Drug repositioning of disulfiram induces endometrioid epithelial ovarian cancer cell death via the both apoptosis and cuproptosis pathways

Various therapeutic strategies have been developed to overcome ovarian cancer.However,the prognoses resulting from these strategies are still unclear.In the present work,we screened 54 small molecule compounds approved by the FDA to identify novel agents that could inhibit the viability of human epithelial ovarian cancer cells.Among these,we identified disulfiram(DSF),an old alcohol-abuse drug,as a potential inducer of cell death in ovarian cancer.Mechanistically,DSF treatment significantly reduced the expression of the anti-apoptosis marker Bcell lymphoma/leukemia-2(Bcl-2)and increase the expression of the apoptotic molecules Bcl2 associated X(Bax)and cleaved caspase-3 to promote human epithelial ovarian cancer cell apoptosis.Furthermore,DSF is a newly identified effective copper ionophore,thus the combination of DSF and copper was used to reduce ovarian cancer viability than DSF single treatment.Combination treatment with DSF and copper also led to the reduced expression of ferredoxin 1 and loss of Fe-S cluster proteins(biomarkers of cuproptosis).In vivo,DSF and copper gluconate significantly decreased the tumor volume and increased the survival rate in a murine ovarian cancer xenograft model.Thus,the role of DSF revealed its potential for used as a viable therapeutic agent for the ovarian cancer.

EXPRESSION AND REVERSION OF DRUG RESISTANCE-AND APOPTOSIS-RELATED GENES OF A DDP-RESISTANT LUNG ADENOCARCINOMA CELL LINE

Objective: To investigate the co-expression of drug resistance- and apoptosis-related genes of cisplatin (CDDP)-selected lung adenocarcinoma cell line A 549 DDP for compared to the parental cell line A549, and reverse of drug resistance by antisense s-oligodeoxynucleotides (S-ODNs) of differentially expressed genes. Methods: Sense and antisense S-ODN were transferred into A 549 DDP cells by lipofectin. The expression of drug resistance and apoptosis related genes was examined by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry, respectively. Apoptostic cells were identified by DNA electrophoresis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated biotin dUTP nick end-labeling(TUNEL). Drug resistance of tumor cells was detected by a cell viability (MTT) assay. Results: The expression of bcl-2 was positive and that of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) at mRNA and protein level was increased in A 549 DDP compared to A549 cells. MDR1, c-myc and topoisomeras II (TOPO II) were similarly co-expressed in two cell lines. Both cell lines were negative for c-erbB-2 expression. In A 549 DDP cells, the expression of bcl-2 and MRP was significantly inhibited by their respective antisense S-ODNs. Antisense S-ODNs could also decrease significantly drug resistance of A 549 DDP cells to CDDP by promoting cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance were involved in co-expression of multiple MDR-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma. Cooperation of bcl-2 and MRP genes appeared to play an important action to confer the resistance of A 549 DDP cells to CDDP. Their antisense S-ODNs are responsible for the decrease of drug resistance of this cell line by promoting apoptosis.

Antiepileptic Drug-Induced Apoptosis Was Prevented by L-Type Calcium Channel Activator in Cultured Rat Cortical Cells

Experimental data have shown that antiepileptic drugs cause neurodegeneration in developing rats. Valproate (VPA) is the drug of choice in primary generalized epilepsies, and carbamazepine (CBZ) is one of the most prescribed drugs in partial seizures. These drugs block sodium channels, thereby reducing sustained repetitive neuronal firing. The intracellular mechanisms whereby AEDs induce neuronal cell death are unclear. We examined whether AEDs induce apoptotic cell death in cultured cortical cells and whether calcium ions are involved in the AED-induced cell death. VPA and CBZ increased apoptotic cell death and induced morphological changes that were characterized by cell shrinkage and nuclear condensation or fragmentation. Incubation of cortical cultures with VPA or CBZ decreased phospho-Akt levels. CBZ decreased the intracellular calcium levels. On the other hand, FPL64176, an L-type calcium channel activator, increased the intracellular calcium levels and prevented the AED-induced apoptosis. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors, such as alsterpaullone and azakenpaullone, prevented the AED-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that intracellular calcium level changes are associated with AEDs and apoptosis and that the activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 is involved in the death of rat cortical neurons.

