桑托斯盆地L区块早白垩世Aptian期火山喷发旋回特征与Itapema组介壳灰岩沉积

桑托斯盆地裂陷初期岩浆活动与储层发育关系密切。本文以盆地L区块火成岩-介壳灰岩复合体为研究对象,通过对火成岩岩石学、年代学测试及钻井、测井资料分析等,首次明确了桑托斯盆地裂陷初期岩浆活动特征及其对介壳灰岩沉积过程的控制,并指出介壳灰岩储层的分布特征。L区块内火成岩分属晚白垩世Santonian期—Campanian期和早白垩世Aptian两期岩浆活动产物,并以Aptian期为主,至少经历了7次不连续喷发和3次侵入过程,形成了块状玄武岩、杏仁状玄武岩和玻基斑状玄武岩(含再沉积玻基斑状玄武岩)等喷发相火成岩和以辉绿岩(局部属粗玄岩)、煌斑岩形式产出的侵入相火成岩。Aptian期岩浆多期活动重塑了古地貌,形成了局部构造凸起,促成并控制了下白垩统Itapema组至少6期介壳灰岩沉积,最终形成了~620 m厚火成岩-介壳灰岩复合体。介壳灰岩储层呈透镜体形状,以“散点式”不连续分布在Aptian期盆内古隆、古断阶(坡)等区域,横向连续性差,垂向连通性受限,其发育规模和质量受古地貌及水深条件等影响。

Geochemistry of the Aptian bituminous limestones in Gümuü?hane area,Eastern Black Sea region:new insight into paleogeography and paleoclimate conditions

Aptian is characterized by widespread deposition of organic-rich sediment.The Aptian bitumen limestone horizon,which is thin decimetre-thick sequences,locally crops out in the Kircaova area,Eastern Black Sea Region(Eastern Pontides).They are well correlated with Aptian bitumen limestone in the other Tethys Reams.They are proposed as episodes of increased organic matter.However,background factors controlling organic matter enrichment are poorly known.In this study,we present new inorganic geochemistry,including trace elements,rare earth elements(REE),redox-sensitive elements(RSE),stable-isotopes(δ~(18)O andδ~(13)C),and total organic carbon(TOC).We integrated new geochemical data with existing stratigraphy,paleontology,and organic chemistry data to provide new insight into the depositional environment and paleoclimate conditions during Aptian.The lacustrine bitumen limestone(LBL)samples have variedδ~(13)C(ave.-1.45‰)andδ~(18)O(ave.-4.50‰).They possess distinct REE patterns,with an average of REE(ave.14.45 ppm)and Y/Ho(ave.35)ratios.In addition,they have variable Nd/YbN(0.28-0.81;ave.0.56)and Ce/Ce*(0.68-0.97;ave.0.86),and relatively high Eu^(*)/Eu(1.23-1.53;ave.1.35).They display seawater signatures with reduced oxygen conditions.The enrichment in RSE(Mo,Cu,Ni,and Zn)and the low Mo/TOC(0.70-3.69;ave.2.41)support a certain degree of water restriction.The high Sr/Ba,Sr/Cu,Ga/Rb,and K/Al records of the LBL facies suggest hot house climatic conditions.The sedimentary environment was probably an isolated basin that is transformed from the marine basin.In addition to depositional conditions,the regional parameters such as the climate,increased run-off period,nutrient levels,alkalinity level,and dominant carbonate producers favored the enrichment in organic matter of LBL facies.Thus,extreme greenhouse palaeoclimate conditions have an important role in organic matter enrichment in the isolated basin.Our results are conformable with the published data from marine,semi-restricted basin,and lacustrine settings in the different parts of the Tethys margin.Thus,this approach provides the first insight into the Aptian greenhouse paleo-climate conditions of the Eastern Black Sea Region,NE Turkey.

The Key Role of Aptian-Albian Marine Fossils from Eastern Heilongjiang in Marine-Nonmarine Stratigraphic Correlation

The alternating marine and nonmarine coal-bearing Lower Cretaceous successions are well developed in eastern Heilongjiang, northeastern China, including the Jixi Group in the west and the Longzhaogou Group in the east. The correlation of these two lithostratigraphic groups with the nonmarine Jehol Group is important for dating the exceptionally well-preserved Jehol Biota. The Early Cretaceous marine fossils recovered from eastern Heilongjiang include ammonites, bivalves, radiolarians, foraminifers and dinocysts. During the early Aptian transgression the ammonite fauna entered the Hulin and Mishan areas and the bivalve Aucellina fauna in the Jixi area. This enables correlation of the marine lower part of the Chengzihe Formation of the Jixi Group with the Qihulin Formation of the Longzhaogou Group.

