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were increased(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference between the low dose group of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide and the model group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide can reduce the body's inflammatory response and improve RA,which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Effects of Three Chlorogenic Acid Extracts

[Objectives] To study the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of chlorogenic acid extracts of Gynura procumbens,Lonicera japonica,and Eucommia ulmoides leaves,and provide a reference for their usage as natural food preservatives and antioxidants. [Methods]The disc diffusion method was applied to study the antibacterial activity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves against several common pathogens. In the antioxidant effects,study was carried out on the anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,respectively.[Results]Three chlorogenic acid extracts had strong inhibitory effects on bacteria,especially the inhibition on Staphylococcus aureus. At the concentration of 100 mg/m L,the bacteriostatic ring of chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves reached 21. 4,23. 6 and 24. 7 mm respectively. Besides,these chlorogenic acid extracts had significant inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella,but the inhibitory effect on the yeast was not obvious; the antibacterial intensity of antibacterial compounds was chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides > chlorogenic acid extracts of L. japonica > chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens. Among these three chlorogenic acid extracts,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides had higher anti-lipid peroxidation,reducing capacity,and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity than other two chlorogenic acid extracts. [Conclusions] This paper reveals that among chlorogenic acid extracts of G. procumbens,L. japonica,and E. ulmoides leaves,the chlorogenic acid extracts of E. ulmoides leaves have a stronger antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity.

Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Ability of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf Parts

[Objectives]To study the antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects of different parts of Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf.[Methods]The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant capacity of ABTS of 75%ethanol extract of A.gigantifolia Stapf and the petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol,chloroform and aqueous extract were measured with Vc as positive control.At the same time,acarbose was used as reference substance to determine the inhibitory effect of each polar site onα-glucosidase.[Results]All parts of A.gigantifolia Stapf had antioxidant activity,among which ethyl acetate had the strongest antioxidant activity,and the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radical and DPPH radical was higher than that of positive control.The results showed that petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and chloroform had a good inhibitory effect onα-glucosidase(better than acarbose).[Conclusions]The ethyl acetate part of A.gigantifolia Stapf had the best antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect onα-glucosidase.It provides a basis for further research and development of A.gigantifolia Stapf.