Immunoregulatory polysaccharides from Apocynum venetum L.flowers stimulate phagocytosis and cytokine expression via activating the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways in RAW264.7 cells

Two immunomodulatory polysaccharides(Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3) were isolated and identified from Apocynum venetum L. flowers, and their innate immune-stimulating functions and working mechanisms were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. Both the level of released nitric oxide(NO) and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) m RNA were significantly enhanced in the RAW264.7 macrophages cells treated by Vp2a-Ⅱ and Vp3. Vp2a-Ⅱ(100–800 μg/m L) and Vp3(400 μg/mL) could significantly increase the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and the secretion and m RNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in a concentrationdependent manner through affecting mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activity and nuclear factor κB(NF-κB) nuclear translocation. Vp2a-Ⅱ might activate the MAPK signaling pathways and induce the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, whilst Vp3 likely activated the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways without influencing the p38 MAPK route.

Influence on the Quality of Apocynum Venetum with Different Degumming Methods

The biochemical degumming and chemical degumming were employed to process apocynum venetum, and indices values for the residual gum content, fineness, strength of single fiber, average length, moisture regain and whiteness of degummed apocynum venetum fibers are evaluated with fuzzy mathematical method. The results obtained from this investigation show that the general index value of degummed apocynum venetum fibers with biochemical degumming （K1= 0.626 09） is prior to that with chemical degumming（K2=0.421 64）.

Feasibility and Prospect about the Cultivation of Apocynum venetum L. in Coastal Salt-affected Soils

[Objective]The aim of this paper was to analyze the feasibility and prospect of Apocynum venetum L.cultivation in coastal salt-affected soils.[Method]The habitat and distribution of Apocynum venetum L.in coastal area of north China were studied.A method to integrate the charicteristics of Apocynum venetum L.（Luobuma） with the utilization of salt-affected soils in this region was proposed.[Result]The introduction,domestication and growth of plants on coastal salt-affected soils can realize the protection of endangered wild species,and achieve the purpose of improving soil.The characteristics of Apocynum venetum L.can produce optimum economic and ecological benefits.[Conclusion]The implementation will provide references for the protection and exploitation of wild plant,and it is of positive significance for the integration of soil and plant resources.

Apocynum venetum Feed Affects the Serum Metabolism of Tan-sheep through the Amino Acid and Glycolipid Metabolic Pathways

[Objective]The paper was to explore the effects of Apocynum venetum diet on nutritional metabolism of Tan sheep.[Method]Forty Ningxia Tan sheep were randomly divided into 4 groups(A,B,C and D),with 10 sheep in each group.The sheep were fed with different contents of A.venetum granule feedstuff(0%,5%,10%and 15%).Blood samples were collected from jugular vein on the 20th,40th and 60th day of the experimental period.Serum samples were prepared and analyzed for differential metabolites by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technique and annotated to the KEGG pathway.[Result](1)The differential metabolites increased with the extension of feeding time.The up-regulated metabolites in Tan sheep serum were more than the down-regulated ones,and reached the maximum on the 40th day.The up-regulated differential metabolites included 2 amino acids(valine and alanine),7 organic acids(β-hydroxybutyric acid,fumarate,ethylmalonic acid,hydroxyphenylacetic acid,gentiolic acid,protocatechuic acid,and oxycholic acid),pyrocatechol and taurochenocholate.The down-regulated differential metabolite was only p-chlorophenol.(2)With the increase of A.venetum content in pelleted diet,the differential metabolites in the serum of Tan sheep also increased,and the serum metabolic level gradually stabilized after the 10%concentration level.Similarly,the up-regulated metabolites were far more than the down-regulated metabolites.The up-regulated differential metabolites included 3 organic acids(β-hydroxybutyric acid,oxycholic acid and gentiolic acid),2 amino acids(alanine and valine)and catechol,and the down-regulated differential metabolite was only taurochenocholate.(3)The metabolic pathways involving in differential metabolites were mainly tricarboxylic acid cycle,tyrosine metabolism,taurine and bile acid pathway.[Conclusion]The results will provide a scientific basis for the green breeding of Tan sheep.