Aptian综合年代地层事件:定量地层学的运用(英文)

以往发表的年代地层数据都是以Ma形式出现,以关键物种的首现面和末现面来界定的.一般而言,这些年龄是在用某种方法确定的某两个层的年龄基础上通过插值获得的,很大程度上仍然是估计值,而不是可以检验的科学结论.我们需要的是一个可以评价的、剖面重现的、标本重现的而且插值方法是经过严格检验的数据库.图形对比技术正是一个有用的方法,它可以综合众多剖面的分散分布的事件,并可以验证这些事件的顺序和年代.图形对比技术是一个定量的、非统计的方法,可以判别两个剖面之间存在的同时代关系.物种时限和非生物事件投点到X/Y图解上,时限可以通过对比线综合到单个的时间尺度上.其他剖面的数据通过重复以上过程把每个剖面的数据综合进来.获得的时限通过评价有这些物种出现的图形解而得到验证.Aptian阶(约124～112 Ma)时期环境发生巨大变化,用来确定Aptian阶的许多关键生物事件和年代地层事件并不都出现在同一个剖面.因此,这些事件的相对年龄始终是不确定的,也不是相关的.两个事件被提出来用于界定Aptian阶的底界,包括菊石Deshayesites tuarkyricus和磁极性带CM0.然而这两个事件标准地层剖面相隔600 km. 图形对比显示这两次事件出现在7万年间隔内.通过这一方法,来自23条Barremian-Aptian-Albian 期间的剖面被综合进入精确的数据库,可以用来评价和验证来自新剖面的数据.

Araucarian cone-scale complexes,newly found in Aptian Kitadani Formation of Tetori Group in Fukui Prefecture,Central Japan

This study reports on two forms of Araucarian cone-scale complexes from the Aptian Kitadani Formation of the Tetori Group in Fukui Prefecture,Central Japan.One of these has been identified as a new fossil species:Araucarites kitadaniensis Yabe et Yukawa sp.nov.This is the first known occurrence of Araucarian macrofossils from the Tetori Group,indicating that this group was substantially diverse during that time period.This finding concurs with previous palynological investigations at the site,supporting the hypothesis that Araucarian plants began to diversify during Aptian global warming.

Geotechnical Study of the Aptian Limestone of the Kef Region,Northwestern Tunisia:Evaluation for Industrial Use

This study aims to the initial characterization of Aptian sedimentary limestones in the Kef region located in the North-West of Tunisia in order to use in industrial fields. The limestone samples were collected from three outcrops respectively named Jebel Jerissa, Jebel Hmeima and Jebel Harraba. A geochemical characterization highlights a variation of the weight percentage (wt%) as follows: CaO (53 - 55), MgO (0.04 - 0.28), Al2O3 (0.07 - 0.51), Fe2O3 (0.41 - 2.87), and a loss on ignition (41.62 - 43.35). The other oxides (K2O, SO3, Na2O) are in trace amounts. Mineralogical analysis revealed that limestones contain more than 95% of calcite and the clay impurities are the minor phases detected. Petrographic study showed that these limestones are packestone-wakestone type. The hardness of Aptian limestones crosses the upper limit of the hard domain. Geotechnical tests reveal a Dry Micro Deval (MDS) coefficient varying from 23% to 33%, a Wet Micro Deval (MDH) coefficient with values oscillating around 26% to 36%, a Los Angeles coefficient (LA) about 25% against a value of the compressive strength ranging from 593 Kg/cm2 to 866 Kg/cm2. The gravimetric tests highlighted a flexural strength value from 106 Kg/cm2 at 208 Kg/cm2, while the ultrasonic coefficient oscillates from 4876 m/s to 5233 m/s, indicating the low porosity of these limestone (0.5% to 1%). The density recorded an average value of 2.50 g/cm3. The various properties studied have proved that the limestone studied can be used in various industrial fields such steel industry, aggregate, cement industry and marble.