Effects of antiplatelet drug combined with magnesium sulfate on platelet function and trophoblast apoptosis in patients with preeclampsia

Objective: To investigate the effects of antiplatelet drug combined with magnesium sulfate on platelet function and trophoblast apoptosis in patients with preeclampsia. Methods: A total of 68 patients with preeclampsia who were treated in this hospital between September 2016 and September 2017 were chosen as the research subjects and divided into the control group (n=34) and the study group (n=34) by the random number table method. Control group received magnesium sulfate spasmolysis, and study group received low-dose aspirin combined with magnesium sulfate therapy. The differences in the levels of platelet function parameters as well as the expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and invasion-related genes in placental tissues were compared between the two groups of patients after treatment. Results:After treatment, the platelet function parameter PLT level in study group was higher than that in control group whereas MPV and PDW levels were lower than those in control group;pro-apoptosis genes Caspase-3, p53 and bax mRNA expression levels in placental tissues were lower than those of control group whereas anti-apoptosis gene bcl-2 mRNA expression level was higher than that of control group;pro-invasion genes MMP-2, MMP-9 and CXCL16 mRNA expression levels in placental tissues were higher than those of control group whereas anti-invasion genes RECK and DPPⅣ mRNA expression levels were lower than those of control group. Conclusion: Low-dose aspirin combined with magnesium sulfate treatment of patients with preeclampsia can effectively optimize the platelet function and inhibit the apoptosis of placental trophoblast cells and promote their invasion function.

Identification of specific genes and pathways involved in NSAIDs-induced apoptosis of human colon cancer cells

AIM: To study whether indomethacin (IND), a nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor or NS-398 (NS), a COX-2-selective inhibitor, induces apoptosis in human colon cancer cells and which apoptosis-related genes and pathways are involved. METHODS: Human colon cancer Caco-2 cells were treated with either: placebo, IND (0.05-0.5 mmol/L) or NS (0.01-0.2 mmol/L) for 1, 5 and 18 h. We then studied: (1) Cell death by the TUNEL method, (2) mRNA expression of 96 apoptosis-related genes using DNA microarray, (3) expression of selected apoptosis related proteins by Western blotting. RESULTS: Both IND and NS induced apoptosis in 30%-50% of Caco-2 cells in a dose dependent manner. IND (0.1 mmol/L for 1 h) significantly up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes in four families: (1) TNF receptor and ligand, (2) Caspase, (3) Bcl-2 and (4) Caspase recruiting domain. NS treatment up-regulated similar pro-apoptotic genes as IND. In addition, IND also down-regulated anti-apoptotic genes of the IAP family. CONCLUSION: (1) Both non-selective and COX-2-selective NSAIDs induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. (2) Both NSAIDs induce apoptosis by activating two main apoptotic pathways: the death receptor pathway (involving TNF-R) and the mitochondrial pathway. (3) IND induces apoptosis by up-regulating pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulating anti-apoptotic genes, while NS only up-regulates pro-apoptotic genes. (4) Induction of apoptosis in coloncancer cells by NSAIDs may explain in part, their inhibitory action on colon cancer growth.

Effects of Yigan Decoction on proliferation and apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells

AIM:To investigate the effects of Chinese herb Yigan Decoction on proliferation and apoptosis of the hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in vitro. METHODS: The study in vitro was carried out in the culture of HSC lines. Various concentrations of Yigan Decoction were added and incubated. Cell proliferation was detected with MTT colorimetric assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by electron microscopy, flow cytometry and TUNEL. RESULTS: The proliferation of HSC was inhibited by Yigan Decoction, which depending on dose and time significantly. The HSC proliferation rates of groups at the end concentrations 144 and 72(g.L(-1)) were 21.62% and 40.54% respectively, significantly lower than that of normal control group(P【0.01). The HSC proliferation rates of groups at the end concentrations 36, 18 and 9(g.L(-1)) were 54.05%, 45.95% and 51.35% respectively, lower than that of control group (P【0.05). When the end concentration was 4.5 g.L(-1), the proliferation rate was 83.78%, which appeared no significant differences compared with control group. At the same concentrations of 18 g.L(-1), the inhibitory effects of Yigan Decoction at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h time point were observed, the effects were time-dependent, and reached a peak at 72 h. Meanwhile, it was showed that the inducing effects of Yigan Decoction on HSC apoptosis were dose-dependent and time-dependent. The apoptosis index(AI) was detected by TUNEL. After Yigan Decoction had been incubated for 48 h at the end concentration of 18 g.L(-1), the AI (14.5+/-3.1)% was significantly higher than that of control group (4.3+/-1.3)% (P【0.01). When visualized under transmission electron microscopy, some apoptotic stellate cells were found, i.e. dilated endoplasmic reticulum, irregular nuclei, chromatin condensation and heterochromatin ranked along inside of nuclear membrane. By flow cytometry detection, after HSC was treated with Yigan Decoction at different concentrations of 36, 18 and 9(g.L(-1)) for 48 h, AI (%) were 13.3+/-3.2, 10.7+/-2.7 and 10.1+/-2.5 respectively, which were significantly higher than that of control group(4.1+/-1.9) (P【0.01). At the same concentration of 18 g. L(-1) for 24h, 48 h and 72 h, AI (%) were 9.3+/-1.8,10.7+/-2.7 and 14.6+/-4.3 respectively, which were significantly higher than that of control group (P【0.01). CONCLUSION: Yigan Decoction could significantly inhibit HSC proliferation and increase the apoptosis index of HSC dose-dependently and time-dependently, which may be related to its mechanism of antifibrosis.

