Mori fructus aqueous extracts attenuates liver injury by inhibiting ferroptosis via the Nrf2 pathway

Background Liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinogenesis secondary to liver fibrosis are serious liver diseases with no effective treatments.Mori fructus aqueous extracts(MFAEs)have served as successful treatments for many types of liver injury including fibrosis although the molecular mechanisms are unknown at present.Purpose To investigate the effect of MFAEs in alleviating acute and chronic liver injury and tried to decipher the underlying mechanism.Methods and results Mice were divided into 5 groups(n ps:contro=8)for acute(groups:control,0.3%CCl_(4),bifendate(BD),100 and 200 mg/kg MFAEs,7 d)and chronic(groul,10%CCl_(4),BD,100 and 200 mg/kg MFAEs,4 weeks)liver injury study.Each mouse was injected intraperitoneally with 10μL/g corn oil containing CCl_(4)expect the control group.HepG2 cells were used in vitro study.Eighteen communal components were identified by UPLC-LTQOrbitrap-MS.We utilized a mouse model for acute and chronic liver injury using CCl_(4)and MFAEs administration effectively blocked fibrosis and significantly inhibited inflammation in the liver.MFAEs activated the nuclear factor erythroid derived 2 like 2/heme oxygenase 1(Nrf2/HO-1)pathway and promoted the synthesis of the antioxidants glutathione(GSH),superoxidedismutase(SOD)and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)that resulted in reduced levels of CCl_(4)-induced oxidative stress molecules including reactive oxygen species.These extracts administered to mice also inhibited ferroptosis in the liver by regulating the expression of Acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4(ACSL4),solute carrier family 7 member 11(SLC7A11)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4),thus reducing the occurrence of liver fibrosis.Both in vivo and in vitro tests indicated that the mechanism of MFAEs protection against liver fibrosis was linked to activation of Nrf2 signaling.These effects were blocked in vitro by the addition of a specific Nrf2 inhibitor.Conclusion MFAEs inhibited oxidative stress,ferroptosis and inflammation of the liver by activating Nrf2 signal pathway and provided a significant protective effect against CCl_(4)-induced liver fibrosis.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of the Aqueous Extracts of the Leaves of Opilia amentacea (Opiliaceae)

Opilia amentacea (Opiliaceae) is a woody plant with multiple medicinal claimed effects. The present study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the decoction and macerate extracts from the leaves of Opilia amentacea. Moreover, acute toxicity and phytochemical analysis were performed. The acute toxicity was evaluated on NMRI mice at 2000 mg/kg bw. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using the carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema and the lipoxygenase inhibition assay. The radical scavenging (DPPH and ABTS), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) assays were used to measure the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. Qualitative and quantitative methods served for identifying and quantifying the extract’s phytoconstituents. The decoction demonstrated low acute toxicity;the lethal dose was therefore estimated to be superior to 2000 mg/kg bw. The extracts significantly reduced the mouse paw’s thickness at 600 mg/kg bw. The extracts developed weak radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects. However, the macerate showed a high ability (664.90 ± 0.71 mol Ascorbic Acid Equivalent/g dry extract) to reduce the ferric ions. Saponins, sterols, triterpenes, and flavonoids were qualitatively detected in the two extracts. Total phenolics (TP) and total flavonoids (TF) were found abundant in the extracts, especially the decoction (TP content (TPC) = 94.03 ± 2.66 mg GAE/g;TF content (TFC) = 35.05 ± 0.32 mg QE/g). Strong positive correlations existed between ferric-reducing capacity and TPC (r = 0.959) for the macerate, while TFC was mainly involved in the DPPH radical scavenging of the two extracts. Instead, most correlations were negative between the polyphenol compounds and the anti-inflammatory assays. The results indicate potent in vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant effects of the aqueous extracts from the leaves of Opilia amentacea. Further studies are needed to find the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects mechanism.

Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Griffonia simplicifolia (Fabaceae) on the Inhibition of Falciformation of Human Hb SS Erythrocytes

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape and transportation of red blood cells (RBCs) in blood vessels, leading to various clinical complications. Sickle cell disease is a widespread genetic disease in Black Africa. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sickling inhibition activity of Griffonia simplicifolia. Quantitative and qualitative tests were used to determine the major groups of secondary metabolites present in the Griffonia simplicifolia leaves extracts and the modified Emmel test was used to perform the study of sickling inhibition activity. The OECD 423 toxicity study showed that at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg bw, Griffonia simplicifolia leaves extracts are not toxic. All tested substances inhibit erythrocyte falciformation in a dose-dependent manner. The percentages of inhibition were 50.35%, 73% and 94.23% for aqueous extract, hydromethanolic extract and phenylalanine respectively at the concentration of 15 mg/mL. The methanolic extract (70%) had higher activity compared to the aqueous extract. These results suggest that the Griffonia simplicifolia extracts have some potential to be used as alternative antisickling therapy in SCD management.

