Chemo-type of essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L.from DR Congo and relative in vitro antioxidant potential to the polarity of crude extracts

Objective:To carry out a phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil from Ocimum basilicum L.(O.basilicum) harvested in DR Congo and to assess the antioxidant potential of crude extracts with respect to the polarity for comparison reason.Methods:The phyto-chemical characterization of essential oil produced by hydrodistillation was performed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis and the antioxidant potential evaluation by in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity method.Results:A previously weighed amount of fresh leaves of O.basilicum produced 0.65%of essential oil that led to the identification of a set of 84.44%out of 99.98%as major compounds(> 1.5%).The chemo-type of this essential oil was linalool-methyl chavicol.Chemical components of oil were characterized by oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbons(46.00%) and oxygenated monoterpenes(26.75%).With respect to the amount of components,methyl chavicol also known as estragole(35.72%) constituted the very large quantity afterward linalool(21.25%) and then epi-α-cadinol(8.02%),α-bergamotene(6.56%),eugenol(4.60%),1,8-cineole(4.04%),germacrene D(2.06%),thymol(1.64%),and(E)-citral(1.55%),respectively.Essential oil exhibited antioxidant potential and IC_(50) =(1.180 ± 0.015) mg/mL.Non-polar crude extracts yields were low compared to the one of polar extracts.Only methanol and ethyl acetate had considerably manifested antioxidant potential with IC_(50) values equal to(0.025 ± 0.013) mg/mL and(0.085 ± 0.012) mg/mL,respectively.As concerns to IC50 values,essential oil was less active than methanol and ethyl acetate extracts.The methanol crude extract exhibited the highest activity.Non-polar extracts showed insignificant radical scavenging ability that did not allow assessing IC50 values.These results highlighted the occurrence of antioxidant potential compounds in polar media.Conclusions:Essential oil and crude extracts of O.basilicum growing in DR Congo can be advocated as natural sources of antioxidant potential compounds not only in food but also in pharmaceutical industries.The high antioxidant potential of polar crude extracts highlights antioxidant character of its composition particularly butyl stearate and rosmarinic acid we isolated and identified,respectively in the methanol crude extract.

Impact of Extraction on Biochemical Properties and Antioxidant Potential of Momordica charantia L. Seeds’ Oil

In this study, the influence of provenance and extraction methods on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of M. charantia seeds oil were evaluated. The oil is obtained on the one hand by cold extraction with hexane and on the other hand by hot extraction with soxhlet. The results obtained show that the extraction yield is significantly impacted by the extraction methods and the origin of the seeds. In addition, the soxhlet extraction gives a higher oil yield (32.07 ± 0.01). Cold extraction has made it possible to obtain oils with less attenuated physicochemical characteristics. Indeed, the acid numbers are high in the oils extracted by soxhlet (5.92 ± 0.25;4.25 ± 0.62 and 13.86 ± 0.83) than in those cold extracted with very low peroxide for all the oils obtained. On the other hand, the iodine and refractive indices are high in oils obtained cold (91.58 ± 0.85;100.74 ± 0.03 and 102.08 ± 0.28) (1.53 ± 0.01;1.52 ± 0.01 and 1.52 ± 0.01) with low saponification indices. The polyphenol concentrations and the anti-free radical activity are higher with the oils obtained cold (0.086 ± 0.001;0.08 ± 0.000 and 0.09 ± 0.01 mgEAG/g of oil) and (DPPH) (55.75% ± 1.16%;55.03% ± 0.72% and 56.35% ± 0.45%). The color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the different oils extracted also vary depending on the extraction method used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of the extracted oils. Therefore, the results suggest cold extraction to obtain a good quality and oxidation resistant oil.

