Aphrodisiac potentials of the aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis(Schweinf.Ex Hiern) stem in male albino rats

Aim： To evaluate the phytochemical constituents and the agrestis （Rubiaceae） stem in male albino rats. Methods： aphrodisiac potential of the aqueous extract of Fadogia The aqueous stem extract of the plant was screened for phytochemical constituents. Male rats were orally dosed with 18 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively, of the extract at 24 h intervals and their sexual behavior parameters and serum testosterone concentration were evaluated at days 1, 3 and 5. Results： Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and saponins while anthraquinones and flavonoids are weakly present. All the doses resulted in significant increase in mount frequency, intromission frequency and significantly prolonged the ejaculatory latency （P 〈 0.05） and reduced mount and intromission latency （P 〈 0.05）. There was also a significant increase in serum testosterone concentrations in all the groups in a manner suggestive of dose-dependence （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The aqueous extract of Fadogia agrestis stem increased the blood testosterone concentrations and this may be the mechanism responsible for its aphrodisiac effects and various masculine behaviors. It may be used to modify impaired sexual functions in animals, especially those arising from hypotestosteronemia.

Determinants of Male Coital Difficulties among Attendees of the Gynae Clinic at a Tertiary Health Center in North-Central Nigeria

Background: Male sexual or coital difficulties are among the factors contributing to infertility in couples seeking fertility as this may result in low coital frequency. Aims/Objectives: To evaluate the causes of male sexual or coital difficulties among couples attending the infertility clinic at BSUTH, Makurdi over a 2 year period. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study involving all males attending the infertility clinic at Benue State University Teaching Hospital (BSUTH) who consent to participate in the study. A pretested structured questionnaire was administered and analyzed with statistical package for social sciences (version 23.0) and the results were presented in simple proportions. Results: There were several factors responsible for male coital difficulties. The most common was male erectile dysfunction 33 (32.4%), vaginismus 11 (10.8%), penile pain 14 (13.7%), poor response from the female partner 8 (7.8%) and severe dyspareunia 18 (17.1%). Conclusion: Coital difficulties resulting to low frequency of sexual exposure constitutes a major cause of infertility among males attending the infertility clinic at BSUTH, Makurdi. Therefore efforts should be made to evaluate these factors while assessing infertility couples in order to mitigate the effect.

A summary of the pharmacologically tested aphrodisiac plants for sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction is a disruption of normal sexual intercourse and may be a consequence of various organic and psychological disorders. It is the most frequent at patients with cardiovascular and neurological diseases, sedentary lifestyle, arterial hypertension, diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome, and may disrupt their emotional life. But, sexual dysfunction may occur simply because of the physical aging of the body. Physiologic changes that occur with aging will aff ect sexual function and could be exacerbated by the above-mentioned diseases. Except for the sexual counseling and standard medications (phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)– inhibitors, local estrogen therapy), some of the herbal medicines (aphrodisiacs) may be helpful in the treatment of these patients making them emotionally younger and happier. In this review, we bring a list of the pharmacologically tested aphrodisiac plants. But, we have a lack of information about their mechanisms of action, drug interaction and safety profi le. Until the relevant information is collected, uses of these products may be risky to the human being and should be prescribed only in consultation with a specialist.

Effects of Terminalia catappa seeds on sexual behaviour and fertility of male rats