Spirulina platensis aqueous extracts ameliorate colonic mucosal damage and modulate gut microbiota disorder in mice with ulcerative colitis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)that has become a major gastroenterologic problem during recent decades.Numerous complicating factors are involved in UC development such as oxidative stress,inflammation,and microbiota disorder.These factors exacerbate damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier.Spirulina platensis is a commercial alga with various biological activity that is widely used as a functional ingredient in food and beverage products.However,there have been few studies on the treatment of UC using S.platensis aqueous extracts(SP),and the underlying mechanism of action of SP against UC has not yet been elucidated.Herein,we aimed to investigate the modulatory effect of SP on microbiota disorders in UC mice and clarify the underlying mechanisms by which SP alleviates damage to the intestinal mucosal barrier.Dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)was used to establish a normal human colonic epithelial cell(NCM460)injury model and UC animal model.The mitochondrial membrane potential assay 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)and staining with Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)/propidium iodide(PI)and Hoechst 33258 were carried out to determine the effects of SP on the NCM460 cell injury model.Moreover,hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),western blot,and 16S ribosomal DNA(rDNA)sequencing were used to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of SP on UC in C57BL/6 mice.In vitro studies showed that SP alleviated DSS-induced NCM460 cell injury.SP also significantly reduced the excessive generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)and prevented mitochondrial membrane potential reduction after DSS challenge.In vivo studies indicated that SP administration could alleviate the severity of DSS-induced colonic mucosal damage compared with the control group.Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress was associated with increases in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of tight junction proteins(TJs)post-SP treatment.SP improved gut microbiota disorder mainly by increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and the expression of TJs in the colon.Our findings demonstrate that the protective effect of SP against UC is based on its inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine overproduction,inhibition of DSS-induced ROS production,and enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes and TJs in the colonic mucosal barrier.

Aqueous and organic extracts of Trigonella foenum-graecum L.inhibit the mycelia growth of fungi

Aqueous extracts from various plant parts of fenugreek(3%)(aerial parts:leaves and stems(LS),roots(R),ground seeds(GS)and not ground seeds(NGS))and petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of the aerial parts were assayed to determine their antifungal potential against Botrytis cinerea,Fusarium graminearum,Alternaria sp.,Pythium aphanidermatum,and Rhizoctinia solani.All fenugreek plant parts showed antifungal potential and the magnitude of their inhibitory effects was species and plant parts d...

EVALUATION OF THE ESTROGENIC EFFECTS OF PLANTAGINIS SEMEN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS

The objective was to investigate the estrogenic effects of Plantaginis Semen aqueous extracts and study the mechanism of action.Mouse uterine weight test and MCF-7cell proliferation assay were used to evaluate the estrogenic effects of Plantaginis Semen aqueous extracts.Reporter gene assay were adopted to explore the mechanism

Dietary oregano aqueous extract improves growth performance and intestinal health of broilers through modulating gut microbial compositions

Background Intestinal health plays a pivotal role in broiler chicken growth.Oregano aqueous extract(OAE)effec-tively exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects.However,the protective effects of OAE on intestinal health in broilers and the underlying mechanism remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of OAE on growth performance,the gut microbiota and intestinal health.A total of 8401-d-old male and female broilers(Arbor Acres)were randomly allocated into 6 groups as follows:basal diet(Con),Con+antibiotics(Anti,colistin sulfate 7 g/kg,roxarsone 35 g/kg),Con+400,500,600 and 700 mg/kg OAE(OAE400,OAE500,OAE600 and OAE700).Subse-quently,fermentation in vitro together with oral administration trials were carried out to further assess the function of OAE on intestinal health of broilers.Results Dietary 700 mg/kg OAE supplementation resulted in an increase(P<0.05)in body weight and a decrease(P<0.05)in feed conversion ratio when compared with the control during d 22 to 42 of the trial.OAE addition resulted in lower(P<0.05)jejunal crypt depth and mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10 at d 42.In addition,dietary OAE addition increased the abundance of Firmicutes(P=0.087)and Lactobacillus(P<0.05)in the cecum,and increased(P<0.05)the content of acetic acid and butyric acid.In the in vitro fermentation test,OAE significantly increased(P<0.05)the abundance of Lactobacillus,decreased(P<0.05)the abundance of unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae,and increased the content of acetic acid(P<0.05).In the oral administration trial,higher(P<0.05)IL-4 expression was found in broilers when oral inoculation with oregano fermentation microorganisms at d 42.And SIgA content in the ileum was significantly increased(P=0.073)when giving OAE fermentation supernatant.Conclusions Dietary OAE addition could maintain intestinal health and improve growth performance through enhancing intestinal mucosal immunity and barrier function mediated by gut microbiota changes.

Characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles using aqueous two-phase systems

Infectious bursal disease(IBD)causes considerable economic losses in the commercial poultry industry worldwide.The principal way to control IBD virus(IBDV),the causative agent of IBD,is still through vaccination programs.Virus-like particles(VLPs)are recognised as a safe and potent recombinant vaccine platform.This research work explores the characterisation and separation of infectious bursal disease virus-like particles(IBD-VLPs)from crude feedstock.Various characteristics were studied with highperformance size-exclusion chromatography(HP-SEC),sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses.Subsequently,the separation of IBD-VLPs using polyethylene glycol(PEG)/sodium citrate-based aqueous two-phase systems(ATPSs)was conducted and optimised.Moreover,a scale-up study of the best ATPS constituted of 15%PEG 6000,11%sodium citrate and 10%crude feedstock was performed to compare the separation performance of IBD-VLPs with and without centrifugation-assisted.The results indicated that the optimised ATPS with centrifugation-assisted for both 5 g and 50 g systems showed good recovery of IBDVLPs of>97%in the interphase between the PEG-rich top and salt-rich bottom phases.These optimised systems also showed high removal efficiencies of impurities of>95%.The results demonstrated that aqueous two-phase extraction could be a promising technology for efficient VLPs separation.

Hypotensive Effects of an Aqueous Extract of Bambusa vulgaris (Poaceae) Leaves in Rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Plant of Bambusa vulgaris is used in traditional medicine practice for the management of many pathologies including hypertension. The effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Bambusa vulgaris on blood pressure was evaluated in normotensive male rabbits. Blood pressure was measured by the invasive method. Thus, aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves had been injected intravenously at doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 30 mg/kg in rabbits anesthetized with thiopental. The effects of this extract on blood pressure were also evaluated in rabbits having previously received different doses of atropine. The aqueous extract of Bambusa vulgaris leaves induced a dose-dependent hypotension which is not canceled in the presence of atropine. The results obtained show that the extract has blood pressure lowering effect which may be mediated by muscarinic-type cholinergic receptors.

Effect of Tetracera potatoria Aqueous Extract on Mellitus Diabetes and Its Complication Preventions in Wistar Rats

Background: Diabetes is becoming a serious public health issue with expensive treatment that is less accessible to all patients in least developing countries. The traditional African pharmacopoeia offers accessible and lower cost alternative to diabetics’ treatments. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Tetracera potatoria, on diabetes and the prevention of its complications in Wistar rats. In order to evaluate respectively the hypoglycaemic, anti-hyperglycaemic and antidiabetic activities. Methods: an aqueous extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg was tested on normal rats and orally hyperglycaemic challenged rats by 10% glucose (3 g/kg), to induce diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan at 50 mg/kg. The glycaemia monitoring, and the determination of biological parameters were accessed through ASAT, ALAT, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycated haemoglobin tests. Results: The aqueous extract at related doses administered to diabetic rats has significantly reduced the mean blood glucose levels in all diabetic rats at 55.56%, 63.34% and 62.38% compared to healthy control batches in the three batches treated. These doses improved the change in body weight compared to the healthy control group. There was an increase of 110.9%, 107.67% and 109.31% respectively after four weeks of treatment compared to the initial weight of the rats. The significant increase (p Conclusions: These results showed hypoglycaemic and antihy-perglycaemic, antidiabetic effects, preventing the installation of some diabetes related complications. The phytochemical parameters of the extract showed chemical compounds which would act the reduction of the putative diabetes and its complications. These indicators show the importance of medicinal plants on diabetes treatment.

Anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of Dendropanax dentige and Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides on rheumatoid arthritis and their underlying mechanism in rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anit-inflammatory effect of extracts of Dendropanax dentiger(Harms)Merr and Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides(Spring)Holub on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)using adjuvant arthritis(AA)rat model and possible mechanisms.METHODS The AA rat model of RA was induced in adult SparagueDawley(SD)rats by injecting of the adjuvant at base oftail.One-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into the following groups:normal saline group(blank control),D.dentiger decoction group(80g·kg-1·d-1),L.Casuarinoides decoction group(80 g·kg·d-1),the total of glucoside Tripterygium(GTT)group(positive control,2 mg·kg-1·d-1).They were administered orally for 6weeks.Histopathology of tissues arthritis rats was observed by H.E staining.The volume of paw swelling was measured and the arthritis inflammation index was calculated.The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interlukin-1β(IL-1β)were detected by the ELISA assay.In addition,previous study has reported that plant-derived mi RNAs play a role for cross kingdom regulatory potential.Thus,we also performed RNA-seq technique to identify bioactive mi RNAs via comparative transcriptome analysis between D.dentiger and L.Casuarinoides.RESULTS Comparing with AA model group,the volume of paw swelling and the arthritis index were increased significantly in the AA rat model group(P<0.01),suggesting that the AA model rats were prepared properly.Compared with the AA model group,the volume of paw swelling of D.dentiger decoction group,L.Casuarinoides decoction group was decreased by 25.2%and 10.3%,respectively,and the arthritis index was decreased by 27.2%and 18.3%,respectively.Compared with AA model group,TNF-αprotein expression of D.dentiger decoction group and L.Casuarinoides decoction groups were decreased by 16.3%and 14.7%,and IL-1βprotein expression was decreased by 23.6%,18.9%(P<0.05,P<0.01),respectively.Besides,we found that some plant-derived homologous mi RNAs(such as mi RNA192 and mi RNA30a)associated with cell apoptosis processing have been screened out via comparative transcriptome analysis.But the underlying mechanisms about two mi RNAs function needs much more investigate.CONCLUSION Results showed significant anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of D.dentiger and L.Cauarinoides and justifying their therapeutic role in inflammatory condition.Furthermore,anti-inflammatory effect of D.dentiger and L.Cauarinoides may be attribute to the herb-derived mi RNAs cross-kingdom regulation.

Effect of two different extracts of red maca in male rats with testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia

Aim： To determine the effect of two different extracts of red maca in male rats. Methods： Prostatic hyperplasia was induced in male rats with testosterone enanthate （TE）. The study comprised six groups： one control group （group 1）, one group treated with TE （group 2）, two groups treated with TE and aqueous extract of red maca （groups 3 and 4）, one group treated with hydroalcoholic extract of red maca （group 5） and one group treated with finasteride （0.1 mg, group 6）. Differences in the aqueous extract dependent on the length of time of boiling, whether for 2 or 3 hours, for groups 3 and 4 was assessed. Extracts of red maca contained 0.1 mg of benzylglucosinolate. Thereafter, a doseresponse effect of different doses of benzylglucosinolates （0.02-0.08 mg） in red maca extracts was assessed. Results： Prostate weight was similar in rats treated with freeze-dried aqueous extract of red maca prepared after 2 and 3 hours of boiling. Freeze-dried aqueous extract of red maca, hydroalcoholic extract of red maca and finasteride reduced prostate weight in rats with prostatic hyperplasia. No difference was observed between the data obtained from aqueous extract or hydroalcoholic extract of red maca. A dose dependent reduction of prostate weight was observed with the increase of the dose of benzylglucosinolates in red maca extracts. Conclusion： The present study showed that hydroalcoholic or aqueous extract of red maca containing 0.1 mg of benzylglucosinolate can reduce prostate size in male rats in which prostatic hyperplasia had been induced by TE.

Allelopathic Effects of Aqueous Extract of Torreya fargesii Aril on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Radish, Mustard and Cabbage

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the allelopathic effects of Torreya fargesii aril. [Method] By indoor bioassay, the effects of different con-centrations （10, 20,40, 80 g/L） of aqueous extract of T. fargesii aril on seed germination rate, seedling root length, seedling height, fresh weight, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde （MDA） content and anti oxidative enzyme activities of radish, mustard and cabbage were analyzed and compared. [ Result] Different concentrations of aqueous extract of T. fargesii aril inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of three crops, and the inhibitory effects were enhanced with the increase of concentration. Seedling height and fresh weight of three crops were improved by low concentrations of aqueous extract of T. fargesii aril and inhibited by high concentrations of aqueous extract. Overall, aqueous extract of T. fargesii aril exhibited allelopathic inhibitory effects on three crops, and the level of allelopath-ic inhibitory effects demonstrated a descending order of radish 〉 mustard 〉 cabbage. Compared with the control group, 80 g/L aqueous extract of T. fargesii aril almost significantly reduced seed germination rate, seedling root length, seedling height, fresh weight and chlorophyll content, and significantly improved MDA con-tent and antioxidative enzyme （SOD, CAT, POD） activities of radish, mustard and cabbage （P 〈 0 .0 5 ） . [ Conclusion] Aqueous extract of T. fargesii aril exhibited remarkable allelopathic inhibitory effects on seed germination of radish, mustard and cabbage, which indicated that there might be dormancy-associated germination in-hibiting allelochemicals in T. fargesii aril. This study provided theoretical basis for subsequent clarification of the mechanism of seed dormancy of T. fargesii.

Chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense

The aqueous extract of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. （Amur Cork Tree） provides a rich source of antioxidants and chemical compounds, and can be used for food and wood preservative materials. In this study, we characterized the chemical composition of this extract by GC and GC/MS. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using a variety of antioxidant assays （superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, nitric oxide radical, and DPPH radical scavenging activity）. Additionally, total polyphenolic content was determined. Phenolic acids and acetone derivatives were major compounds of the extract capable of scavenging the DPPH free radical and reducing ferric ions. DPPH and ferric ion reduction results were strongly correlated with total phenolic content of the extract which also exhibited strong nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities.

Effects of Aqueous Extract of Plumbago zeylanica L. in the Reversal of DMN-induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Rat

[ Objectives ] This study was conducted to evaluate the action of the aqueous extract of a medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica L. in the reversal of dime- thylnitrosamine （DMN） -induced hepatic fibrosis in rats, and to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of P. zeylanica in treatment of hepatic fibrosis. [Meth- ods ] Hepatic fibrosis in rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of DMN. The rats were then given the aqueous extract of P. zeylanica at high, medium or low concentration by garage for five weeks. Serum level of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） was determined by lactate dehydrogenase （LDH）-release assay, and serum level of aspartate transaminase （AST） was measured by UV-malate dehydrogenase （MDH） assay. Serum levels of total bilirubin （TBIL）, direct bilirubin （DBIL） and indirect bilirubin （1BIL） were measured by vanadate oxidation assay. Four indices of hepatic fibrosis （hyaluronic acid, laminin, procollagen type III and colla- gen type IV） were determined by radioimmunoassay （RIA） assay. Morphological damage of liver tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining （H＆E stai- ning）. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to determine the location and area of deposited collagen type I, collagen type III and ct-smeoth muscle actin （a-SMA） in liver tissue. [ Results] Compared with the negative control （rats with diseased fiver and untreated with P. zeylanica aqueous extract）, the serum lev- els of ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL and IBIL were significantly decreased by P. zeylanica aqueous extract; the levels of the four serum indices of hepatic fibrosis were also obviously reduced. H＆E staining showed that hepatic fibrosis in rats was obviously inhibited or even reversed by P. zeylanica aqueous extract. Immunohisto- chemical staining proved that the aqueous extract of P. zeylanica significantly reduced the area and coloration of collagen type I, collagen type III and ct-SMA in rat liver. [ Conclusions] The aqueous extract of P. zeylanica has a definite effect in reversal of DMN-indueed hepatic fibrosis in rat by promoting the recovery of liver function, reversal of histopathological changes and reducing fibrotic collagen.

Acanthopanax senticosus aqueous extract protects PC12 cells against hypoxic injury

Acanthopanax senticosus aqueous extract, at 10, 5 and 2.5 μg/mL, lessened hypoxia-induced PC12 cell injury. Pretreatment with the extract upregulated Bcl-2 expression, downregulated Bax expression, elevated superoxide dismutase activity, diminished malondialdehyde content, relieved Ca2＋ overloading, and suppressed apoptosis of PC12 cells. These effects were most pronounced at 10 μg/mL. These results suggest that Acanthopanax senticosus aqueous extract protects PC12 cells from hypoxia-induced injury in a dose-dependent manner.

Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Oil from Perilla(Perilla frutescens L.)Seeds

In the present study the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment and the types of enzyme on oil yield were investigated.The optimum ultrasonic pretreatment parameters were found to be 250 W of ultrasonic power,30 min of ultrasonic time,and 50℃of ultrasonic temperature.Five types of enzyme,Cellulase,Viscozyme L,Alcalase 2.4L,Protex 6L,and Protex 7L,were evaluated for their effectiveness in releasing oil from ultrasonic pretreated perilla seeds.The highest oil yield of 81.74%was observed in cellulase treated perilla seed samples.The physicochemical properties of the control,hexane,and enzyme extracted perilla seed oils were compared.No significant(P>0.05)differences were observed in iodine value,refractive index,unsaponifiable matter,saponification value,peroxide value,and acid value.