Evaluation of Some Secondary Metabolites and Determination of the Antioxidant Potential of Different Extracts from the Plant of <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i>

The present study aims to make an evaluation of some secondary metabolites and determination of the antioxidant potential of P. aquilinum plant extracts obtained by means of a simple and rapid TLC method. The latter revealed the presence of terpenes, sterols, steroids, flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, sugars and amino acids. The evaluation of the potential antioxidant was assessed on phenolic and flavonoid compounds. These compounds’ dosages revealed different levels, but the highest antioxidant activity was found in the hydro-ethanol extract followed by the aqueous extract. Among the two families of evaluated antioxidants, phenolic compounds were found to be higher in the hydro-ethanolic extract (75.18 mgEAG/gMS), followed by the aqueous extract (66.78 mgEAG/gMS) and lower in the ethanolic extract (12.39 mgEAG/gMS). Whereas flavonoids, less significantly elevated, showed values of 2.58 mgECa/gMS for the hydro-ethanolic extract, 2.24 mgECa/gMS for the aqueous extract and 1.58 mgECa/gMS for the ethanolic extract. However, the antiradical activity was also evaluated. Contrary to the antioxidant activity, the most important antiradical activity was observed on the hydroethanolic extract with a rate of 3.61 mg/mL, then a weak activity on the aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively 6.18 mg/mL and 15.81 mg/mL, then less important on the aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts respectively at levels of 6.18 mg/mL and 3.61 mg/mL.

Significance of oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity tests as biomarkers of premature ovarian insufficiency: A case control study

BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency(POI)is a condition that causes secondary amenorrhea owing to ovarian hypofunction at an early stage.Early follicular depletion results in intractable infertility,thereby considerably reducing the quality of life of females.Given the continuum in weakened ovarian function,progressing from incipient ovarian failure(IOF)to transitional ovarian failure and further to POI,it is necessary to develop biomarkers for predicting POI.The oxidative stress states in IOF and POI were comprehensively evaluated via oxidative stress[diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites(d-ROMs)]test and anti-oxidant capacity[biological antioxidant potential(BAP)].METHODS Females presenting with secondary amenorrhea over 4 mo and a follicle stimulating hormone level of>40 mIU/mL were categorized into the POI group.Females presenting with a normal menstrual cycle and a follicle stimulating hormone level of>10.2 mIU/mL were categorized into the IOF group.Healthy females without ovarian hypofunction were categorized into the control group.Among females aged<40 years who visited our hospital from January 2021 to June 2022,we recruited 11 patients into both POI and IOF groups.For the potential antioxidant capacity,the relative oxidative stress index(BAP/d-ROMs×100)was calculated,and the oxidative stress defense system was comprehensively evaluated.RESULTS d-ROMs were significantly higher in the POI and IOF groups than in the control group,(478.2±58.7 U.CARR,434.5±60.6 U.CARR,and 341.1±35.1 U.CARR,respectively)(U.CARR is equivalent to 0.08 mg/dL of hydrogen peroxide).However,no significant difference was found between the POI and IOF groups.Regarding BAP,no significant difference was found between the control,IOF,and POI groups(2078.5±157.4μmol/L,2116.2±240.2μmol/L,and 2029.0±186.4μmol/L,respectively).The oxidative stress index was significantly higher in the POI and IOF groups than in the control group(23.7±3.3,20.7±3.6,and 16.5±2.1,respectively).However,no significant difference was found between the POI and IOF groups.CONCLUSION High levels of oxidative stress suggest that evaluating the oxidative stress state may be a useful indicator for the early detection of POI.