Protective effect of Apocynum venetum (罗布麻) against lipid peroxidation damage of erythrocyte membrane

Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Apocynum venetum on lipid peroxidation damage of erythrocyte membrane. Methods: Model of lipid peroxidation of erythrocyte membrane was manufactured by three kinds of radicals generation systems. To set up a normal control group (NC),a model control group (MC),and four Apocynum venetum groups(A.V). Observation was made on the content of malondialdehyde (MDA). Results: Compared with MC group,all of the four Apocynum venetum groups dose-dependently inhibited the increases of MDA content in the membrane induced by xanthine - xanthine oxidase system,H 2O 2 or UV light. Conclusions: Apocynum venetum may protect erythrocyte membrane from the lipid peroxidative damage induced by radicals.

Tissue Culture and Rapid Multiplication Techniques of Apocynum L.

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate rapid multiplication of Apocynum by tissue culture so as to provide plantlet sources for its industrialized cultivation. [Method] The asepsis seedlings were obtained by dealing with Apocynum seeds. Its cotyledons, hypocotyls and shoot tips were cultured on the media containing different concentrations of hormones. Finally, the influence of different hormone combinations on differentiation of cotyledons and hypocotyls, rapid multiplication of shoot tips, rapid multiplication of regenerated shoots, and rooting of test-tube plantlets was com- pared. [Result] MS＋2.0 mg/L BA＋0.03 mg/L NAA and MS＋0.07 mg/L NAA were the optimum medium for inducing regenerated buds from cotyledons and hypocotyls re- spectively; MS＋2.0 mg/L BA＋0.02 mg/L NAA was the best medium for rapid multi- plication of shoot tips; MS＋1.9 mg/L BA＋I.7 mg/L NAA was the best medium for rapid multiplication of regenerated buds： and 1/2MS＋0.6 mg/L NAA was the best medium for inducing roots. [Conclusion] The optimum hormone combination was de- termined for Apocynum rapid multiplication by tissue culture, which provides technical support on Apocynum industrialized cultivation.

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Apocynum and Ramie Fiber Mat Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and rational utilization of resources,natural fiber reinforced composites have shown broad development prospects.Apocynum fiber,known as the“king of wild fiber”,not only has moisture absorption,air permeability,and good mechanical properties but also has many health-related advantages such as antibacterial properties.In this study,four types of needle-punched Apocynum fiber and ramie fiber mat reinforced polylactic acid(PLA)composites were fabricated.Mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were tested and analyzed.The results showed that compared with those of the ramie fiber finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites,the tensile strength and the tensile modulus of Apocynum fiber finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites had increased by 15.3%and 60.1%,respectively.In comparison,the bending strength and the bending modulus were decreased by 21.8%and 7.6%,respectively.Moreover,compared with the Apocynum fiber finish needled-punched mat reinforced composites and the ramie fiber finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites,the Apocynum 50/ramie 50 finish needle-punched mat reinforced composites had the best tensile and bending properties.The after-fracture morphology was detected by a scanning electron microscope(SEM).The thermal properties of the composites were also characterized.It was found that the thermal properties of the four types of composites showed very similar behaviors.

Impact of Hydrogen Peroxide/Thiourea Redox Pretreatment on the Performances of Degummed Fibers for Apocynum Degumming

The degnmming pretreatment mechanism was investigated to improve degnmming performance and the spinnability of degummed fibers. Apocynum was treated with redox system in the degumming pretreatment process and the pretreatment parameters had been optimized, besides the effects of pretreatment on property index of degnmmed apocynum fiber were investigated. The results showed that the redox system degumming process reduced alkali boiling time and had good advantages over the traditional degumming process in extraction rate, single fiber length and strength. SEM was used to test the longitudinal morphology changes of fibers before and after pretreatment. At the same time, pretreatment solution was analyzed by UV spectra and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometer （ESR）, and its pH value was also tested. The results showed that the pretreatment solution could release acid constantly to keep the stability of the pH which caused the swelling and dissolution of pectic substances in apocynum bast. Meanwhile, pretrcatment solution could activate the free radicals from apocynam bast and reduce the activation energy of non- cellulosic composition in apocynum bast.