Experimental Study on Content of Aqueous Extract and Total Flavonoids in Different Parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1

[Objectives]To study the differences in the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in different parts of Sichuan Ophiopogon japonicus 1,and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of O. japonicus resources. [Methods] According to Volume I of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia,and with reference to literature methods,taking water as extraction solvent,hot dip method was used to determine the content of aqueous extract; taking ethanol as extraction solvent,the content of total flavonoids was determined using hot dip method,Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry. [Results]The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus1 was higher than that of traditional O. japonicas; the content of aqueous extract in the root tubers of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1; the content of total flavonoids in leaves of Sichuan O. japonicus 1 was higher than that in the root tubers; the content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids in Sichuan O. japonicus 1 in the second year was higher than that in the first year.[Conclusions]The quality of new cultivar of Sichuan O. japonicas 1 was significantly higher than the traditional O. japonicus. Nowadays,the main part of drug use in O. japonicas is root,but as to the content of total flavonoids,fibrous roots and leaves are more dominant,it is feasible to develop and utilize the resources of flavonoids in the fibrous roots and leaves. The content of aqueous extract and total flavonoids from the second year O. japonicus was higher than that in the first year O. japonicus,but its increased amount did not meet the requirements of economic benefits.

Study on the Effect of Aqueous Extract of Houttuynia cordata on Serum TNF-αand IL-6 Content in Mice Infected with Five Common Pathogenic Bacteria

[Objectives]To observe the effect of aqueous extract of Houttuynia cordata on the content of serum TNF-αand IL-6 in mice with abdominal infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae,so as to investigate the antibacterial effect of aqueous extract of Houttuynia cordata in vivo.[Methods]A total of 72 KM mice were randomly divided into six groups:model group,blank group,cefdinir dispersible tablet group(0.25 g/kg),high,medium and low dose groups of aqueous extract of Houttuynia cordata(40,20,10 g/kg crude drug).There were 12 mice in each group,half male and half female,continuously given intragastric administration for three days,once a day.The blank group and the model group were intragastrically infused with normal saline,and the other groups were given corresponding drugs with a volume of 0.02 mL/g.After 30 min of administration on the third day,the mice were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of bacterial suspension to make bacterial infection.The mice in the blank group were intraperitoneally injected with the same amount of normal saline,followed by intragastric administration 6 h after intraperitoneal injection and intragastric administration again after 24 h.The mice were observed for three days,and the changes of body weight before and after infection were recorded.On the fourth day of infection,eyeball blood was taken,serum was separated,and the concentration of inflammatory factors TNF-αand IL-6 in serum was determined.[Results]Compared with the model group,the high,medium and low dose groups of H.cordata aqueous extract had protective effects on mice with abdominal infection caused by S.aureus,E.coli,P.aeruginosa,P.vulgaris and K.pneumoniae,and decreased the content of TNF-αand IL-6 in serum.[Conclusions]The aqueous extract of H.cordata had a certain antibacterial effect on acute abdominal infection caused by S.aureus,E.coli,P.aeruginosa,P.vulgaris and K.pneumoniae,and its mechanism was related to TNF-αand IL-6.

Study on the Anti-aging Efficacy of the Active Ingredients in Aqueous Extract of Ganoderma lucidum

[ Objective ] The research aimed to develop anti-aging masks with aqueous extracts of Ganoderma lucidum and to study the clinical efficacy on the delaying of skin aging. [Method] The anti-aging efficacy of the aqueous extract of C.anoderrna luciclum was evaluated by sensory evaluation, safety evaluation, instrumental measurements, etc. [ Result] The results of sensory evaluation showed that after continuous application of the test materials for 12 weeks, the skin dryness, elasticity, surface sheen, fine wrinkles and smoothness were well improved, and the improvement rates were 9l. 17%, 91.17% , 94.12% , 11.76% and 91.18% , respectively. The measurement results by specialized instrument showed that the skin hydration on the target site increased continuously with the prolonging of the using time. Significant differences existed between each time point after using the products and the time before using. There was no signiScant difference existed in elasticity index 112 and R5 compared with before using. [Result] Clinical data showed that the active ingredients in aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum had a certain effect on the delaying of skin aging.