In vitro antioxidant,anti-diabetic,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of fresh juice from Citrus hystrix and C.maxima fruits

In the present study,antioxidant potential,α-amylase,α-glucosidase,cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of fresh juice from indigenous fruits of Citrus hystrix and C.maxima(Red&White var.)were investigated using an in vitro model.The contents of total phenolics,tannins,and total flavonoids ranged between 836.90 and 909.52 mg gallic acid equivalent(GAE)/L,333.33 and 523.21 mg gallic acid equivalent(GAE)/L and 224.88 and 262.22 mg rutin equivalent/L,respectively.The antioxidant activity of fresh juice was evaluated by employing different in vitro assays such as reducing power assay,DPPH•,ABTS•+and•OH radical scavenging capacities,peroxidation inhibition activity,antihemolytic assay.In addition,75.55%–79.75%ofα-amylase and 70.68%–72.83%ofα-glucosidase enzyme inhibition characteristics were found under in vitro starch digestion bioassay.Also,all the juice samples exhibited excellent tyrosinase(76.95%–80.79%),acetylcholinesterase(75.71%–79.74%)andβ-glucuronidase inhibitory activity(68.13%–69.38%).These results indicated that fresh juice of C.hystrix and C.maxima(Red&White var.)could be used as a source of antioxidant agents,functional food and nutraceuticals.©2014 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Microwave Assisted Extraction,Antioxidant Potential and Chromatographic Studies of Some Rasayana Drugs

Objective： To study and compare the conventional extraction procedure with microwave assisted extraction （MAE） for some Ayurvedic Rasayana drugs and to evaluate their antioxidant potential and carry out the characterization of extracts by thin layer chromatography. Methods： Three Ayurvedic rasayana plants Allium sativum Linn., Bombax ceiba Linn. and Inula racemosa Hook. were evaluated for an improved MAE methodology by determining the effects of grinding degree, extraction solvent, effect of dielectric constant and duration of time on the extractive value. Antioxidant potential of all three drugs was evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging activity and reducing power was determined by using Gallic acid as standard. Further thin layer chromatographic （TLC） analysis was performed on pre-activated Silica Gel G plates and Rf value were compared with those reported for the important biomarkers. Results： The total extractive value for Allium sativum Linn. was 36.95% （w/w） and 49.95% （w/w） for ethanol extraction respectively. In case of Bombax ceiba Linn. the yield of aqueous extract by MAE was 50% （w/w） compared to 42% （w/w） in ethanol （50% v/v）. Percent yield of Inula racernosa Hook. in aqueous extract was found to be 27.55% （w/w） which was better than ethanol extract （50%） where the yield was 25.95% （w/w）. Upon antioxidant activity evaluation A. safivum extract showed an absorbance of 0.980 ± 0.92 at concentration of 500 μg with maximum reducing capacity. This was followed by B. ceiba Linn. 0.825 ± 0.98 and I. racemosa Hook. with 0.799 ± 2.01 at a concentration of 500 μ g. TLC based standardization of A. sativum Linn. extract shows single spot with Rf value of 0.38, B. ceiba Linn. extract shows Rf values were 0.23, 0.58, 0.77, 0.92 and I. racemosa Hook. extract spot had a Rf value of 0.72. Conclusions： A significant improvement in extractive values was observed as a factor of time and other advantages by using MAE technology. All three drugs have high antioxidant potential and a TLC profiling similar to reported ones. The presence of fructan type polysaccharide can be further utilized for bioactivity directed fracUonation and evaluation of immunomodulatory activity.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of different polarities stem crude extracts by different extraction methods of Adenium obesum

Objective:To select best extraction method for the isolated antioxidant compounds from the stems of Adenium obesum.Methods:Two methods used for the extraction are Soxhlet and maceration methods.Methanol solvent was used for both extraction method.The methanol crude extract was defatted with water and extracted successively with hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol solvents.The antioxidant potential for all crude extracts were determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method.Results:The percentage of extraction yield by Soxhlet method is higher compared to maceration method.The antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by Soxhlet extractor method was highest in ethyl acetate and lowest in hexane crude extracts and found in the order of ethyl acetate>butanol>water>chloroform>methanol>hexane.However,the antioxidant potential for methanol and its derived fractions by maceration method was highest in butanol and lowest in hexane followed in the order of butanol>methanol>chloroform>water>ethyl acetate>hexane.Conclusions:The results showed that isolate antioxidant compounds effected on the extraction method and condition of extraction.