罗布麻杆提取木质素的气凝胶性能

选择氯化胆碱(ChCl)与乳酸(LA)合成低共熔溶剂(DES)来提取罗布麻秸秆中的木质素,并将提取的木质素(DL)与聚乙烯醇(PVA)共混,以四硼酸钠为交联剂,通过冷冻干燥技术制备了气凝胶A-PBDL。试验结果表明:DES提取木质素最佳工艺为:n(ChCl)∶n(LA)=1∶9,120℃提取9 h;红外图谱分析得知木质素中含有对羟基苯丙烷、创愈木基和紫丁香基三种结构,平均粒径为3.601μm。研究了气凝胶制备中木质素添加量、PVA浓度和四硼酸钠浓度对气凝胶孔隙率和强力的影响,发现掺杂少量木质素可显著提高气凝胶的力学性能及孔隙率,并增强其热稳定性。

罗布麻秆中纤维素提取及其气凝胶的制备

为实现罗布麻秆的高附加值利用,以罗布麻秆为原料,选用硝酸/乙醇法提取纤维素,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化的提取工艺为:温度85℃、时间1.5 h和固液比1∶25,提取的纤维素纯度可达98.61%。采用TEMPO氧化与超声处理相结合,制备纳米纤维素;再以其为骨架,加入聚乙烯醇和钠基蒙脱土制备纤维素复合气凝胶(NMPC)。结果表明:与纤维素气凝胶(PC)相比,NMPC对亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附量最高达265.84 mg/g。当应变为60%时,NMPC的应力是PC的2倍。钠基蒙脱土的加入改善了气凝胶的结构,不仅提高了气凝胶的吸附性能,还提升了其压缩力学性能。

基于代谢组学的两种罗布麻叶片类黄酮和酚酸成分分析

目的:类黄酮和酚酸物质是罗布麻中主要的活性物质,鉴定不同罗布麻品种中类黄酮和酚酸代谢物成分并比较代谢物含量差异,为有效利用罗布麻属药用资源提供理论依据。方法:以罗布麻和大麻状罗布麻叶片为材料,利用液相色谱质谱联用技术(LC-MS)检测次级代谢物成分并进行分析。结果:2种罗布麻中共检测出275种类黄酮和194种酚酸物质;PCA分析表明2种罗布麻的代谢物种类相似,但含量存在较大差异,结合OPLS-DA筛选出124种显著差异代谢物,其中有80种类黄酮和44种酚酸;富集分析发现,共有10条代谢通路被显著富集,主要体现在苯丙烷生物合成、类黄酮生物合成以及黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成等途径。结论:2种罗布麻药用成分种类相似,可为大麻状罗布麻作为药用植物开发提供理论依据。

浙江省夹竹桃科植物新记录——罗布麻

报道了浙江夹竹桃科Apocynaceae野生植物新记录属罗布麻属Apocynum L.和新记录种罗布麻A.venetum L.。描述了其形态特征与生境,并附有彩色照片。凭证标本保存于浙江农林大学植物标本馆(ZJFC)。

二茬次罗布白麻和罗布红麻叶不同采收期精油成分的GC-MS分析

以新疆的两种罗布麻为原材料,采用有机溶剂提取法并结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),比较和分析二茬次罗布白麻和罗布红麻叶不同采收期的精油含量与化学成分的差异,采用峰面积归一法确定其成分种类及各成分的相对含量。结果表明:二茬次罗布红麻叶精油含量显著高于二茬次罗布白麻叶精油,不同采收期的罗布白麻和罗布红麻叶精油提取率、成分种类、成分数量存在较大差异,其中10月的二茬次罗布红麻叶精油含量最高。两种二茬次罗布麻叶及不同采收期精油均检测出含量较高的叶绿醇(Phytol)、新植二烯(Neophytadiene)、植物醇(3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol)、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚(2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol)、正十六烷酸(n-Hexadecanoic acid)等。研究认为,二茬次罗布红麻叶适合药用,罗布白麻更适用于化妆品行业,且二茬次罗布红麻叶最佳采收期为9月,二茬次罗布白麻叶最佳采收期为10月。