Sequence stratigraphy of the petroliferous Dariyan Formation (Aptian) in Qeshm Island and offshore (southern Iran)

After sea level rises during the Early Cretaceous,upper parts of the Khami Group sediments(Fahliyan.Gadvan.and Dariyan Formations) deposited over Jurassic sediments.The Lower Cretaceous(Aptian) Dariyan Formation(equivalent to the Shu'aiba Formation and Hawar Member of the Arabian Plate) carbonates,which have hydrocarbon reservoir potential,form the uppermost portion of the Khami Group that unconformably overlays the Gadvan Formation and was unconformably covered by the Kazhdumi Formation and Burgan sandstones.Detailed paleontological.sedimentological.and well log analysis were performed on seven wells from Qeshm Island and offshore in order to analyze the sequence stratigraphy of this interval and correlate with other studies of the Dariyan Formation in this region.According to this study,the Dariyan Formation contains 14 carbonate lithofacies,which deposited on a ramp system that deepened in both directions(NE—wells 5,6 and SW—wells 1,2).Sequence stratigraphy led to recognition of 5 Aptian third-order sequences toward the Bab Basin(SW—well 1) and 4 Aptian third-order sequences toward Qeshm Island(NE—wells 5and 6) so these areas show higher gamma on the gamma ray logs and probably have higher source rock potential.Other wells(wells 2-4 and 7) mainly deposited in shallower ramp systems and contain 3 Aptian third-order sequences.On the other hand,rudstone and boundslone lilhofacies of studied wells have higher reservoir potential and were deposited during Apt 3 and Apt 4 sequences of the Arabian Plate.The Dariyan Formation in Qeshm Island(well 6) and adjacent well(well 5) was deposited in an intrashelf basin that should be classified as a new intrashelf basin in future Aptian paleogeographic maps.We interpret that salt-related differential subsidence,crustal warping.and reactivation of basement faults of the Arabian Plate boundary were responsible for the creation of the intrashelf basin in the Qeshm area.

Aptian biostratigraphy in South Zagros Basin, southwest Iran

The Khami group within the petroliferous Zagros Basin of Iran includes the Surmeh, Hith, Fahliyan, Gadvan and Dariyan formations. The Dariyan Formation, previously known as Orbitolina limestone is very significant as a reservoir rock in the Zagros Basin. In this study, the age of the Dariyan Formation is examined based on biostratigraphic and paleontological investigations. 236 m of Dariyan Formation sediments in the sections at Kuh-e Rahmat(north) and Nour-Abad(west) of Iran were selected to study its biostratigraphy.According to the lithostratigraphic investigations, the Dariyan Formation in these sections is subdivided into three: lower, middle and upper, which include thin-bedded to medium-bedded and massive limestone. Micropaleontologic study of the Dariyan Formation has led to the recognition of two biozones in the Nour-Abad area and one biozone in the Kuh-e Rahmat stratigraphic column. Diagnostic foraminifera in these sections are as follows: Globigerinelloides algerianus Cushman and Ten Dam, Globigerinelloides ferreolensis Moullade, Globigerinelloides maridalensis(Bolli), Globigerinelloides paragottisi Verga and Permoli Silva, Hedbergella aptiana Bartenstein, Hedbergella excelsa Longoria, Hedbergella luterbacheri Longoria,Hedbergella occulta Longoria, Hedbergella ruka(Banner et al.), Hedbergella similis Longoria, Hedbergella trocoidea(Gandolfi), Muricohedbergella delrioensis(Carsey), Pseudoplanomalina cheniourensis Sigal, Conicorbitolina conica d'Archiac, Iraqia sp., Mesorbitolina parva Douglass, Mesorbitolina pervia Douglass, Mesorbitolina ovalis Gorog and Arnaud-Vanneau, Mesorbitolina subconcava Leymerie, Mesorbitolina texana(Roemer), Mesorbitolina ovalis-pervia Cherchi and Schroeder, Debarina hahounerensis Fourcade et al.,Marssonella trochus(d'Orbigny), Nezzazata sp., Orbitolina sp., Textularia sp.Based on the identified foraminifera, the age of the Dariyan Formation in the Kuh-e Rahmat area is assigned to Aptian, and in the Nour-Abad area is determined as upper Aptian.

