Effects of Different Water-soluble Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Strawberry under Integrated Application of Water and Fertilizer

Taking Hongyan strawberry as the material and PE drip irrigation tape and fertilizer applicator as the tool of integrated application of water and fertilizer,this experiment studied the effects of six fertilizers including Batian,Jiashili,Wangdefeng,Stanley,volfertile and calcium protein on yield and quality of strawberry. The experimental results showed that different water-soluble fertilizers had different effects on the main economic traits of strawberry. For the maximum single fruit mass,the highest was volfertile treatment( 28. 72 g),followed by calcium protein treatment,and the lowest was Stanley treatment( 23. 89 g). The fruit treated with Batian,volfertile and calcium protein was hard in the texture,the fruit treated with Wangdefeng was harder,that of Stanley was softer,and that of Jiashili was soft. The strawberry fruit treated with Wangdefeng and calcium protein was sweet,the fruit treated with volfertile and Batian was sweet,that treated with Jiashili was sour and sweet,and that treated with Stanley was slightly sour. The fruit treated with calcium protein,volfertile and Batian showed strong storage resistance.Strawberry plants treated with Batian,Wangdefeng,Stanley,and calcium protein showed stronger growth,and strawberry plants showed a semi-opening pattern. The yield of strawberry treated with volfertile was highest( 17 400 kg/ha),which was significantly increased compared with other treatments,followed by that treated by Stanley( 13 140 kg/ha).

Effects of Sulfur Fertilizer Application Methods on Grain Protein Content During Filling Stage of Winter Wheat

[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.

Study on the Rapid Method to Predict Longevity of Controlled Release Fertilizer Coated by Water Soluble Resin

The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers （CRFs） coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.

Interactions of Water Management and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Nitrogen Absorption and Utilization in Rice

The interactions of water management and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen absorption and utilization were studied in rice with Wuxiangjing9 (japonica). The results showed that the nitrogen uptake and remaining in straw increased and the percentage of nitrogen translocation (PNT) from vegetative organs, nitrogen dry matter production efficiency (NDMPE) and nitrogen grain production efficiency (NGPE) decreased with nitrogen increasing. The nitrogen uptake and NGPE decreased when severe water stressed. However, rice not only decreased the nitrogen uptake but also increased the PNT from vegetative organs, NDMPE and NGPE when mild water stressed. There were obvious interactions between nitrogen fertilizer and water management, such as with water stress increasing the effect of nitrogen on increasing nitrogen uptake was reduced and that on decreasing NDMPE was intensified.

Response of Tomato Plants to a New Application Method of Polyolefin-Coated Fertilizer

The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption.

An Essential Solution of Water Entry Problems and its Engineering Applications

For solving water entry problems, a numerical method is presented, which is a CFD method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh.In this approach, incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid are numerically calculated by the finite volume method.Then artificial compressibility method, dual time-stepping technique and Roe's approximate Riemann solver are adopted in the numerical scheme.Finally, some application cases are designed to show the ability of the current method to cope with water entry problems in ocean engineering.

Impact of Evaluation of Different Irrigation Methods with Sensor System on Water Consumptive Use and Water Use Efficiency for Maize Yield

The sensor system is one of the modern and important methods of irrigation management in arid and semi-arid areas, which is water as the limiting factor for crop production. The study was applied for 2016 and 2017 seasons out in Al-Yousifya, 15 km Southwest of Baghdad. A study was conducted to evaluate coefficient uniformity, uniformity distribution and application efficiency for furrow, surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation methods and it was (98, 97 and 89)% and (97, 96 and 88)% for 2016 and 2017 seasons;respectively. And control the volumetric moisture content according to the rhizosphere depth for depths of 10, 20 and 30 cm by means of the sensor system. The results indicated that the height consumptive water use of furrow 707.91 and 689.69 mm·season-1 and the lowest for subsurface drip with emitter deep at 20 cm 313.93 and 293.50 mm·season-1 for 2016 and 2017 seasons;respectively. As well, the highest value of water use efficiency for subsurface in drip irrigation at a depth of 20 cm, was 2.71 and 2.99 kg·m-3 and the lowest value for furrow irrigation was 1.12 and 1.20 kg·m-3 for the 2016 and 2017 seasons;respectively.