野生罗布麻不同生境土壤理化性质及与叶片生态化学计量特征的关系

罗布麻是一种具有高抗逆性的植物,研究其土壤的理化性质和物种水平上叶片生态化学计量特征,可揭示罗布麻对环境变化的适应性。本研究在甘肃省金塔县、甘肃省民勤县、内蒙古自治区杭锦旗、内蒙古自治区扎鲁特旗和吉林省白城市野生罗布麻样地进行叶样品采集,同时采用土壤剖面法采集罗布麻根际土并进行相关分析。结果表明:5个罗布麻样地土壤肥力较低,盐碱性高,保肥性差。5个样地中,电导率最高的样地为杭锦旗样地,最低的为扎鲁特旗样地;土壤pH值最高的是白城样地,最低的是扎鲁特旗样地。Pearson相关分析表明,罗布麻叶片氮、磷含量与pH值和电导率具有显著相关性(P<0.05);叶中氮含量与土壤有机质和速效钾含量呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为-0.606和-0.484;叶片碳含量与土壤有机质、速效钾和阳离子交换量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数分别为0.389、0.373和0.422,其与速效磷呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数为-0.400。叶片磷含量与土壤有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量以及阳离子交换量都没有显著相关性,表明叶片磷含量受土壤养分和阳离子交换量的影响较小。

罗布麻群落特征及其与气候因子的关系

罗布麻(Apocynum venetum)是我国重要的野生种质资源,研究罗布麻群落特征及其与环境因子的关系,对罗布麻种质资源保护和合理开发利用具有重要意义。该研究以分布于甘肃省金塔县、民勤县、内蒙古杭锦旗、扎鲁特旗和吉林省白城市的野生罗布麻为研究对象,以其群落组成和生境特征为研究基础,分析生物多样性及其与气候因子的关系,解析影响罗布麻群落变化的环境因子。结果表明:不同地区罗布麻样地生物多样性存在差异,5个样地物种多样性由高到低依次为扎鲁特旗、民勤县、白城市、金塔县、杭锦旗,扎鲁特旗生物多样性最高(H=2.591,D=2.511,E=0.796,R_(1)=44.833,R_(2)=6.423),杭锦旗生物多样性最低(H=1.173,D=0.915,E=0.564,R_(1)=3.641,R_(2)=1.968)。罗布麻群落物种多样性主要与降水、温度和蒸发量密切相关,尤其丰富度指数与5—7月的降水量显著正相关,可见生长季的降水量对群落物种多样性具有重要意义。

盐胁迫下基于TMT技术的罗布麻蛋白质组学分析

【目的】罗布麻(Apocynum venetum L.)是中国宝贵的野生植物种质资源,具有重要的药用价值、生态价值及经济价值。虽然罗布麻是耐盐性较高的植物,但随着生境遭到破坏及土壤盐渍化程度加重,罗布麻的野生种群数量逐渐缩减。因此,探究罗布麻的耐盐性机制,对罗布麻野生种质资源的保护和利用具有重要意义。【方法】研究采用TMT技术对盐胁迫下罗布麻进行定量蛋白质组学研究,通过韦恩分析和蛋白网络互作分析方法筛选出共有差异蛋白和核心蛋白。【结果】(1)研究发现11个共有差异蛋白,主要富集在蛋白质-FAD连接、转运蛋白活性的负调控、离子跨膜转运蛋白活性的负调节、阴离子跨膜转运的负调控、阴离子通道活性的负调节和噻唑代谢过程等通路;(2)不同胁迫时间的差异蛋白网络互作所得的蛋白主要以核糖体蛋白为主,其中60S核糖体蛋白L3-2(TRINITY_DN13265_c0_g1_i1_9)在胁迫12 h和24 h的差异蛋白中均为核心蛋白,表明核糖体蛋白在罗布麻响应盐胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。【结论】研究筛选出罗布麻响应盐胁迫的关键蛋白,拓展了罗布麻盐胁迫应答相关的分子资源,并为罗布麻天然抗逆种质的发掘与利用提供理论依据。