Aim: To evaluate the aphrodisiac potential of Terminalia catappa Linn. seeds using a suspension of its kernel (SS)in 1% methyl cellulose in rats. Methods: Male rots were orally treated with 1500 mg/kg or 3000 mg/kg SS or ve-hicle, and their sexual behaviour was monitored 3 h later using a receptive female. Another group of rats was orallytreated with either 3000 mg/kg SS or vehicle for 7 consecutive days. Their sexual behaviour and fertility were evaluatedon days 1, 4 and 7 of treatment and day 7 post-treatment by pairing overnight with a pro-oestrous female. Results:The 1500 mg/kg dose, had a marked aphrodisiac action (prolongation of ejaculation latency) but no effect on libido(% mounting, % intromission and % ejaculation), sexual vigour (mounting-and-intromission frequency), or sexualperformance (intercopulatory interval). In contrast, the higher dose (3000 mg/kg) reversibly inhibited all the para?e-ten of sexual behaviour other than mounting-and-intromission frequency and copulatory efficiency. The effects of highdose SS were not due to general toxicity, liver toxicity, haemotoxicity, stress, muscle deficiency, muscle incoordina-fion, analgesia, hypoglycaemia or reduction in blood testosterone level. They were due to marked sedation. Conclu-sion: The kernel of T. catappa seeds has aphrodisiac activity and may be useful in the treatment of certain forms ofsexual inadequacies, such as premature ejaculation.

Pedalium murex Linn.:An overview of its phytopharmacological aspects

Pedalium murex Linn(family:Pedaliaceae)(P.murex) commonly known as Large Caltrops and Gokhru(India) is a shrub found in the Southern part.Deccan region of India and in some parts of Ceylon.Different parts of the plant are used to treat various ailments like,cough,cold and as an antiseptic.Interestingly.P.murex is reported traditionally to have an excellent cure in patients with reproductive disorders which are mainly impotency in men.nocturnal emissions,gonorrhoea as well as leucorrhoea in women.The plant has also benifiled in complications like urinary track disorder as well as gastro intestinal tract disorders.Phytochemically the plant is popular for the presence of a considerable amount of diosgenin and vanillin which are regarded as an important source and useful starting materials for synthesizing steroidal contraceptive drugs and isatin alkaloids.Other phytochemicals reported in the plant includes quercetin.ursolic acid,caffeic acid,amino acids(glycine,histidine,tyrosine,threonine,aspartie acid and glutamic acid) and various classes of fatty acids(triacontanoic acid,nonacosane.tritriacontane.tetratriacontanyl and heptatriacontan-4-one).Pharmacologically,the plant have been investigated for antiulcerogenic. nephroprotective.hypolipidemic,aphrodisiac,antioxidant,antimicrobial and insecticidal activities.From all these reports it can be concluded that the plant were found to have a better profile with potential natural source for the treatment of various range of either acute or chronic disease.The overall database of our review article was collected from the scientific sources in regards with all the information ol the research article for P.murex published so far.

Effects of Dracaena arborea(Dracaenaceae) on sexual dysfunction in 4 weeks hyperglycemic male rats

Objective:To investigate the effects of Dracaena arborea(D.arborea) on the sexual behavior parameters in experienced type-1 diabetic rats.Methods:Aqueous and ethanol(100 and 500mg/kg respectively)extracts of dried root barks of D.arborea.sildenafil citrate(1.44 mg/kg),trimethylamine-N-oxide(TMAO,20 mg/kg)and distilled water(110 mL/kg.were orally administered to 4 weeks streptozolocin-induced diabetic rats.Mount latency and frequency(ML.MF),intromission latency and frequency(IL,IF) and post-ejaculatory interval(PEI) were measured by ejaculating series during 90 min once a week for 4 weeks.Glycemia was determined at the beginning and at the end of the treatment Results:D.arborea did not show any major antihvperglycemic effects.Compared to the control group,a significant(P<0.05-0.001)increase in MF and IF was noticed in rats treated with sildenafil citrate(89.71% and 90.07% respectively),aqueous(500 mg/kg.88.08%and 88.749;respectively) and ethanol(100 mg/kg;89.53%and 89.17respectively) extracts of D.arborea after two weeks(series 1) of treatment.ML,IL and PEI were significantly(P<0.05-0.001) decreased after 4 weeks of daily treatment[sildenafil citrate(96.31.96.31%and 34.98%),and D.arborea aqueous 500 mg/kg(94.33.94.33% and 66.609;i and ethanol extracts 100 mg/kg(96.98.97.089;and 64.26%)].Conclusions:These aphrodisiac potentials of D.arborea in experienced diabetic rats could be due to the antioxidant and androgenic properties of phenols,flavonoids.saponins and sterols revealed in the plant extracts.

