Comparative Chemical Research in Essential Oils from Six Apiaceae Species Growing in the Northern Region of Vietnam

Our study aimed to compare the essential oil(EO)concentration and composition of several Apiaceae species growing in the Northern region of Vietnam.The yields of EOs from materials ranged from 0.03%(root EO of Angelica acutiloba and aerial parts EO of Heracleum bivittatum)-0.27%(leaf EO of Xyloselinum vietnamense).Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)allowed the identification of 74 components in the EOs of six Apiaceae species,making up 94.4%–100.0%of the oils.In EO from Angelica acutiloba,(Z)-ligustilide accounted for an extremely large proportion(94.9%).EO of Angelica pubescens was dominated by six character-istic components includingα-pinene(21.5%),β-phellandrene(18.1%),p-cymene(12.2%),3-methylnonane(8.7%),o-cymene(8.1%),and D-sylvestrene(6.2%).The EO from Cryptotaenia japonica was characterized by high amounts ofα-selinene(48.7%),β-selinene(23.7%),and trans-β-farnesene(5.4%).The EOs from leaves and stems of Xyloselinum vietnamense were characterized by high concentrations of sabinene(69.8%and 33.8%),4-terpineol(8.7%and 7.4%)andβ-pinene(4.0%and 6.5%)while EOs from aerial parts and root of Xylo-selinum leonidii comprise four characteristic monoterpenes includingα-pinene(28.2%and 52.8%),β-pinene(7.9%and 10.3%),β-phellandrene(7.6%and 15.3%),and sabinene(3.0%and 4.1%).Additionally,cryptone is also one of the major components in the EO of Xyloselinum leonidii(13.2%in the aerial parts oil and 2.8%in the root oil).In the EOs isolated from the aerial parts and root of Heracleum bivittatum,α-pinene(22.5%and 70.2%)andβ-pinene(43.2%and 20.0%)were the predominant monoterpenes.Sabinene appeared in the EO from aerial parts of Heracleum bivittatum with a relatively high concentration(13.5%)while bornyl acetate(5.1%)was also one of the main components in the EO from its aerial parts but was not detected in other Apiaceae species in the present study.These databases help identify and control the quality of plant material studied from the family Apiaceae growing in Vietnam.

Comprehensive identification and analyses of the Hsf gene family in the whole-genome of three Apiaceae species

Apiaceae is a major family from Apiales and includes many important vegetable and medicinal crops.Heat shock transcription factors(Hsf)play important roles in heat tolerance during plant development.Here,we conducted systematic analyses of the Hsf gene family in three Apiaceae species,including 17 Apium graveolens(celery),32 Coriandrum sativum(coriander),and 14 Daucus carota(carrot).A total of 73 Hsf genes were identified in three representative species,including Arabidopsis thaliana,Vitis vinifera,and Lactuca sativa.Whole-genome duplication played important roles in the Hsf gene family’s expansion within Apiaceae.Interestingly,we found that coriander had more Hsf genes than celery and carrot due to greater expansion and fewer losses.Twenty-seven branches of the phylogenetic tree underwent considerable positive selection in these Apiaceae species.We also explored the expression patterns of Hsf genes in three plant organs.Collectively,this study will serve as a rich gene resource for exploring the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance.Additionally,this is the first study to report on the Hsf gene family in Apiaceae;thus,our research will provide guidance for future comparative and functional genomic studies on the Hsf gene family and others in Apiaceae.

Comparative Morphology of the Leaf Epidermis in <i>Ligusticum</i>(Apiaceae) from China

To investigate the taxonomic value of leaf epidermal characters in developing a classification for Ligusticum (Apiaceae), thirty-eight species (including a cultivar) of the genus were examined using both light and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that the infrageneric classification of Ligusticum based on the characters of involucel bracteoles, mericarps, and pollen grains was not supported as few epidermal characters were relatively constant at section level. Evidence from leaf epidermis, similar to that from molecular and morphological data, supports the separation of Tilingia (i.e. L. ajanense and L. tachiroei) from Ligusticum. Ligusticopsis was found to be indistinguishable from Ligusticum in epidermal characters. Furthermore, results from epidermal analysis, together with that from cytological evidence, fruit morphology as well as molecular phylogenetics suggest that L. delavayi should be transferred out of Ligusticum.