Comparison of the City Water Consumption Short-Term Forecasting Methods

There are a lot of methods in city water consumption short-term forecasting both inside and outside the country. But among these methods there exist many advantages and shortcomings in model establishing, solving and predicting accuracy, speed, applicability. This article draws lessons from other realm mature methods after many years′ study. It′s systematically studied and compared to predict the water consumption in accuracy, speed, effect and applicability among the time series triangle function method, artificial neural network method, gray system theories method, wavelet analytical method.

Rainfall Distribution Functions for Irrigation Scheduling: Calculation Procedures Following Site of Olive (<i>Olea europaea</i>L.) Cultivation and Growing Periods

In Tunisia (36.5oN, 10.2oE, Alt.10 m), rainfall is the major factor govering olive production. Annual and seasonal falls are variable following years and regions, making yields of olive trees fluctuating consistently. Irrigation was applied since the 70th in the intensive olive orchards to improve and stabilize olive production. This study aimed to determine the crop water needs of olive orchards and the rainfall frequencies at which they are covered following age and site of olive production. For this purpose, the rainfall distribution functions were established for different cities of Tunisia (Tunis, Bizerte, Béja, Nabeul, Sidi Bouzid, Gabes and Sousse). For all sites and growing periods, the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was computed by using several methods. Their performance against the PM-ET0 (Penman-Monteith) estimates was evaluated graphically and statistically for a better adaptation them to the existing environmental conditions, particularly when data are missing to compute ET0-PM. Results show that ET0 estimates strongly correlate with ET0-PM with r values of up to 0.88. Particularly, the methods of Turc and Ivanov appropriately predict the ET0-PM in all climatic regions of Tunisia, constituing an appropriate alternative for determining ET0 when data are missing to compute ET0-PM. However, although the Turc method performs well with all climatic zones of Tunisia, the Ivanov method appears to be more appropriate to the northern areas (Béja and Bizerte), though a poorer agreement was found when using the Eagleman method. Estimates of ET0 by using the Hargreave-Samani (HS) formula for the east-southern area (Gabes, arid climate) show satisfactory agreement with ET0-PM estimates. It appears also that at a given site, the most appropriate method for ET0 estimation at annual scale may be different from that giving the best value of ET0 when considering the growing stages of the olive tree, for example, the method of Turc, although it was appropriate when estimating the annual ET0 value for Sousse, it wasn’t adequate at seasonal scale. In opposite, although the method of BC is suitable for stages 1, 2, 4 and 5 at Sousse, the appropriate method for the overall cycle is that of Turc. This indicates that there is no weather-based evapotranspiration equation that can be expected to predict evapotranspiration perfectly under every climatic situation due to simplification in formulation and errors in data measurement. However, we can say that when data are missing, ET0 can be estimated with a specific formula;that of Turc can be appropriately used for Tunis, Sidi Bouzid, Sousse and Béja at annual scale despite of their appartenance to different climatic regions, while the method of Ivanov is quite valuable for Bizerte and Nabeul. Results show also that values of P-ETc recorded during the irrigation period are negative even for young plantations, with lowest and highest deficits observed at Béja and Gabes cities, respectively. The driest period is that of July-August for all sites with F values exceeding 0.9 in most cases. Only 10% of water needs are supplied by rainfall during this period of fruit development. Therefore, irrigation is needed all time for adult trees even at the rainiest locations. For young plantations, irrigation becomes necessary beginning from the second period of tree development, i.e. April-June for Bizerte, Béja, Nabeul and Tunis and since the early spring period for both young and old plants for Gabes and Sidi-Bouzid. It appears from this analyze based on the seasonal rainfall frequencies and water needs computed with the PM-method, that there is a need for irrigating olive plantations aging more than 5 years in most case studies and especially when olive is cultivated in the western areas of Tunisia. Results indicate also that the use of no adequate method to estimate ET0 allowed overestimating or underestimating of irrigation water needs. So it is desirable to have for Tunisia a method that estimates ET consistently well and future research is needed to reconcile which should be the standard method of calculating the change in the crop coefficient over time. However, despite a quite good performance of the PM-equation in most applications, particularly when it is used for irrigation scheduling purposes, some problems may appear because of lack of local information on Kc-values and determination of the effective rainfall. Additional research is needed on developing crop coefficients that use the Penman-Monteith equation when calculating ET. In conclusion we can say that on the basis of the results produced, we can decide for each region and growing period if complementary irrigation is needed or not. Indicative amounts are given for each case study.

