Cascaded ELM-Based Joint Frame Synchronization and Channel Estimation over Rician Fading Channel with Hardware Imperfections

Due to the interdependency of frame synchronization(FS)and channel estimation(CE),joint FS and CE(JFSCE)schemes are proposed to enhance their functionalities and therefore boost the overall performance of wireless communication systems.Although traditional JFSCE schemes alleviate the influence between FS and CE,they show deficiencies in dealing with hardware imperfection(HI)and deterministic line-of-sight(LOS)path.To tackle this challenge,we proposed a cascaded ELM-based JFSCE to alleviate the influence of HI in the scenario of the Rician fading channel.Specifically,the conventional JFSCE method is first employed to extract the initial features,and thus forms the non-Neural Network(NN)solutions for FS and CE,respectively.Then,the ELMbased networks,named FS-NET and CE-NET,are cascaded to capture the NN solutions of FS and CE.Simulation and analysis results show that,compared with the conventional JFSCE methods,the proposed cascaded ELM-based JFSCE significantly reduces the error probability of FS and the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of CE,even against the impacts of parameter variations.

A Novel Quantization and Model Compression Approach for Hardware Accelerators in Edge Computing

Massive computational complexity and memory requirement of artificial intelligence models impede their deploy-ability on edge computing devices of the Internet of Things(IoT).While Power-of-Two(PoT)quantization is pro-posed to improve the efficiency for edge inference of Deep Neural Networks(DNNs),existing PoT schemes require a huge amount of bit-wise manipulation and have large memory overhead,and their efficiency is bounded by the bottleneck of computation latency and memory footprint.To tackle this challenge,we present an efficient inference approach on the basis of PoT quantization and model compression.An integer-only scalar PoT quantization(IOS-PoT)is designed jointly with a distribution loss regularizer,wherein the regularizer minimizes quantization errors and training disturbances.Additionally,two-stage model compression is developed to effectively reduce memory requirement,and alleviate bandwidth usage in communications of networked heterogenous learning systems.The product look-up table(P-LUT)inference scheme is leveraged to replace bit-shifting with only indexing and addition operations for achieving low-latency computation and implementing efficient edge accelerators.Finally,comprehensive experiments on Residual Networks(ResNets)and efficient architectures with Canadian Institute for Advanced Research(CIFAR),ImageNet,and Real-world Affective Faces Database(RAF-DB)datasets,indicate that our approach achieves 2×∼10×improvement in the reduction of both weight size and computation cost in comparison to state-of-the-art methods.A P-LUT accelerator prototype is implemented on the Xilinx KV260 Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA)platform for accelerating convolution operations,with performance results showing that P-LUT reduces memory footprint by 1.45×,achieves more than 3×power efficiency and 2×resource efficiency,compared to the conventional bit-shifting scheme.

V2I Physical Layer Security Beamforming with Antenna Hardware Impairments under RIS Assistance

The Internet of Vehicles(IoV)will carry a large amount of security and privacy-related data,which makes the secure communication between the IoV terminals increasingly critical.This paper studies the joint beamforming for physical-layer security transmission in the coexistence of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)and Vehicle-toVehicle(V2V)communication with Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface(RIS)assistance,taking into account hardware impairments.A communication model for physical-layer security transmission is established when the eavesdropping user is present and the base station antenna has hardware impairments assisted by RIS.Based on this model,we propose to maximize the V2I physical-layer security transmission rate.To solve the coupled non-convex optimization problem,an alternating optimization algorithm based on second-order cone programming and semidefinite relaxation is proposed to obtain the optimal V2I base station transmit precoding and RIS reflect phase shift matrix.Finally,simulation results are presented to verify the convergence and superiority of our proposed algorithm while analyzing the impact of system parameters on the V2I physical-layer security transmission rate.The simulation results further demonstrate that the proposed robust beamforming algorithm considering hardware impairments will achieve an average performance improvement of 0.7 dB over a non-robustly designed algorithm.Furthermore,increasing the number of RIS reflective units from 10 to 50 results in an almost 2 dB enhancement in secure transmission rate.

A High Efficiency Hardware Implementation of S-Boxes Based on Composite Field for Advanced Encryption Standard

The SubBytes (S-box) transformation is the most crucial operation in the AES algorithm, significantly impacting the implementation performance of AES chips. To design a high-performance S-box, a segmented optimization implementation of the S-box is proposed based on the composite field inverse operation in this paper. This proposed S-box implementation is modeled using Verilog language and synthesized using Design Complier software under the premise of ensuring the correctness of the simulation result. The synthesis results show that, compared to several current S-box implementation schemes, the proposed implementation of the S-box significantly reduces the area overhead and critical path delay, then gets higher hardware efficiency. This provides strong support for realizing efficient and compact S-box ASIC designs.