Male infertility:A scoping review of prevalence,causes and treatments

Male factor infertility has now become a major health disorder,affecting human reproduction and developing worldwide as a serious medical and social issue.It causes trauma,emotional instability,and mental stress in the affected couples.In nearly half of the analyzed cases,male-associated factors are the major contributors.The present review outlines a wide range of factors responsible for male infertility.We performed an in-depth literature review of the global index of infertility by using data from World Health Organization’s website,Elsevier’s,PubMed and Scopus databases as well as journals.The quality and quantity of semen,male hormonal imbalance,genetic deterioration,and reactive oxygen species are the fundamental causes of male factor infertility.In addition,air quality,water quality,noise pollution,lifestyle changes,improper diet consumption,malnutrition,exposure to chemicals and toxins,smoking habits,drug abuses,major diseases,and medications are also contributors to infertility issues that can temporarily or permanently influence male reproductive system.We also reviewed the prevalence of male infertility in different countries.

Aphrodisiac Activity of Aqueous Extract of <i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>Pollen in Male Rats

Aim of study: Ancient literature alluded to the use of a number of plants/preparations as sex enhancer. One of such botanicals is Phoenix dactylifera in which the pollen grain has been acclaimed to be used as an aphrodisiac. However, the validity has not been scientifically tested. Dopamine is known to facilitate male sexual function. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera pollen on the sexual behavior of male rats and to measure of serum Estradiol and Testostrone. Also, dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbence (NAc) was studied in male rats using in vivo microdialysis. Methods and Materials: sixty male rats were randomized into 6 groups (A-F). Group A received 0.2 ml of Normal Saline mixed with Dimethyl Sulphate (DMSO), while groups B-F were injected same volume containing 35 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg, 105 mg/kg, 140 mg/kg and 350 mg/kg of DPP extract, respectively. Sexual behavioral parameters including mounting, intromission and ejaculation frequencies and latencies were recorded in male rats one hour after injection of extract by mating with a receptive female (1:1). The male serum testosterone and estradiol concentrations were also determined. Results: All doses stimulated male sexual behavior. Extract significantly increased mount, ejaculation, intromission frequencies and ejaculation latency in comparison to controlled ones (p 0.001). Mount and intromission latencies significantly reduced (p 0.001). Maximum effect was observed in dose 140 mg/kg. This extract was found to enhance Testestrone, Estradiol and the orientation of males toward female ones by increasing mounting and ano-genital investigatory behavior. Conclusions: Data from this study identified that the aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera pollen grain enhanced sexual behaviour in male rats. The improved sexual appetitive behaviour in male rats may be attributed, to the alkaloids, saponins, and or flavonoids since these phytochemicals has engorgement, androgen enhancing. Also, our findings support the traditional use of this plant as acclaimed aphrodisiac and for the treatment of pre-ejaculation and impotency.

Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodisiacproperties in mice

Objective: To investigate the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on the aphrodisiac properties including sexual behaviour, testosterone level, percentage of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice. Methods: In this experiment, each male cohabitated with one female in a polysulfone cage. 30 ICR male mice were divided into 6 groups that received normal saline (the control group), 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg body weight of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts orally for 21 days consecutively. Sexual behavior, percentage of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice were measured according to the established methods. Testosterone level was measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Mice that received Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts at 50 mg/kg body weight (day 0) had significantly higher mount frequency as compared to the control group;groups treated with 100, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight extracts produced a greater number of offsprings when compared to the control group. All aphrodisiac parameters were similar between the treatment groups and the control group, indicating that Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extract did not significantly alter the aphrodisiac parameters. Conclusions: Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts have no effect on the aphrodisiac properties, but could increase the breeding rate in mice.