Carbon isotope composition and its implications of Lower Cretaceous Aptian-Albian shallow water carbonates in the Cuoqin Basin, North Tibet

The d 13C values of Lower Cretaceous Aptian-Albian platform-type carbonates in the Cuoqin Basin, North Tibet vary between 2.48 and 5.46. The mean value is 3.93. The values are not only provided with positive excursion, but also 1.17 higher than those of con-temporaneous pelagic carbonates which possess pretty high d 13C values. The origin is ap-proached. During the oceanic anoxic events, a great number of organisms were rapidly buried, causing the increase of the d 13C value of oceanic total dissolved carbon (TDC) and generally promoting the values of marine carbonates. After that, owing to the organisms undergoing dif-ferent isotopic fractionation in the paleo-ocean with stratified structure, d 13C values of shallow sea carbonate were obviously higher than those of pelagic carbonates.

Aptian–Albian Transition in Central Tunisia:Tectonosedimentary and Paleogeographic Records

The Aptian–Albian series are characterized, in Tunisia, by several variations in subsidence rates and records discrete unconformity between Albian and Aptian in central and southern Tunisia. In central Tunisia Upper Aptian regressions were sustained until the beginning of Albian with a low sea level stand. In this paper, wells data gathered from central Tunisia exposes well expressed Aptian–Albian hiatus associated to several partial sedimentary gaps, erosion surface and unconformities and correlated with the "Aptian Crisis" highlighted at the Tethyan scale. This latter is coeval with an extensional regime in concurrence with the African rifting responsible for halokinesis movements and magmatism and leaded to the establishment of paleoreliefs as much as tilted blocks and half grabens in central Tunisia. Deposition shows regional hiatus and lateral transition from platform facies to south to, open marine facies to the north. The structural configuration of this domain within normal faulting, horsts and grabens leaded to the establishment of several distinct basins with different subsidence rates. Discordances occur specially around and upward uplifted blocks and emerged land and are especially associated with Aptian reef, karsts and shallow marine facies. They are unconformably overlaid by the transgressive open marine facies of Albian–Cenomanian series acknowledged as source rock in Central Tunisia. In addition, the reefal Aptian facies is considered a potential reservoir rocks in central Tunisia and it is frequently associated to mineralization and Hydrocarbure reservoirs.

First Record of Sexual Dimorphism in Toxasterid Echinoid Heteraster from the Early Cretaceous Deposits of the Kopet-Dagh Basin,NE Iran

Spatangoid echinoids belonging to Heteraster found in the Lower Cretaceous limestones and calcareous deposits of the Tirgan and Sarcheshmeh formations(Barremian-Aptian)in the Bahman jan-Bala stratigraphic section on the northern flank of the Borouj syncline,situated in the eastern Kopet-Dagh Basin,northeastern Iran are assessed as a sexually dimorphic species.Sexual dimorphism is a common feature in echinoids and,in this study of Heteraster renngarteni Poretzkaja,1961,sexual dimorphism has been detected for the first time in the family Toxasteridae.

松辽盆地松科2井下白垩统营城组火山-沉积序列精细刻画

中国白垩纪大陆科学钻探松科2井连续获取营城组岩心365.32m,岩心直径为214mm,岩心收获率达98.47%,是迄今直径最大,收获率最高且保存最为完整的营城组岩心,这些宝贵资料为营城组研究提供了前所未有的机遇。营城组时期与Aptian-Albian对应。通过对松科2井营城组岩心的精细描述,揭示了营城组火山-沉积序列及其建造过程。营城组主要包括沉积岩与火山岩两大岩类,共计17种岩石类型,其中沉积岩9种(砾岩、粗砂岩、中砂岩、细砂岩、粉砂岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥岩,含角砾凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质砂岩)、火山岩类8种(流纹岩、流纹质角砾集块岩、流纹质角砾集块熔岩、流纹质熔结凝灰熔岩、流纹质含角砾熔结凝灰熔岩、隐爆角砾岩、安山质集块熔岩与凝灰岩)。沉积相为扇三角洲相,具体分为扇三角洲平原亚相、扇三角洲前缘亚相与前扇三角洲亚相,分流河道微相、扇间沼泽微相,水下分流河道微相、河口砂坝微相与静水泥质沉积微相。火山岩相包括爆发相和喷溢相,具体分为空落亚相、热碎屑流亚相、喷溢相中部亚相和上部亚相。沉积岩与火山岩交替出现于营城组中,主要发育3期沉积岩与3期火山岩,自下而上形成3个完整的沉积-火山旋回,即沉积岩Ⅰ-火山岩Ⅰ、沉积岩Ⅱ-火山岩Ⅱ和沉积岩Ⅲ-火山岩Ⅲ。这一发现对于重新认识营城组时期构造-火山-盆地充填规律,可能具有重要启示。文中精细的描述资料为今后相关的深入研究提供了迄今最精准的基本地质素材。