Wavelet Denoising Applied to Hardware Redundant Systems for Rolling Element Bearing Fault Detection

This work presents a novel wavelet-based denoising technique for improving the signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of nonsteady vibration signals in hardware redundant systems.The proposed method utilizes the relationship between redundant hardware components to effectively separate fault-related components from the vibration signature,thus enhancing fault detection accuracy.The study evaluates the proposed technique on two mechanically identical subsystems that are simultaneously controlled under the same speed and load inputs,with and without the proposed denoising step.The results demonstrate an increase in detection accuracy when incorporating the proposed denoising method into a fault detection system designed for hardware redundant machinery.This work is original in its application of a new method for improving performance when using residual analysis for fault detection in hardware redundant machinery configurations.Moreover,the proposed methodology is applicable to nonstationary equipment that experiences changes in both speed and load.

Treatment and Hardware Removal after Lisfranc Injury: A Narrative Review

Lisfranc injuries can be difficult injuries to identify and treat, while also being the subject of significant debate on proper surgical management. A narrative literature review was performed using Pubmed and Google Scholar databases to identify recent studies evaluating open reduction internal fixation vs primary arthrodesis for Lisfranc injuries to further elucidate optimal surgical management. Additional focus was placed removal of hardware after ORIF to identify the need for routine hardware removal as an additional surgery may guide surgeon decision-making. This review showed inconclusive data on the superiority of ORIF vs arthrodesis, as multiple conflicting results exist, though established that functional results are similar between these options. Though both are generally accepted treatment options, there are no well-designed randomized controlled trials directly comparing the two. Retention of hardware after ORIF has been shown to be tolerated, though there is a significant risk of the need for unplanned removal due to pain and hardware breakage.

FPGA based hardware platform for trapped-ion-based multi-level quantum systems

We report a design and implementation of a field-programmable-gate-arrays(FPGA)based hardware platform,which is used to realize control and signal readout of trapped-ion-based multi-level quantum systems.This platform integrates a four-channel 2.8 Gsps@14 bits arbitrary waveform generator,a 16-channel 1 Gsps@14 bits direct-digital-synthesisbased radio-frequency generator,a 16-channel 8 ns resolution pulse generator,a 10-channel 16 bits digital-to-analogconverter module,and a 2-channel proportion integration differentiation controller.The hardware platform can be applied in the trapped-ion-based multi-level quantum systems,enabling quantum control of multi-level quantum system and highdimensional quantum simulation.The platform is scalable and more channels for control and signal readout can be implemented by utilizing more parallel duplications of the hardware.The hardware platform also has a bright future to be applied in scaled trapped-ion-based quantum systems.

List-Serial Pipelined Hardware Architecture for SCL Decoding of Polar Codes

For polar codes,the performance of successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding is capable of approaching that of maximum likelihood decoding.However,the existing hardware architectures for the SCL decoding suffer from high hardware complexity due to calculating L decoding paths simultaneously,which are unfriendly to the devices with limited logical resources,such as field programmable gate arrays(FPGAs).In this paper,we propose a list-serial pipelined hardware architecture with low complexity for the SCL decoding,where the serial calculation and the pipelined operation are elegantly combined to strike a balance between the complexity and the latency.Moreover,we employ only one successive cancellation(SC)decoder core without L×L crossbars,and reduce the number of inputs of the metric sorter from 2L to L+2.Finally,the FPGA implementations show that the hardware resource consumption is significantly reduced with negligible decoding performance loss.

Exploiting the Direct Link in IRS Assisted NOMA Networks with Hardware Impairments

Hardware impairments(HI)are always present in low-cost wireless devices.This paper investigates the outage behaviors of intelligent reflecting surface(IRS)assisted non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)networks by taking into account the impact of HI.Specifically,we derive the approximate and asymptotic expressions of the outage probability for the IRS-NOMA-HI networks.Based on the asymptotic results,the diversity orders under perfect self-interference cancellation and imperfect self-interference cancellation scenarios are obtained to evaluate the performance of the considered network.In addition,the system throughput of IRS-NOMA-HI is discussed in delay-limited mode.The obtained results are provided to verify the accuracy of the theoretical analyses and reveal that:1)The outage performance and system throughput for IRS-NOMA-HI outperforms that of the IRS-assisted orthogonal multiple access-HI(IRS-OMA-HI)networks;2)The number of IRS elements,the pass loss factors,the Rician factors,and the value of HI are pivotal to enhancing the performance of IRS-NOMAHI networks;and 3)It is recommended that effective methods of reducing HI should be used to ensure system performance,in addition to self-interference cancellation techniques.