The relaxant effect of methanolic extract of yohimbe bark (<i>Pausinystalia yohimbe</i>) on rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscles

Background: Development and maintenance of penile erection requires the relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) cells and it is essentially mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Pausinystalia yohimbe bark is traditionally used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Objectives and Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the methanolic extract of P. yohimbe bark (10 mg/ml) on isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM). Results: Methanolic extract of P. yohimbe bark blocked contractions in CCSM induced by adrenergic agonists, through facilitating NO release from the endothelial cells. Conclusion: The obtained results revealed that, methanolic extract of P. yohimbe bark caused relaxation of CCSM that validates its traditional aphrodisiac property, thus it could be used to initiate and maintain erection in cases of erectile dysfunction.

Aphrodisiac activity of aqueous extract of Anthonotha macrophylla P.Beauv.leaves in female Wistar rats

OBJECTIVE： This study investigated the aphrodisiac activity of aqueous extract of Anthonotha macrophylla leaves （AEAML） in female Wistar rats. METHODS： Thirty female rats were assigned into five groups of six animals each, such that rats in groups A, B, C, D and E received orally 1 mL of distilled water only, 5.7 mg/kg body weight （BW） of Exus Ginseng （a polyherbal formulation）, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg BW of AEAML, respectively. After 1 h of treatment, female sexual behaviour parameters were monitored for 30 min. Luteinizing hormone （LH）, follicle stimulating hormone （FSH）, estradiol （E） and testosterone were also determined using standard methods. RESULTS： Six secondary metabolites were detected in AEAML with alkaloids （13.00 mg/L） being the highest. AEAML at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW significantly （P〈0.05） increased the darting frequency, hopping frequency, lordosis frequency, anogenital grooming, genital grooming and licking behaviour, whereas the darting latency, hopping latency and lordosis latency decreased （P〈0.05） in a manner comparable with Exus Ginseng. The 25 and 50 mg/kg BW of AEAML increased （P〈0.05） the serum concentrations of FSH, LH and E, like Exus Ginseng, whereas testosterone content was not altered （P〉0.05）. The 100 mg/kg BW of AEAML did not alter （P〉0.05） the sexual behaviour parameters, serum FSH, LH and E contents, whereas testosterone content increased significantly. The ovarian histology of the animals treated with Exus Ginseng, AEAML at 25 and 50 mg/kg BW revealed developing and ruptured follicles with numerous corpora lutea in the stroma, whereas the 100 mg/kg BW of AEAML produced fewer follicles and corpora lutea. CONCLUSION： The enhanced proceptive, receptive and orientation components of the female sexual behaviour by the 25 and 50 mg/kg BW of AEAML confers sexual invigorating potential on the plant. This study thus justifies the folkloric claim of the plant as a female aphrodisiac.

鼠鞭草的植物药理研究进展(英文)

Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell belonging to the family Violaceae, popularly known as Ratanpurus (Hindi) is a herb or a shrub distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. In the Ayurvedic literature, the plant is reported to cure conditions of "Kapha" and "Pitta", urinary calculi, strangury, painful dysentery, vomiting, burning sensation, wandering of the mind, urethral discharge, blood trouble, asthma, epilepsy, cough, and to give tone to the breasts. Phytochemically, the plant contains a considerable amount of dipeptide alkaloids, aurantiamide acetate, isoarborinol, and β-sitosterol, sugars, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, phenols, flavones, catachins, tannins, anthraquinones and amino acids. Pharmacologically, the plant is reported to possess antidiabetic, antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, nephroprotective, aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, aldose reductase inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities. The information provided in this review will be worthwhile to know the applicability of H. enneaspermus for the treatment of various acute or chronic diseases with a diverse nature of phytoconstituents. The overall data in this review article were collected from various scientific sources on the research of H. enneaspermus.

Cardiovascular Protection and Possible Mechanism of Aphrodisiac Action of Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng

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