Whole Chia Flour as Yield Enhancer, Potential Antioxidant and Input of n-3 Fatty Acid in a Meat Product

In this paper, the effect of the addition of whole chia flour and water at cooked fish burgers on yield, water and fat retention, n-3 fatty acids content and oxidative stability were studied. The results showed that 94% of yield, 92% of water retention and 97% of fat retention were achieved with the addition of 5.92 g of whole chia flour and 15 g of water per 100 g of burger. The n-3 fatty content increased from 704.57 ± 21.66 mg to 1551.71 ± 47.71 mg/100g of cooked burger when the chia flour was added, enhancing nutritional quality indices of lipid. A good oxidative stability, with minimum formation of conjugated dienes, hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances during 30 days frozen storage was obtained too, probably due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds with antiradical activity and reducing power in the fibrous fraction of the flour chia. The results from the present study highlight remarkable technological applications of whole chia flour as food ingredient in the design of healthier fish meat commodities.

Potential of the use of an antioxidant compound to promote peripheral nerve regeneration after injury

The peripheral nervous system is a vital part of the body because it transfers information to coordinate all actions.Peripheral nerve injuries are detrimental to the proper function of this system and can cause loss of sense and movement.It is of utmost importance to research approaches to the treatment of peripheral nerve damage because such injuries can drastically change a person’s life,

Evaluation of Potential Extracts Antioxydant (Aqueous, Hydro-Ethanolic and Ethanolic) of an Aquatic Plant from the River Djoue (<i>Ledermanniella schlechteri</i>)

The aim for this present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of aqueous extracts (AE), hydro-ethanolic extracts (HE) and ethanolic extracts (EE) obtained from an aquatic plant (L. schlechteri) using a simple and fast method that is the CCM. This method revealed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids at different levels but with higher antioxidant activity in EE compared to AE. Among the two families of antioxidants evaluated, the phenolic compounds were found to be higher on the EE (5.85 mgEAG/MS) followed by the HE (5.06 mgEAG/MS) and less and less important on the AE (3.661 mgEAG/MS). While the less significantly elevated flavonoids showed values of 1.146 mgECa/MS for EE, 0.406 mgECa/MS for HE et 0.181 mgECa/MS for AE. However, the anti-free radical activity was also evaluated. Unlike the antioxidant activity, the ant-free radical activity with a greater IC50 was observed on AE with a rate of 66.66 mg/mL, then less on the hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic extracts, respectively at levels of 26.15 mg/mL et 19.18 mg/mL.

Phytochemicals Analysis, Antioxidant Capacities and Antimicrobial Properties of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Stem Bark of the Garlic Tree Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.

The objective of this study was to examine the phytochemical components, antioxidant activity and antibacterial property of ethyl acetate extract of the stem bark of garlic tree （Scorodocarpus borneensis）. The dried stem bark of S. borneensis were collected and homogenized after drying at room temperature （32℃） for 30 d. The stem barks were extracted by macerated method using 95% ethanol and then fractionated with ethyl acetate. The dried ethyl acetate extract was subjected to phytoehemical screening to determine the presence of bioactive components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Antioxidant activity of the extract in vitro was examined by 2,2-diphenyl-l-picryl-hydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging assay. The antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli was performed by disc diffusion assay. GCMS results revealed the presence of 14 different phytocompounds, viz, tetratriacontyl trifluoroacetate （41.61%）, 2-pentanone （13.65%）, oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-done （7.87%）, cinnamic acid （7.53%）, 10-octadecanoic acid （6.50%）, 1,2-benzeno dicarboxylix acid （4.99%）, octadecanoic acid （4.51%）, hexadecanoic acid （4.16%）, beta tumerone （3.01%）, 9-octadecenoic acid （1.70%）, tricosanol （1.38%）, hexadecano-phenone （1.36%）, 1-nonadecanol （0.93%） and n-nonadecanol （0.82%）. In vitro antioxidant activity （IC50） was found at 55.524 ppm as high powerful. The results of agar diffusion method showed that the ethyl acetate extracts had an antibacterial activity of 6.687 ± 0.800 mm againts S. aureus at 10% （w/v） and 7.500 ± 0.735 mm against E. coli at 10% （w/v） as moderate category. These findings suggest that S. borneensis stem bark is a valuable sources of bioactive compounds with promising as antioxidant and antibacterial sources.