System Outage Probability and Diversity Analysis of a SWIPT Based Two-Way DF Relay Network Under Transceiver Hardware Impairments

This paper investigates the system outage performance of a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer(SWIPT)based two-way decodeand-forward(DF)relay network,where potential hardware impairments(HIs)in all transceivers are considered.After harvesting energy and decoding messages simultaneously via a power splitting scheme,the energy-limited relay node forwards the decoded information to both terminals.Each terminal combines the signals from the direct and relaying links via selection combining.We derive the system outage probability under independent but non-identically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels.It reveals an overall system ceiling(OSC)effect,i.e.,the system falls in outage if the target rate exceeds an OSC threshold that is determined by the levels of HIs.Furthermore,we derive the diversity gain of the considered network.The result reveals that when the transmission rate is below the OSC threshold,the achieved diversity gain equals the sum of the shape parameter of the direct link and the smaller shape parameter of the terminalto-relay links;otherwise,the diversity gain is zero.This is different from the amplify-and-forward(AF)strategy,under which the relaying links have no contribution to the diversity gain.Simulation results validate the analytical results and reveal that compared with the AF strategy,the SWIPT based two-way relaying links under the DF strategy are more robust to HIs and achieve a lower system outage probability.

Temperature-Triggered Hardware Trojan Based Algebraic Fault Analysis of SKINNY-64-64 Lightweight Block Cipher

SKINNY-64-64 is a lightweight block cipher with a 64-bit block length and key length,and it is mainly used on the Internet of Things(IoT).Currently,faults can be injected into cryptographic devices by attackers in a variety of ways,but it is still difficult to achieve a precisely located fault attacks at a low cost,whereas a Hardware Trojan(HT)can realize this.Temperature,as a physical quantity incidental to the operation of a cryptographic device,is easily overlooked.In this paper,a temperature-triggered HT(THT)is designed,which,when activated,causes a specific bit of the intermediate state of the SKINNY-64-64 to be flipped.Further,in this paper,a THT-based algebraic fault analysis(THT-AFA)method is proposed.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method,experiments on algebraic fault analysis(AFA)and THT-AFA have been carried out on SKINNY-64-64.In the THT-AFA for SKINNY-64-64,it is only required to activate the THT 3 times to obtain the master key with a 100%success rate,and the average time for the attack is 64.57 s.However,when performing AFA on this cipher,we provide a relation-ship between the number of different faults and the residual entropy of the key.In comparison,our proposed THT-AFA method has better performance in terms of attack efficiency.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first HT attack on SKINNY-64-64.

Hardware Security for IoT in the Quantum Era: Survey and Challenges

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a reality: Healthcare, smart cities, intelligent manufacturing, e-agriculture, real-time traffic controls, environment monitoring, camera security systems, etc. are developing services that rely on an IoT infrastructure. Thus, ensuring the security of devices during operation and information exchange becomes a fundamental requirement inherent in providing safe and reliable IoT services. NIST requires hardware implementations that are protected against SCAs for the lightweight cryptography standardization process. These attacks are powerful and non-invasive and rely on observing the physical properties of IoT hardware devices to obtain secret information. In this paper, we present a survey of research on hardware security for the IoT. In addition, the challenges of IoT in the quantum era with the first results of the NIST standardization process for post-quantum cryptography are discussed.

Secrecy Outage Probability for Two-Way Integrated Satellite Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Relay Networks with Hardware Impairments

In this paper,we investigate the secrecy outage performance for the two-way integrated satellite unmanned aerial vehicle relay networks with hardware impairments.Particularly,the closed-form expression for the secrecy outage probability is obtained.Moreover,to get more information on the secrecy outage probability in a high signalto-noise regime,the asymptotic analysis along with the secrecy diversity order and secrecy coding gain for the secrecy outage probability are also further obtained,which presents a fast method to evaluate the impact of system parameters and hardware impairments on the considered network.Finally,Monte Carlo simulation results are provided to show the efficiency of the theoretical analysis.

HARDWARE DEMODULATION METHOD FOR &D EDGEDETEOTION AND ERROR OOMPENSATION

A hardwale demodulation method for 2-D edge detection is proposed. The filtering step and the differential step are implemented by using the hardware circuit. This demodulation circuit simplifies the edgefinder and reduces the measuring cycle. The calibration method of scale setting is also presented,and bymeasuring some calibrated objects,the demodulation errors and the error correction table is obtained.

Campus Information Network Hardware System Design

The emphasis of constructing and developing the campus information network is how to design and optimize the network hardware system. This paper mainly studies the network system structure design, the server system structure design and the network export design, and discusses the network hardware system design and optimization for different scale universities according to different practical demand. The objective is that the network hardware system can meet the demand and have been made full use.