甘肃平凉安国镇白垩系六盘山群的孢粉植物群

对甘肃—宁夏交界处六盘山群一个露头剖面进行了孢粉分析,从和尚铺组、李洼峡组、马东山组和乃家河组中获得了孢粉化石。这些材料表明,六盘山群的孢粉植物群中白垩纪分子丰度高、分异度大,时代可能为晚Aptian—早、中Albian。孢粉反映当时的气候条件中性偏干,其中和尚铺组和乃家河组比李洼峡组和马东山组要更干一些。根据孢粉资料,六盘山群的和尚铺组至乃家河组的沉积可与盆地主体的志丹群的上部即泾川组对比,三桥组则可能相当于罗汉洞组。陕甘宁盆地西部边缘区缺少相当于志丹群宜君组至环河华池组的早白垩世早期的沉积。

海南乐东洪帽剖面鹿母湾组孢粉组合及其地层意义

作者系统地研究了海南乐东洪帽剖面鹿母湾组孢粉化石,共计26属60种,其中苔藓类植物孢子1属3种,蕨类植物孢子18属30种,裸子植物花粉7属27种,组成以Cicatricosisporites-Schizaeoisporites-Ephedripites-Exesipollenites为特征的孢粉组合。依据组合中主要分子和重要分子地质时限的讨论以及与相关孢粉组合进行比较,将洪帽剖面鹿母湾组的地质时代归为Aptian期-早Albian期。

下刚果盆地油气成藏主控因素及勘探方向

下刚果盆地油气成藏条件非常有利,尤其盆地内沉积了阿普第阶盐岩层,发育多种类型盐相关构造,形成多种类型圈闭,同时盐岩层又是非常好的盖层。但该套盐岩层的存在也使下刚果盆地盐下、盐上油气成藏条件产生较大差异:盐下地层油气成藏的主控因素为伸展构造有关的圈闭,未来重点勘探仍以寻找伸展构造有关的油气藏类型为主要方向;盐上白垩系油气成藏的主控因素为圈闭和储层,未来勘探应以寻找与阿尔布阶Pinda组碳酸盐岩和Vermelha组的滨岸砂岩为储层并与盐构造相关的油气藏为重点;第三系油气成藏的主控因素则为烃源岩成熟度、圈闭及浊积砂体的发育,未来重点勘探方向为寻找深水—超深水区盐构造与浊积砂体复合型油气藏。

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世克孜勒苏群孢粉组合

基于新疆塔里木盆地西南区和东南区下白垩统克孜勒苏群发现的孢子花粉57属96种的研究,建立了克孜勒苏群下亚旋回和上亚旋回孢粉组合,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地层时代。克孜勒苏群孢粉组合以松杉目的优势、真蕨目海金沙科的显赫和原始被子植物的出现为特征。克孜勒苏群下亚旋回孢粉组合与欧洲韦尔登期(陆相尼欧克姆期)和北美巴列姆期孢粉组合可以对比,克孜勒苏群上亚旋回孢粉组合与欧亚大陆、北美和澳大利亚阿普第期至阿尔必期孢粉组合可以对比。根据孢粉学证据,克孜勒苏群下亚旋回应属于尼欧克姆期,或赫特里夫期至巴列姆期,克孜勒苏群上亚旋回应归于阿普第期至阿尔必期。