Protein and Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities of 14 Early Maturing Potatoes as Affected by Processing

The effects of processing and genotype (fourteen early potato varieties) were evaluated for their phytochemicals, total phenolics (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), total anthocyanins (TAC), antioxidant activities measured by ORAC, FRAP and DPPH assays and protein content. While all these profiles were highly dependent on the potato variety and processing, F09085, F10090, French Fingerlings, Purple Fiesta, Red Thumb, Ciklamen and Norland were identified as nutritionally rich in phytochemicals such as TPC, TFC, TAC, higher antioxidant capacities and protein (p p p < 0.0001).

Chios mastic treatment of patients with active Crohn's disease

AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of mastic administra-tion on the clinical course and plasma inflammatory me-diators of patients with active Crohn’s disease (CD).METHODS: This pilot study was conducted in patients with established mild to moderately active CD, attend-ing the outpatient clinics of the hospital, and in healthy controls. Ten patients and 8 controls were recruited for a 4-wk treatment with mastic caps (6 caps/d, 0.37 g/cap). All patients successfully completed the protocol. CD Ac-tivity Index (CDAI), Nutritional Risk Index (NRI), C-re-active protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and total antioxidant potential (TAP) were evaluated in the plasma at baseline and at the end of the treatment period. Results were expressed as mean values ± SE and P < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.RESULTS: Patients exhibited significant reduction of CDAI (222.9 ± 18.7 vs 136.3 ± 12.3, P = 0.05) as com-pared to pretreament values. Plasma IL-6 was signifi-cantly decreased (21.2 ± 9.3 pg/mL vs 7.2 ± 2.8 pg/ mL, P = 0.027), and so did CRP (40.3 ± 13.1 mg/mL vs 19.7 ± 5.5, P = 0.028). TAP was significantly increased (0.15 ± 0.09 vs 0.57 ± 0.15 mmol/L uric acid, P = 0.036). No patient or control exhibited any kind of side effects. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that mastic signifi-cantly decreased the activity index and the plasma levels of IL-6 and CRP in patients with mildly to moderately ac-tive CD. Further double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in a larger number of patients are required to clarify the role of this natural product in the treatment of patients with CD.

Identification of novel bioactive proanthocyanidins with potent antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities from kiwifruit leaves

Agro-wastes contribute major social,economic,and environmental challenges for food production and circular economy systems.The current increasing demand for clean label food production and use of natural bioactive compounds could turn these challenges into opportunities providing avenues for proper utilization of agro-wastes to produce valuable products.This study aimed to investigate the potential use of kiwifruit(Actinidia chinensis)leaves as a source of proanthocyanidins(PAs)bioactive phenolic phytochemicals.Kiwifruit leaves PAs were extracted,purified,identified,and evaluated for their antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities.The structural composition of the purified PAs was characterized using HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF-MS.The results showed that purified kiwifruit leaves PAs(PKLPs)comprised mainly procyanidins,propelargonidins,and prodelphindins ranging from dimers to hexamers with(epi)catechin as terminal units and(epi)afzelechin or(epi)gallocatechin as dominant extension units.This study reports the structure of novel PKLPs monomer fractions was unique compared to the PAs that extracted from the other plant sources.The PKLPs exhibited higher phenolic content than the skin and flesh of several kiwifruit cultivars.Moreover,the PKLPs exhibited higher in vitro antioxidant activity in chemical-based(DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP)assays and H2O2-induced injury cell model than ascorbic,Trolox,and catechin(p<0.01).A remarkable dose-dependent anti-proliferation activity(IC_(50)=186.04±2.61μg/mL)against HepG2 cells was observed.In conclusion,this study demonstrated that kiwifruit leaves waste could serve as a sustainable and low-cost source of PAs,a group of multi-functional bioactive compounds that plays a key role in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Antioxidative potential of metformin:Possible protective mechanism against generating OH radicals