小麦玉米间作氮肥后移利于减少土壤蒸发提高水分利用效率

【目的】针对绿洲灌区小麦玉米间作水分高效利用潜力挖掘不足,制约多熟种植稳定发展的问题,拟通过探明不同氮肥后移比例对小麦玉米间作耗水特性及水分利用的影响,为绿洲灌溉区水分高效利用麦玉间作模式创建提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2020—2021年在甘肃农业大学绿洲农业综合试验站开展,设小麦玉米间作、单作小麦和单作玉米3种种植模式,针对玉米设不施氮(N0)、氮肥后移20%(N1)、氮肥后移10%(N2)和传统施氮氮肥不后移(N3)4个处理,间作玉米和单作玉米各施氮处理下总施氮量分别为210和360kg·hm^(-2),研究不同种植制度及氮肥后移比例对小麦和玉米的土壤蒸发、耗水特性及水分利用的影响。【结果】小麦、玉米独立生长阶段间作处理的棵间蒸发量大于单作,间作小麦棵间蒸发较单作小麦增大15.9%—16.7%,间作玉米棵间蒸发较单作玉米增大5.4%—14.7%,麦玉共生期间作棵间蒸发量较单作加权降低4.6%—6.1%;全生育期棵间蒸发总量表现为:小麦玉米间作最大、单作玉米次之、单作小麦最小,在间作模式中,氮肥后移20%处理棵间蒸发量较传统施氮降低6.5%,且小麦带棵间蒸发量较玉米带增大12.6%—17.3%,是间作系统棵间蒸发的主要来源。间作系统中氮肥后移20%和后移10%处理全生育期耗水量较传统施氮分别降低34.3和18.9 mm,E/ET与传统施氮差异不显著。间作系统籽粒产量较单作加权平均提高21.1%—39.0%,间作系统氮肥后移20%处理籽粒产量较传统施氮提高28.8%,其中间作小麦、间作玉米氮肥后移20%处理较传统施氮分别提高24.3%、30.8%。间作种植模式氮肥后移处理水分利用效率较单作加权平均显著提高15.0%、12.3%,其中氮肥后移20%处理较传统施氮提高35.9%,氮肥后移10%处理较之提高19.3%。【结论】小麦玉米间作种植模式结合氮肥后移20%能减少土壤蒸发和全生育期耗水量,提高产量和水分生产力,是绿洲灌区小麦玉米间作高产高效生产可采用的施氮制度。

水肥一体化下施氮量对土壤有机氮组分及玉米产量的影响

为进一步优化玉米水肥一体化施肥技术,促进氮肥有效转化利用,研究不同施氮量对土壤有机氮组分及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,随施氮量的增加,土壤酸解总氮、酸解铵态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮和酸解氨基糖态氮含量呈先上升后下降趋势,当施氮量为210 kg·hm^(-2)(N2处理)时,以上4种有机氮组分含量最高。酸解铵态氮是影响玉米产量的关键因素,N2处理下酸解铵态氮含量较N3(252 kg·hm^(-2))、N4(273 kg·hm^(-2))、N1(147 kg·hm^(-2))和N0(0 kg·hm^(-2))分别显著提高3.55%、9.86%、20.37%和170.21%;产量分别显著提高1.58%、2.97%、18.43%和112.89%。综上,N2处理(施氮肥210 kg·hm^(-2))具有更高的供氮潜力,是较为理想的施氮量。