西非被动大陆边缘构造-沉积演化及其对生储盖的控制作用

西非海岸属典型的被动大陆边缘,经历了前裂谷、裂谷和被动陆缘等三个演化阶段,北段与中南段盆地裂谷作用的时间和方式不同。在由构造—沉积控制的盆地发展演化过程中发育三套主力烃源岩,即裂谷期盐下湖相页岩、被动陆缘期盐上海相页岩以及浅海相—三角洲相页岩;发育裂谷期湖相碎屑岩、被动陆缘期碳酸盐岩、滨岸砂岩、浊积体和三角洲砂岩等多套储层。阿普特盐岩为主要的区域盖层,形成了裂谷期的断块、断背斜、盐岩构造以及与被动陆缘期同生长断层相关的滚动背斜等众多构造和圈闭。

松辽盆地早白垩世淡水沟鞭藻类

本文描述了松辽盆地早白垩世沙河子组一登娄库组(别里亚士期—阿普第早期)淡水角藻类沟鞭藻囊孢4属、5新种和2个未定种,并对拟蝙蝠藻属(Vesperopsis Bint, 1986)进行了修订。

记中国首次发现的“真古兽类”(eupantotherian)化石(英文)

记述了在中国首次发现的采自辽宁黑山县八道壕矿区早白垩世晚期沙海组的一件“eu- pantotherian”(“真古兽类”)下颌骨化石。标本保存了最后两个前臼齿和4个臼齿,它以抬高的下颌角突,半臼齿化的最后一枚前臼齿,臼齿上面积增大但未发育成完整盆形的跟座,尚未形成的facet-5,及加长的最后臼齿等特点有别于所有已知的“eupantotherian”和具有雏形磨楔式臼齿的Kielantherium,被命名为一新属新种,Mozomus shikamai gen.et sp.nov.(鹿间明镇古兽),并由它而创建了一新科,Mozomuridae fam.nov. “Eupantotherian”是早期哺乳动物演化中的一个重要环节,是从无跟座的对齿兽(sym- metrodont)到具有磨楔式(tribosphenic)臼齿兽类的中间类型。早期兽类进化的成功模式是发育成具有磨楔式的臼齿,即在上臼齿上发育出原尖,而下臼齿的跟座形成由3个齿尖围成的盆状。这种结构扩大了牙齿的面积,使咀嚼切割能力更趋完善,今天的有袋类和真兽类均是如此。但在哺乳动物系统发育史上,“eupantotherian”类的化石发现不多,这给探讨具有磨楔式臼齿构造的两大门类(后兽类和真兽类)的起源带来不少困难和疑惑。而传统上的真古兽类形态分异又很大,并不是一个单系类群。其中有跟座发育较好者,如peramurans有可能更接近具有磨楔式臼齿兽类的基部位置,本文记述的Mozomus shikamai也应属于这一类型。具有雏形的被认为处于基干上的磨楔式臼齿类化石,迄今只有两种,即发现在英国早白垩世地层中的滨齿兽(Aegialodon)和蒙古早白垩世晚期Hoobor层的Kielantherium,前者仅有一颗下臼齿,后者由一枚下臼齿和一具有4颗臼齿的下牙床为代表。两种化石在分类上被归入单一的滨齿兽目(Order Aegialodontia Butler,1978),视为Boreosphenidans的基干(stem)。本文记述的Mozomus,其时代与Kielantherium的大体相当,在大小、齿式及臼齿形态上与后者也多有相近之处,但前者以其臼齿的facet-5尚未出现和跟盆发育不全等特点表明它较Kielantherium更为原始,不具备磨楔式臼齿的模式,因之不能归人Aegialodontia,而只能纳入”eupantotheri- ans”。但在后一类的组合中,Mozomus以它半臼齿化的最后前臼齿和面积增大但未发育成盆形的跟座等特点,又是组合中相当进步的类型。无论如何Mozomus的发现是在为数极少的向磨楔式臼齿模式进化的中间环节上增添了一件重要的化石标本,也增加了不少新的信息。它必会引起学者对这一进化过程的更加深入的反思和新的启示。

西藏措勤地区“乌郁群”上部有孔虫化石的发现及其地层意义

西藏措勤地区“乌郁群”上部是一套红色碎屑沉积,原来被认为属湖沼相,划归上新统。在1∶25万措勤县幅区调中,在这套碎屑沉积中发现一些含较丰富有孔虫、固着蛤化石的灰岩层。根据有孔虫化石组合,措勤地区的“乌郁群”上部应为滨浅海相沉积,其时代归属为早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世早期(Aptian-Cenomanian)。