Spinal fusion-hardware construct: Basic concepts and imaging review

The interpretation of spinal images fixed with metallic hardware forms an increasing bulk of daily practice in a busy imaging department. Radiologists are required to be familiar with the instrumentation and operative options used in spinal fixation and fusion procedures, especially in his or her institute. This is critical in evaluating the position of implants and potential complications associated with the operative approaches and spinal fixation devices used. Thus, the radiologist can play an important role in patient care and outcome. This review outlines the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used imaging methods and reports on the best yield for each modality and how to overcome the problematic issues associated with the presence of metallic hardware during imaging. Baseline radiographs are essential as they are the baseline point for evaluation of future studies should patients develop symptoms suggesting possible complications. They may justify further imaging workup with computed tomography, magnetic resonance and/or nuclear medicine studies as the evaluation of a patient with a spinal implant involves a multi-modality approach. This review describes imaging features of potential complications associated with spinal fusion surgery as well as the instrumentation used. This basic knowledge aims to help radiologists approach everyday practice in clinical imaging.

Open-Source Hardware Is a Low-Cost Alternative for Scientific Instrumentation and Research

Scientific research requires the collection of data in order to study, monitor, analyze, describe, or understand a particular process or event. Data collection efforts are often a compromise: manual measurements can be time-consuming and labor-intensive, resulting in data being collected at a low frequency, while automating the data-collection process can reduce labor requirements and increase the frequency of measurements, but at the cost of added expense of electronic data-collecting instrumentation. Rapid advances in electronic technologies have resulted in a variety of new and inexpensive sensing, monitoring, and control capabilities which offer opportunities for implementation in agricultural and natural-resource research applications. An Open Source Hardware project called Arduino consists of a programmable microcontroller development platform, expansion capability through add-on boards, and a programming development environment for creating custom microcontroller software. All circuit-board and electronic component specifications, as well as the programming software, are open-source and freely available for anyone to use or modify. Inexpensive sensors and the Arduino development platform were used to develop several inexpensive, automated sensing and datalogging systems for use in agricultural and natural-resources related research projects. Systems were developed and implemented to monitor soil-moisture status of field crops for irrigation scheduling and crop-water use studies, to measure daily evaporation-pan water levels for quantifying evaporative demand, and to monitor environmental parameters under forested conditions. These studies demonstrate the usefulness of automated measurements, and offer guidance for other researchers in developing inexpensive sensing and monitoring systems to further their research.

Detecting Compromised Kernel Hooks with Support of Hardware Debugging Features

Although there exist a few good schemes to protect the kernel hooks of operating systems, attackers are still able to circumvent existing defense mechanisms with spurious context infonmtion. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a framework, called HooklMA, to detect compromised kernel hooks by using hardware debugging features. The key contribution of the work is that context information is captured from hardware instead of from relatively vulnerable kernel data. Using commodity hardware, a proof-of-concept pro- totype system of HooklMA has been developed. This prototype handles 3 082 dynamic control-flow transfers with related hooks in the kernel space. Experiments show that HooklMA is capable of detecting compomised kernel hooks caused by kernel rootkits. Performance evaluations with UnixBench indicate that runtirre overhead introduced by HooklMA is about 21.5%.

A Hardware Trojan Detection Method Based on the Electromagnetic Leakage

Hardware Trojan(HT) refers to a special module intentionally implanted into a chip or an electronic system. The module can be exploited by the attacker to achieve destructive functions. Unfortunately the HT is difficult to detecte due to its minimal resource occupation. In order to achieve an accurate detection with high efficiency, a HT detection method based on the electromagnetic leakage of the chip is proposed in this paper. At first, the dimensionality reduction and the feature extraction of the electromagnetic leakage signals in each group(template chip, Trojan-free chip and target chip) were realized by principal component analysis(PCA). Then, the Mahalanobis distances between the template group and the other groups were calculated. Finally, the differences between the Mahalanobis distances and the threshold were compared to determine whether the HT had been implanted into the target chip. In addition, the concept of the HT Detection Quality(HTDQ) was proposed to analyze and compare the performance of different detection methods. Our experiment results indicate that the accuracy of this detection method is 91.93%, and the time consumption is 0.042s in average, which shows a high HTDQ compared with three other methods.

Hardware/software co-verification platform for EOS design

Ethernet over SDH/SONET (EOS) is a hotspot in today's data transmission technology for it combines the merits of both Ethernet and SDH/SONET. However, implementing an EOS system on a chip is complex and needs full verifications. This paper introduces our design of Hardware/Software co-verification platform for EOS design. The hardware platform contains a microprocessor board and an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)-based verification board, and the corresponding software includes test benches running in FPGAs, controlling programs for the microprocessor and a console program with GUI (Graphical User Interface) interface for configuration, management and supervision. The design is cost-effective and has been successfully employed to verify several IP (Intellectual Property) blocks of our EOS chip. Moreover, it is flexible and can be applied as a general-purpose verification platform.