Expression of Collagen Ⅳ, Fibronectin, Laminin in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Correlation with Chemosensitivities and Apoptosis~*

Objective： To study the expression of extracellular matrix （ECM） proteins including Collagen Ⅳ （Co Ⅳ）, Fibronectin, Laminin in human non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC） specimens and the relationship between ECM and cell adhesion, proliferation, apoptosis and drug sensitivity in NSCLC cell line. And to investigate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3-K） in signal transduction of Co Ⅳ in NSCLC. Methods： The expression of ECM proteins was detected by using immunohistochemical staining （Envision＇s）. Adherent cells were stained with 1% methylene blue. Cell proliferation and cytotoxic effects were monitored by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by FITC-Annexin V/PI double staining variables flow cytometry （FCM）. Results： The expression rate of Co Ⅳ （93%） was the highest compared to others in NSCLC stroma. After treated with Co Ⅳ, the adhesion of H1299 cells was increased and the cytotoxicity of cis-platinum （DDP） against H1299 cells was decreased compared to the control （P〈0.05）. After treated with Co Ⅳ both survival and proliferation rates were higher and apoptosis rate was lower than without Co Ⅳ （P〈0.05）. PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 decreased both survival and proliferation rates （82.7%±2.0% and 75.2%±6.8%, respectively）, even on Co Ⅳ-coated surface （92.2%±2.8% and 84.6%±9.2%, respectively）. And it also helped DDP increase apoptosis. Conclusion： ECM remodeling existed in NSCLC. Co Ⅳ protected NSCLC cells from DDP-induced apoptosis and weakened the cytotoxicity of DDP. PI3-K pathway might be the crucial mechanism of apoptosis impairment and drug resistance.

ANALYSIS OF APOPTOSIS BY DNA END LABELING METHOD (TDT) IN LEUKEMIA CELL LINES HL-60 AND U937

Antitumor-drug-indnced apoptosis in leukemia cell lines HL-60 and U937 was quantitatively analyzed with TDT (terminal deoxynuleotidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling) approach, which allows to labal the ends of DNA broken strands in apoptotic cells by biotinlated dUTP which to avidin-FITC. In this way the apoptotic cells show nuorescent when the labeling cells were emitted by UV light microscope or laser-activated now cell sorting at r=480. In our study, HL-6o and U937 cell lines were cocultured respectively with cisdiaminodicaicroplatinum (CDDP), hydroxycamptothecinum (HCT) and vindesini sulfa (VCR) for 18 hours.By calculating percentages of apoptotic cells with TDT mothod, we were able to show that the two cell lines gave different sensitivity to the drugs. HL-60 showed high sensitivity to CDDP but U937 cells were more sensitive to other two drugs, HCT and VCR. Meanwhile we compared the results of obtained by DNA gel electrophoresis with that by TDT. We found that gel electrophoresis is not sensitive enough to reveal apoptosis since there was no ladder structure, a typical electrophoresis pattern for apoptosis, appeared until the apoptotic cells reached or over 13%. And we report in this paper as first time that three forms of apoptotic cells could be detected under fluorescent microscope, which we called as spot form and crescent form and assembling form in terms of distribution of light spots within cell nuclei. It seemed that the spot form was at an early stage of apoptosis and the crescent form rcprtscntcd a later stage of apoptosis.