Distribution and Chemical Composition of Monocarpic Plants of the Apiaceae Family in Tien Shan Mountain

The article presents materials on the distribution and data on the chemical composition of monocarpic plants of the Apiaceae family in the Tien Shan Mountains.

Mosquitocidal Activity of Extracts from Ammi visnaga (Apiaceae) Seeds

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are responsible for transmission of many viral diseases, such as Zika fever, dengue fever, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Emergence of resistance to currently used pesticides among mosquitoes has increased the importance for the search for novel mosquito control agents. Natural products, particularly plant and microbe derived secondary metabolites, are good sources in the search for such compounds. Ammi visnaga (Lam.) Lamarck is a plant in the Apiaceae family native to North Africa, Europe, and Asia. In the search for environmentally benign and effective insecticides as part of an ongoing joint effort between the USDA (US Department of Agriculture) and the DWFP (Deployed War Fighter Protection) program sponsored by the Department of Defense, we have investigated ethyl acetate extract of A. visnaga seeds. Two furanochromones, khellin and visnagin that exhibited larvicide activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the seeds by bioassay-guided fractionation. This is the first report of mosquito larvicidal activity of khellin and visnagin.

Essential oils from Elaeoselinum asclepium: Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties

Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from Elaeoselinum asclepium(L.) Bertol.(E. asclepium), and test the efficiency of the essential oil as an antimicrobial and antioxidant agent.Methods: Essential oil was obtained from the aerial parts of E. asclepium by hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. We study for the first time the chemical composition of the essential oil of E. asclepium, followed by the in vitro antimicrobial activities, which were evaluated by agar diffusion method against six Gram-positive bacteria, five Gram-negative bacteria, and two fungi. In addition, The antioxidant activities were also investigated using assays of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and ferricreducing capacity.Results: The analyzed essential oil of the aerial parts of E. asclepium was rich in apinene(43.9%), other compounds detected in appreciable amounts were sabinene(27.9%) and b-pinene(16.0%). The essential oil yields 1.2%, the IC50 values of essential oil in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay in the reducing power assay were 48.26 mg/m L and at 1 mg/m L, respectively. The absorbance value of essential oil at 700 nm was0.956. The antimicrobial effect was higher on Candida albicans ATCC 1024 strain with the inhibition zone 14.5 mm than bacteria and molds.Conclusions: The essential oil of E. asclepium has antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. These species may be used as an important source of natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.

Chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand

Objective: To determine the chemical composition, as well as the antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial activities of essential oils obtained from some Apiaceous and Lamiaceous plants collected in Thailand. Methods: The essential oils of the specified spices and aromatic herbs were obtained by hydro-distillation, and their chemical constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant assays were based on the scavenging effects of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS) free radicals as well as the lipid oxidation inhibition of β-carotene bleaching by linoleic acid. Tyrosinase enzyme inhibition was evaluated by the dopachrome method. Broth microdilution technique was performed for the purposes of studying microbial growth inhibition against the isolated bacterial strains. Results: The essential oils of Elsholtzia stachyodes, Coleus amboinicus(I) and Trachyspermum ammi presented a high degree of potency in DPPH, ABTS and β-carotene bleaching assays. The Trachyspermum ammi oil, which mainly contained thymol(49.04%) and p-cymene(22.06%), proved to be the most effective in terms of antibacterial activity. The major compositions of Coleus amboinicus(I) were carvacrol(51.57%), γ-terpinene(18.04%) and p-cymene(7.81%); while thymol(43.76%) and γ-terpinene(24.61%) were identified as the major components of Elsholtzia stachyodes oil, with p-cymene(6.73%) being identified as a minor constituent. Moreover, Cuminum cyminum oil containing cuminaldehyde(49.07%) and Elsholtzia communis oil composed with geranial(44.74%) and neral(35.27%) as the major components displayed a specific ability for the inhibition of the mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. Conclusions: The results indicated that these bioactive essential oils obtained from indigenous herbs are of significant interest as alternative raw materials in food, cosmetic and medicinal products.