养殖尾水混合不同比例水溶肥种植水培生菜的综合效益评价

以“奶油生菜”为研究对象,将不同量的山崎配方水溶肥溶于工厂化养鱼尾水,配制成混合营养液,进行营养液膜栽培(NFT)水培生菜实验,以期筛选出最佳水肥配比,为实现工厂化养鱼尾水资源化利用提供理论依据。实验设置5个处理,分别为S1(123g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S2(98.4g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S3(73.8g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S4(49.2g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水)、S5(24.6g水溶肥+150L养鱼尾水),以CK(123g水溶肥+150L清水)作为对照,探究不同处理对生菜产量和品质的影响。采用基于熵权法的TOPSIS综合效益评价模型分析确定最佳水肥配比参数。结果表明,混合营养液能提高生菜对水肥的吸收量,但随水溶肥浓度增加,生菜耗肥量呈先增大后减小的趋势;不同处理下生菜耗水耗肥量均低于CK处理,S1-S5处理相比CK处理分别节肥25.01%、19.15%、34.12%、51.89%和74.10%。混合营养液能有效促进生菜生长,但生菜各项生长指标均随水溶肥浓度上升呈先增大后减少的趋势,S2处理下生菜产量最高,为1.88kg·m^(-2),相比CK处理增加15.32%。此外,混合营养液可提高生菜品质,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量呈先增大后减小的趋势,S2处理下生菜可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量最高;维生素C(VC)含量、硝酸盐含量均与水溶肥浓度呈正相关,S1处理下VC含量最高,S1-S5处理下硝酸盐含量均低于CK处理。综合效益评价结果表明,S2处理对生菜的生长最为有利,可以获得较高的产量并兼具较好的品质,为最佳配比,养鱼尾水与水溶肥合理配施后,可显著促进水肥吸收,提高生菜产量和品质,实现作物生产效益最佳。

大花序桉林沼液水肥一体化应用效果研究

为探究沼液水肥一体化在林业上的应用效果,研究了沼液水肥一体化对大花序桉幼林生长、林下土壤养分及林下种植的百部、天冬、勃氏甜龙竹生长的影响。结果表明,沼液水肥一体化对大花序桉、百部、天冬、勃氏甜龙竹生长及林下土壤养分有一定影响。山高部、山中部和山底部施沼液处理大花序桉树高分别较不施沼液和水对照高10.59%、13.93%和25.93%,山高部、山中部和山底部施沼液处理大花序桉胸径分别较不施沼液和水对照高17.93%、20.47%和28.32%。施用沼液可提高土壤水解性氮含量、有效磷含量和速效钾含量,能提高土壤肥力。沼液水肥一体化能提高百部和天冬产量,增加勃氏甜龙竹出苗数和出笋量。

滴灌节水技术应用机理及热点研究进展

滴灌是一种用水效率高的节水灌溉技术,具有少量多次、节水增产的特点。它能有效减少土壤蒸发和深层渗漏,提高灌溉水利用效率,同时其自动化程度高,可减少劳动力和运行管理成本。滴灌已成为国内外缺水地区的重要灌溉技术之一。目前,我国农业现代化发展过程中广泛使用滴灌技术,但也存在一些问题。从多个层面对滴灌技术的发展现状、适应作物类型、滴灌节水技术应用的研究热点、滴灌节水节肥机理以及存在的问题进行了梳理和分析,并提出了滴灌技术未来发展的建议,旨在为智慧滴灌技术的应用与研究提供借鉴和参考,为有效缓解我国农业用水紧缺,实现农田科学用水,提高作物的水分利用效率和农业生产的可持续性提供理论依据。

锌肥施用方式对苹果光合特性、品质及经济效益的影响

【目的】探究不同锌肥施用方式对土壤有效锌含量、苹果树叶片和果实锌含量、以及苹果光合特性、品质及经济效益的影响,以期为苹果合理施用锌肥提供参考。【方法】在陕西省蒲城县和乾县以“长富二号”苹果为试材,采用大田试验,设置不施锌(对照,T1)、叶面喷施锌肥(T2)和水肥一体化追施锌肥(T3)3个处理,测定不同处理土壤有效锌含量、苹果果实和叶片锌含量、叶片生物学性状以及苹果产量、品质和经济效益。【结果】在乾县和蒲城,在0~20和20~40 cm土层,T2和T3处理土壤有效锌含量均高于T1处理,且T3处理土壤有效锌含量最高,分别为1.88,1.22 mg/kg(0~20 cm土层)和1.16,0.70 mg/kg(20~40 cm土层)。在乾县,T2处理叶片和果实锌含量最高,其次为T3处理,T1处理最低;在蒲城,T2和T3处理叶片、果实锌含量均显著高于T1处理,其中T3处理均最高。在乾县和蒲城,与T1处理相比,T2和T3处理百叶厚和百叶质量及叶绿素含量总体上均显著增加。在乾县,苹果的果形指数为0.83~0.89,其中T1处理明显高于T2和T3处理;在蒲城,苹果的果形指数为0.81~0.91,其中T3处理明显高于T1和T2处理。在蒲城,3个处理的可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量均无显著差异;在乾县,T2和T3处理可滴定酸含量显著高于T1处理,可溶性固形物含量3个处理间无显著差异。在乾县和蒲城,T2和T3处理可溶性糖和V C含量均显著高于T1处理。乾县T2处理苹果产量和净利润均最高,分别为30961 kg/hm^(2)和82505元/hm^(2),较T1处理分别增加了45.49%和52.85%;蒲城T3处理苹果产量和净利润均最高,分别为29159 kg/hm^(2)和78595元/hm^(2),较T1处理分别提高了28.56%和65.77%。【结论】施用锌肥有利于提高土壤、苹果叶片和果实锌含量以及苹果产量和品质;从产量和经济效益的角度出发,水肥一体化追施锌肥的效果比叶面喷施锌肥更稳定。