Human GM3 Synthase Attenuates Taxol-Triggered Apoptosis Associated with Downregulation of Caspase-3 in Ovarian Cancer Cells

Background: Taxol (paclitaxel) inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells, but it also upregulates cytoprotective proteins and/or pathways that compromise its therapeutic efficacy. Materials and Method: The roles of GM3 synthase (α2,3-sialyltransferase, ST3Gal V), in attenuating Taxol-induced apoptosis and triggering drug resistance were determined by cloning and overexpressing this enzyme in SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cell line, treating SKOV3 and the transfectants (SKOV3/GS) with Taxol and determining apoptosis, cell survival, clonogenic ability, and caspase-3 activation. Results: In this report, we demonstrated that Taxol treatment resulted in apoptosis which was associated with caspase-3 activation. Taxol treatment upregulated the expression of human GM3 synthase, an enzyme that transfers a sialic acid to lactosylceramide. Moreover, we cloned the full-length GM3 synthase gene and showed for the first time that forced expression of GM3 synthase attenuated Taxol-induced apoptosis and increased resistance to Taxol in SKOV3 cells. Conclusions: GM3 synthase overexpression inhibited Taxol-triggered caspase-3 activation, revealing that upregulation of GM3 synthase prevents apoptosis and hence reduces the efficacy of Taxol therapy.

Function of apoptosis and expression of the proteins Bcl-2,p53 and C-myc in the development of gastric cancer

INTRODUCTIONIn China ,the incidence and mortality of gastric cancer rank the second among all cancers. Recent development of cancer [1-20].The aim of this study was investigat the insight of apoptosis and bcl-2, p53 and C-myc protein expression in the development of gastric cancer .

Relationship between Fas/ FasL expression and apoptosis of colon adenocarcinoma cell lines

INTRODUCTIONFas/ FasL system has been identified as a keymediator of apoptosis in tumor cells[1-4]. Theoccurrence and development of neoplasm are closelyrelated to apoptosis[5-7] Most chemotherapeuticdrugs kill cancer cells mainly by inducingapoptosis[8-14].'

How do Chinese medicines that tonify the kidney inhibit dopaminergic neuron apoptosis?

Wistar rats were intragastrical y perfused with Chinese medicines used for tonifying the kidney. These included 0.180 g/mL of Herba Epimedi （Epimedium）, Semen Cuscutae （Dodder Seed）, or Herba Cistanches （Desertliving Cistanche）, 0.04 mg/mL monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor selegiline, or distil ed water for 14 consecutive days to prepare drug-containing serum or blank serum. MES23.5 cells in the logarithmic phase were cultured in media supplemented with 15%drug-containing serum for 24 hours, fol owed by incubation in culture solution containing 100μmol/L H2O2 for 3 hours. 3-（4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） and flow tometry results showed that al drug-containing serums improved the survival rate of H 2 O 2-injured MES23.5 cells, inhibited pro-apoptotic FasL and caspase-3 expression, promoted anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. However, drug-containing serums had little influence on Fas expression in H 2 O 2-injured MES23.5 cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that serum containing Herba Cistanches or Herba Epimedi increased the expression of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and glial cellline-derived neurotrophic factor in injured MES23.5 cells;serum containing Semen Cuscutae only increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor expres-sion; while expression of the above neurotrophic factors remained the same in cells treated with serum containing selegiline. These findings indicate that Chinese medicines used to tonify the kid-ney can protect nerve cells by regulating the expression of apoptosis-related factors and neuro-trophic factors in MES23.5 cells.

Regulative Function of Telomerase and Extracelluar Regulated Protein Kinases to Leukemic Cell Apoptosis

In order to investigate the regulative function of telom erase and phosphorylated (acti- vated) extracelluar regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1and 2 in the leukemic cell lines HL - 6 0 and K5 6 2 proliferation inhibition and apoptosis,three chemotherapeutic drugs Harringtonine(HRT) , Vincristine(VCR) and Etoposide(Vp16 ) were selected as inducers.The proliferation inhibition rate was detected by MTT m ethod,the cell cycle and cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry and the telom erase activity was detected by the telom eric repeat am plification protocol(TRAP) assay and bioluminescence analysis method.The phosphorylated ERK 1/ 2 protein expression was detected by western blot method.The results showed that HRT,VCR and Vp16 could inhibit cell proliferation,induce apoptosis,inhibit telomerase activity and down- regulate the protein expres- sion of phosphorylated ERK.Itwas suggested that ERK signal transduction pathway was involved in the down- regulation of telomerase activity and the onset of apoptosis in the leukem ic cells treat- ed by HRT,VCR and Vp16 .