Chemical analysis,antimicrobial and anti-oxidative properties of Daucus gracilis essential oil and its mechanism of action

Objective:To evaluate the essential oils(EO) composition,antimicrobial and antioxidant power of a local plant,Daucus gracilis(D.gracilis).Methods:The aerial parts of D.gracilis were subjected to hydro distillation by a Clevenger apparatus type to obtain the EO which had been analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry,and screened for antimicrobial activity against five bacteria and three fungi by agar diffusion method.The mechanism of action of the EO was determined on the susceptible strains by both of time kill assay and lysis experience.The minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined by agar macrodilution and micro-dilution methods.Anti-oxidative properties of the EO were also studied by free diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and reducing power techniques.Results:The EO yielded 0.68(v/w).The chemical analysis presented two dominant constituents which were the elemicin(35.3%) and the geranyl acetate(26.8%).D.gracilis EO inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus and Proteus mirabilis significantly with minimal inhibitory concentrations of 17.15 μg/mL by the agar dilution method and57.05 μg/mL and 114.1 μg/mL,respectively by liquid micro-dilution.A remarkable decrease in a survival rate as well as in the absorbance in 260 nm was recorded,which suggested that the cytoplasm membrane was one of the targets of the EO.The EO showed,also,important anti-oxidative effects with an IC50 of 0.002 mg/mL and a dosedependent reducing power.Conclusions:D.gracilis EO showed potent antimicrobial and anti-oxidative activities and had acted on the cytoplasm membrane.These activities could be exploited in the food industry for food preservation.

Approach to pharmacological and clinical applications of Anisi aetheroleum

Anisi aetheroleum is the oil obtained from Pimpinella anisuin L.(P.anisuin) by steam distillation.P.anisuin seeds were air-dried,and then the dry seeds were crushed,pulverized,and weighed in sequence for anise oil preparation.P.anisuin is one of the oldest medicinal plants that belong to family Apiaceae.The fruit of P.anisuin is harvested in August and September.P.anisuin is widespread in Asia,Africa and Europe.Local names of P.anisuin include anise,anisoon,roomy,saunf,sweet cumin and yansoon.The anise oil odour is aromatic while the oil tastes sweet.The average daily dose of Anisi aetheroleum is 0.3 g.transAnethole is the major ingredient of the anise oil.Anisi aetheroleum also displays a protective action against neurotoxicity.In addition.Anisi aetheroleum increases glucose absorption and reduces urine output in the rat.The plant oil have pharmacological(antimicrobial,hepatoprotective.anticonvulsant,anti-inflammatory,antispasmodic,bronchodilator.estrogenic,expectorant and insecticidal) effects and clinical effects on nausea,constipation,menopausal period,virus,diabetes,obesity and sedative action.Owing to the wide application of Anisi aetheroleum in pharmacological and clinical fields,it is recommended for more clinical trails to discover a new medication from the active constituents of the plant oil in the future to treat human diseases especially chronic ones.

Quantitative and qualitative changes of Eryngium caeruleum under the influence of biological factors

Objective:Humans have long used volunteer edible for food purposes,but with the advancement of Agricultural science,the use of native wild plants has become less important and today,with increasing population and food shortages,on the one hand,the cost of cultivation and water supply and Suitable agricultural soil,on the other hand,should once again be considered as a secondary resource alongside other food sources.The increasing use of chemical fertilizers has caused irreparable environmental and health damage.Eryngium caeruleum is a perennial and native plant that normally grows in autumn and spring.Materials and methods:In order to study the impact of different planting densities and biological fertilizers on Eryngium caeruleum yield and essential oil content,an experiment was conducted in 2013 in Sari based on a factorial randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 5 replications.The factors included Eryngium caeruleum with 3 density levels of(1030,2030 and 3030 cm),mycorrhiza at 2 inoculated and non-inoculated levels and Azotobacter at 2 levels of inoculated with seeds and non-inoculated.Results:The results showed that the mycorrhizal symbiosis treatments and Azotobacter application had a significant effect on all measured characteristics and increased the measured characteristics in the experimental group compared to the control group.The amount of naphthalene was obtained from mycorrhizal coexistence of 70.33%and the application of Azotobacter 3.33%and control 0.69.