基于产量和N_(2)O排放的温室番茄灌溉模式

为了揭示设施菜地N_(2)O排放的变化规律,了解水肥气耦合对设施菜地土壤N_(2)O的影响,对不同水肥气处理进行综合评价,提出合理的减排措施。试验以番茄为供试作物,设置了灌水水平(I)、施肥水平(F)和加气水平(A)3个因素,以不加气(CK)充分灌溉条件下2个施肥水平为对照,设置I1和I2(分别为亏缺灌溉和充分灌溉,对应作物-皿系数(K_(cp))分别为0.8和1.0)2个灌水水平,F1和F2(分别为低肥和高肥,对应施氮量为180 kg·hm^(-2)和240 kg·hm^(-2))2个施肥水平,A1和A2(分别为1倍气和2倍气)2个加气水平,共10个处理。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对番茄全生育期N_(2)O排放进行监测分析,系统研究水肥气耦合对温室番茄土壤N_(2)O排放的影响及其影响因素。结果表明:灌水量和施肥量的增加均会增加土壤N_(2)O排放通量,I2处理的N_(2)O排放通量比I1处理平均增加14.79%(P>0.05),F2处理比F1处理平均增加34.90%(P<0.05)。加气灌溉对土壤N_(2)O排放通量有显著影响,与CK处理相比,A1和A2处理分别增加10.02%(P>0.05)和62.92%(P<0.05)。土壤N_(2)O排放通量与土壤充水孔隙度呈指数正相关关系,与NO_(3)^(-)-N含量呈指数正相关关系,当土壤温度小于等于26℃时,N_(2)O排放通量与土壤湿度呈指数正相关关系,土壤温度大于26℃时,呈线性负相关关系。综合考虑番茄产量、N_(2)O累积排放量、灌溉水分利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和单产N_(2)O累积排放量,推荐施肥量为180 kg·hm^(-2)的1倍气充分灌溉(K_(cp)=1.0)为温室番茄增产、节水、减排的较佳灌溉模式。

氮肥运筹与硅锌肥配施对虾稻1号产量和品质的影响

为探讨优质食味籼稻虾稻1号产量和品质协同提升栽培技术,在施氮量180 kg/hm^(2)水平下,研究3种基肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥运筹比例(7∶3∶0、5∶3∶2和3∶3∶4,分别记作N_(7+3+0)、N_(5+3+2)和N_(3+3+4))并配施硅锌肥处理对虾稻1号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理下虾稻1号产量整体表现为N_(7+3+0)<N_(5+3+2)≈N_(3+3+4)。提高氮肥在穗肥中的比例,虾稻1号糙米率、精米率和整精米率呈先增加后降低趋势,而胶稠度和蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。其中,氮肥运筹对整精米率的影响达到显著水平,对蛋白质含量的影响达到极显著水平。相同氮肥运筹方式下,配施硅肥或硅锌肥均表现出一定的增产效应,但对稻米品质指标的影响均未达到显著水平。综上所述,N_(5+3+2)运筹方式可实现虾稻1号产量与品质的协同提升,而配施硅锌肥有助于其产量进一步提升。