Repositioning of clinically approved drug Bazi Bushen capsule for treatment of Alzheimer′s disease using network pharma⁃cology approach and in vitro experimental validation

OBJECTIVE To explore the new indications and key mechanism of Bazi Bushen capsule(BZBS)by network pharmacology and in vitro experiment.METHODS The potential tar⁃get profiles of the components of BZBS were pre⁃dicted.Subsequently,new indications for BZBS were predicted by disease ontology(DO)enrich⁃ment analysis and initially validated by GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis.Further⁃more,the therapeutic target of BZBS acting on AD signaling pathway were identified by intersec⁃tion analysis.Two Alzheimer′s disease(AD)cell models,BV-2 and SH-SY5Y,were used to pre⁃liminarily verify the anti-AD efficacy and mecha⁃nism of BZBS in vitro.RESULTS In total,1499 non-repeated ingredients were obtained from 16 herbs in BZBS formula,and 1320 BZBS targets with high confidence were predicted.Disease enrichment results strongly suggested that BZBS formula has the potential to be used in the treat⁃ment of AD.In vitro experiments showed that BZ⁃BS could significantly reduce the release of TNF-αand IL-6 and the expression of COX-2 and PSEN1 in Aβ25-35-induced BV-2 cells.BZBS reduced the apoptosis rate of Aβ25-35 induced SH-SY5Y cells,significantly increased mitochon⁃drial membrane potential,reduced the expres⁃sion of Caspase3 active fragment and PSEN1,and increased the expression of IDE.CONCLU⁃SIONS BZBS formula has a potential use in the treatment of AD,which is achieved through regu⁃lation of ERK1/2,NF-κB signaling pathways,and GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.Further⁃more,the network pharmacology technology is a feasible drug repurposing strategy to reposition new clinical use of approved TCM and explore the mechanism of action.The study lays a foun⁃dation for the subsequent in-depth study of BZBS in the treatment of AD and provides a basis for its application in the clinical treatment of AD.

Targeting apoptosis is the major battle field for killing cancers

Targeting apoptosis is one of the major strategies for cancer therapy. Essentially, most of the conventional cancer therapeutic drugs that are in the clinical use induce apoptosis and in part necrosis of malignant cells and therefore prevent cancer progression and metastasis. Although these cytotoxic anticancer drugs are important weapons for killing cancers, their toxic side effects limited their application. The molecularly targeted therapeutics that are based on the deeper understanding of the defects in the apoptotic signaling in cancers are emerging and have shown promising anticancer activity in selectively killing cancers but not normal cells. The examples of molecular targets that are under exploration for cancer therapy include the cell surface receptors such as TNFR family death receptors, the intrinsic Bcl-2 family members and some other intracellular molecules like p53, MDM2, IAP, and Smac. The advance in the high-throughput bio-technologies has greatly accelerated the progress of cancer drug discovery.

Phenylacetylglutaminate and Phenylacetate in Combination Upregulate VDUP1, Cause Cell Cycle Blockade and Apoptosis in U87 Glioblastoma Cells

Phenylacetylglutaminate (PG) and Phenylacetate (PN) are metabolites of Phenylbutyrate (PB) and are constituents of antineoplaston AS2-1. These are sodium salts of amino acid derivative and carboxylic acid that inhibit the growth of neoplastic cells without growth inhibitory effect in normal cells. The aim of this study was to identify molecular pathways involved in the anti-proliferative effect of antineoplastons. Using a total human genome microarray we have found that 1) Vitamin D3 upregulated protein (VDUP1) is significantly upregulated in response to PG and PN in the U87 glioblastoma cells;2) Isobologram analysis shows that PG and PN act in an additive or synergistic manner to effectively suppress proliferation of U87 cells;3) PG and PN cause cell cycle arrest, changes in expression of several cell cycle genes and suppress expression and activity of the G2/M checkpoint kinase, CHK1. The multiple cellular targets possibly make these compounds effective anti-proliferative agents. We propose that PG and PN in combination target important cellular pathways and upregulate VDUP1 leading to detachment-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.