Exposure to particulate matter(PM)can lead to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),which causes oxidative stress and endangers human health.In this study,the effects of metformin on PM-induced radicals were investigated,and the antioxidation reaction mechanism of metformin was analyzed by the density functional theory(DFT)method.The corresponding results revealed that the consumption rate of dithiothreitol(DTT)increased as the metformin concentration(0–40 mmol/L)increased under exposure to PM active components.Moreover,the OH radical content decreased as the metformin concentration increased.This result may be related to the consumption of PM-induced OH radicals by metformin,which promotes the DTT consumption rate.Additionally,because the initiation reaction has a high barrier,the oxidation reaction rate between metformin and·O_(2)–is not very fast,although various catalysts may be present in the human environment.Importantly,we found that the barrier of metformin induced by OH radicals is only 9.6 kcal/mol while the barrier of metformin induced by oxygen is 57.9 kcal/mol,which shows that the rate of the·OH-initiated oxidative reaction of metformin is much faster and that this reaction path occurs more easily.By sample analysis,the mean OH radical generation was 55 nmol/min/g(ranging from 5 to 105 nmol/min/g)on haze days and 30 nmol/min/g(ranging from 10 to 50 nmol/min/g)on non-haze days.Moreover,OH radical generation was higher on haze days than on neighboring non-haze days.Taken together,all data suggest that metformin could consume the PM-induced radicals,such as OH radicals and·O_(2)–,thereby providing health protection.

Immunomodulatory and Antioxidativepotentials of adipose-derived Mesenchymalstem cells isolated from breast versusabdominal tissue: a comparative study

Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are considered ideal candidates for both research and cellular therapydue to ease of access, large yield, feasibility, and efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. Unlike the subcutaneousabdominal fat depot, breast ASCs features are still not well recognized, limiting their possible therapeutic use. ASCswere found to exert immunomodulatory and antioxidative activities for maintaining homeostasis and functionality ofdiseased/damaged tissues. This study aims to investigate the immunomodulatory and antioxidative potentials of breastversus abdominal isolated ASCs to find out which anatomical site provides ASCs with better immunoregulatory andoxidative stress resistance capabilities.Methods: ASCs were isolated from abdominal and breast tissues. Gene expression analysis was conducted for a panelof immunomodulatory and antioxidative genes, as well as adipokines and proliferation genes. Flow cytometric analysisof a group of immunomodulatory surface proteins was also performed. Finally, the significantly expressed genes haveundergone protein-protein interaction and functional enrichment in silico analyses.Results: Our results revealed similar morphological and phenotypic characteristics for both breast and abdominalASCs. However, a significant elevation in the expression of two potent immunosuppressive genes, IL-10 and IDO aswell as the expression of the multifaceted immunomodulatory adipokine, visfatin, was detected in breast versusabdominal ASCs. Moreover, a significant overexpression of the antioxidative genes, GPX1, SIRT5, and STAT3 and theproliferation marker, Ki67, was also observed in breast ASCs relative to abdominal ones. In silico analysis showed thatboth of the differentially upregulated immunomodulatory and antioxidative mediators integratively involved inmultiple biological processes and pathways indicating their functional association.Conclusion: Breast ASCs possess superior immunomodulatory and antioxidative capabilities over abdominal ASCs. Ourfindings shed light on the possible therapeutic applications of breast ASCs in immune-related and oxidative stressassociateddiseases.