Li^+胁迫对罗布麻种子萌发、幼苗生长及离子分布的影响

采用不同浓度梯度的LiCl溶液处理罗布白麻和罗布红麻种子,测定种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长度、活力指数等指标,筛选出罗布麻种子对LiCl的耐受范围;并通过水培的方式测定在LiCl胁迫下罗布麻根、茎、叶中Li^+的亚细胞质量分数变化。结果表明,LiCl胁迫对罗布白麻和罗布红麻种子的萌发均有明显的抑制作用,浓度高于200 mmol/L时罗布白麻和罗布红麻种子发芽率均呈显著下降趋势,其中罗布白麻种子对LiCl胁迫的耐受性略高于罗布红麻;罗布麻植株不同器官及亚细胞组分Li^+含量测定发现,100 mmol/L LiCl胁迫下Li^+主要分布在罗布麻叶和细胞可溶部分,并且罗布白麻根、茎、叶及各亚细胞组分中Li^+的含量均高于罗布红麻。

种植密度对不同生育时期罗布白麻生长与叶片饲用品质的影响

为探究种植密度对新疆维吾尔自治区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州尉犁县不同生育时期罗布白麻(Apocynum hendersonii)植株生长与叶片饲用营养品质的影响,研究设置了3060、4335、6375株/hm^(2)三个种植密度,测定分析了生长期、盛花期、结荚期罗布白麻的株高、叶长等农艺性状及其中部叶片粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维等饲用价值指标;结果表明:随着种植密度的增加,罗布白麻的株高、叶长、叶宽、冠幅和叶产量均呈增加趋势,而茎粗、叶片粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量呈降低趋势;随着生育期的推进,叶片粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量呈降低趋势;综合考虑产量和叶片饲喂品质,研究认为,新疆维吾尔自治区巴音郭楞蒙古自治州尉犁县罗布白麻用于饲草料生产的最佳采收期为盛花期,宜采用6000~6500株/hm^(2)的种植密度。

基于ITS、psbA-trnH及matK序列的罗布麻资源分子系统学研究

目的:从分子生物学角度研究罗布麻属植物种间差异,为确定《新疆维吾尔自治区维吾尔药材标准》中的植物基原提供依据。方法:采用DNA条形码ITS、psbA-trn H及mat K序列对罗布麻、白麻及大叶白麻55份样品进行PCR扩增并双向测序,比较种内种间变异,基于K2P模型进行遗传距离分析,并构建NJ系统树。结果:罗布麻、白麻及大叶白麻ITS序列种内及种间K2P遗传距离无显著差异,NJ树聚为一支;罗布麻与白麻及大叶白麻之间psbA-trnH和matK序列种内最大K2P遗传距离明显小于种间最小K2P遗传距离,NJ树显示罗布麻与白麻及大叶白麻均单独聚为一支;白麻与大叶白麻psbA-trn H和mat K序列无差异,NJ树均为一支。结论:基于ITS、psbA-trnH及matK序列鉴定结果,《新疆维吾尔自治区维吾尔药材标准》将药材罗布麻的基原定为大叶白麻Poacynum hendersonii值得商榷。

微波消解–ICP–AES法测定罗布麻叶中16种微量元素

建立微波消解–ICP–AES法测定罗布麻叶中Na,Ca,Mg,Fe,Al,P,Mn,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ti,Se,Ba,Pb,Sr,Cd 16种微量元素含量的方法。以HNO_3–H_2O_2–HF溶液(6∶4∶1)为消解体系,样品经微波消解后,用ICP–AES法对罗布麻叶中16种元素含量进行测定。各元素的质量浓度在0.01~1.00 mg/L范围内与光谱强度呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数r>0.999,检出限在0.000 5~0.008 0 mg/kg之间。加标回收率为87.56%~101.47%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.2%~3.42%(n=6)。该方法操作简单,准确度好,灵敏度高,可用于罗布麻叶中微量元素分析。