Effects of anti-CXCR_4 monoclonal antibody 12G5 on proliferation and apoptosis of human acute myelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60

Objective：To investigate the expression of CXCR4 on HL-60 cell line and the proliferation, apoptosis of HL-60 cell line cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells, so as to assess the possibility of 12G5, an anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody, in eradicating the minimal residual disease. Methods：The activity of SDF-1 was inhibited by 10 μg/ml 12G5. After treatment with 12G5, the status of adhesion was observed, and the adhesion rates, apoptosis and cell cycles were detected after 24 h of treatment. Cell growth rates were measured by trypan blue exclusion. Cell growth curve was plotted, and the expression of PCNA and apoptosis related protein including PCNA, Bcl-2 and Fas were detected with immunohistochemical technique. Results：（1） There was middling degree expression of CXCR4 on HL-B0 membrane. From 0 h to 6 h, as the time of 12G5 incubation along, the expression of CXCR4 decreased gradually. （2） After treatment for 24 h, the adhesion rates in the experiment group and the control were （39.4±7.9）% and （51.4±5.9）%, respectively. （3）After treatment for 24 h, the percentage of HL-60 cells in G0/G1 phase were （55.21±4.9）%, and that in S phase and G2/M phase were （30.40±4.1）% and （14.39± 5.2）%, respectively, with the corresponding proportions being （44. 67±2.2）%, （45.30±3.7）%, and （10. 03±2.6）% in the control. （4） The percentage of apoptotic HL-60 cells was （8.95±1.7）% in the experiment group, compared to （3. 97±2. 4）% in the control. （5）The survival rates of HL-60 cells decreased markedly at 48 h to 96 h, and the proliferation slowed down at this time duration. （6）The expression of PCNA and Bcl-2 down-regulated significantly, but the Fas protein expression was up-regulated. Conclusion：12G5 could inhibit the capability of adhesion and proliferation of HL-60 cells and it can induce more cells to enter G0/G1 phase and promote apoptosis. It may be helpful by inhibiting the bioactivity of SDF-1 with 12G5 in the therapy of marrow residual disease.

Transretinoic acid inhibits rats gastric epithelial dysplasia induced by N-methyi-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine:influences on cell apoptosis and expression of its regulatory genes

INTRODUCTIONGastric epithelial dysplasia (GED) hypothetically is a straight-forward concept: dysplastic epithelium replacing the normal gastric epithelium of the stomach [1].In the stomach ,like any other segment of the gut ,it is defined as an unequivocal non-invasive epithelial change[2,3].The observation of gastric dysplasia as a cancerous lesion was recognized over a century ago ,but it is only after the advent of gastroscopy that its clinical significance has been stressed[4-7].

Carbon Induced Lung Cancer Cell Apoptosis with Antennapedia Proteins (ANTP)-SmacN7

The objective of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms behind the antennapedia proteins(ANTP)-SmacN7 synergistically trigger cell apoptosis in lung cancer cells induced by carbon ion irradiation.The radiation-sensitising effects of cancer cells and ANTPSmacN7 fusion proteins were observed by a clonogenic assay[1].The effects of drugs and radiation on tumour cell apoptosis were determined using PI staining[2].Carbon ion radiation-induced tumour cells apoptosis were showed significantly increase compared with X-ray irradiation(IR).The ANTP-SmacN7 fusion protein promoted tumour cell apoptosis.The results indicate that iron and carbon ion IR have higher RBE for cell killing,and ANTP-SmacN7 could significantly promote apoptosis of lung cancer cells induced by high-LET IR.These results provide useful information for followup studies that will focus on improvement of high-LET ion radiotherapy in the near future(Figs.12).

中药治疗糖尿病作用机制研究进展

糖尿病(Diabetes mellitus,DM)是以长期高血糖为主要特征的内分泌代谢性疾病,严重威胁着人类的健康与生活质量,随着我国生活质量的提高以及不健康的生活方式,DM发病率持续升高并趋于年轻化,深入开展降血糖治疗的研究刻不容缓。DM以胰岛素的绝对或相对不足为病理基础,目前尚无根治手段,西医多采用注射胰岛素或口服降糖药物对症治疗,虽然效果显著,但长期使用易产生毒副作用。中药治疗DM具有多途径、多靶点的优势,通过促进胰岛素分泌、改善胰岛素抵抗、调节糖脂代谢、抗氧化应激等发挥降血糖作用,其疗效显著且毒副反应少。近年来,有关中药及复方对DM动物模型的作用机制研究较多,笔者通过回顾近年来相关文献,对单味中药、中药复方、中药有效成分降血糖作用机制及其相关实验设计等进行系统梳理,从促进胰岛素分泌、抑制糖异生、促进糖原合成、改善胰岛素抵抗、抑制糖苷酶活性、缓解氧化应激损伤、抑制炎症反应和调节肠道菌群等方面对中药降血糖的作用机制研究及实验设计进行归纳总结,以期为中药降血糖更广泛的临床应用及其深入的药效学机制研究提供参考。