秸秆施用下减施氮肥稻田有机碳和氮磷的排放特征

为了解秸秆施用下减施氮肥对稻田有机碳和氮磷排放特征的影响,进而为稻田投入品的优化施用以及田间养分管理提供技术支撑,通过盆钵试验研究小麦秸秆还田与肥料施用对高砂土和黄泥土2种土壤的田面水有机碳和氮磷浓度、潜在可排放量及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,高砂土稻田的田面径流养分排放风险远大于黄泥土,其中基肥期更为明显;磷在基肥期田面径流中的排放风险最大,施加秸秆处理的有机碳在蘖肥期田面径流中的排放风险最大,而氮在穗肥期的排放风险最大;无论高砂土还是黄泥土,秸秆施用基础上,相比施用常量氮肥,施用减量氮肥在保证产量不受明显影响的同时,可以有效降低田面径流养分排放风险。在小麦秸秆还田条件下,施用减量氮肥与常量氮肥相比,高砂土稻田田面水的COD、DOC、TN和TP平均可排放量分别降低34.92%、15.47%、35.37%和53.93%,水稻产量降低12.01%,黄泥土稻田田面水的COD、TN和TP平均可排放量分别降低24.82%、23.75%、2.84%,而水稻产量提高3.99%。总之,秸秆还田时减施氮肥利于降低高砂土和黄泥土田面水COD、TN、NH_(4)^(+)-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N的潜在排放风险,以稳定水稻产量和防控稻田养分田面径流流失为目标,高砂土稻田在水稻种植时氮肥施用应减量多次,并避免小麦秸秆还田,而黄泥土稻田在氮肥施用时应混施秸秆。

不同水稻品种和施锌方式对水稻产量及籽粒锌有效性的影响

【目的】明确不同水稻品种对锌肥的响应效果以及锌肥不同施用方式对水稻产量及籽粒锌有效性的影响差异。【方法】分别于2019和2020年进行田间试验。具体如下:2019年开展第1个田间试验,旨在探究不同水稻品种对施用锌肥的响应效果。选取了虾稻一号、虾稻二号、润香玉和隆两优3463等4个水稻品种,设置不施锌(CK)和施锌(+Zn)两个处理,以探究不同水稻品种对施用锌肥响应效果的差异。2020年开展第2个田间试验,旨在探究锌肥不同施用方式对水稻产量及籽粒锌有效性的影响。在2019年试验基础上,选择虾稻一号和隆两优3463两个产量较高的水稻品种继续开展后续研究,设置不施锌(S0F0)、土壤施锌15 kg·hm^(-2)(S1F0)、土壤施锌30 kg·hm^(-2)(S2F0)、开花期叶面喷施0.5%ZnSO_(4)(S0F1)、土壤施锌15 kg·hm^(-2)+开花期喷施0.5%ZnSO_(4)(S1F1)、土壤施锌30 kg·hm^(-2)+开花期喷施0.5%ZnSO_(4)(S2F1)6个处理,以探究不同施锌方式对两种水稻产量及籽粒锌有效性的影响差异。【结果】试验1中,不同品种水稻对施用锌肥的响应程度存在显著差异。施锌后,虾稻一号、虾稻二号、润香玉和隆两优3463等4个水稻品种的产量分别增加4.4%、11.6%、7.9%和4.8%,其增产效果主要表现为有效穗数和结实率的提高。与CK相比,4个水稻品种施锌处理的有效穗数分别平均增加了19.8%、3.9%、9.9%和24.0%,结实率分别平均增加了5.4%、9.7%、6.7%和4.0%。此外,4个水稻品种施锌处理的糙米植酸与锌摩尔比分别平均降低了24.3%、30.9%、21.3%和37.2%,精米植酸与锌摩尔比分别平均降低了29.5%、32.4%、33.9%和35.3%。试验2中,不同施锌方式对虾稻一号和隆两优3463产量和籽粒锌有效性的影响效果存在显著差异。土壤施锌的增产效果显著优于叶面喷锌,且在土壤施锌的基础上配合叶面喷锌可进一步提高水稻产量。与S0F0相比,S0F1、S1F0、S1F1、S2F0和S2F1处理的虾稻一号产量分别提高了12.1%、14.1%、17.2%、22.2%和29.3%,隆两优3463的产量分别提高了2.0%、10.1%、15.2%、28.3%和31.3%。不同施锌方式对籽粒锌有效性的影响效果有所不同,且两个水稻品种的籽粒锌有效性存在显著差异。叶面喷施对籽粒的锌强化效果明显优于土壤施用,隆两优3463籽粒锌的生物有效性高于虾稻一号。【结论】筛选高产富锌的水稻品种(隆两优3463),并采用合理的锌肥施用方式(土施30 kg·hm^(-2)+开花期叶面喷施0.5%ZnSO_(4)),可实现水稻增产和稻米锌营养强化的目的,助力水稻增收提质。