The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of the peanut accessions using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker and to evaluate RAPD markers to be used in peanut as genetic ...The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of the peanut accessions using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker and to evaluate RAPD markers to be used in peanut as genetic markers and improve such techniques as suitable strategies for peanut germplasm characterization. Twenty peanut accessions were included in this study and were subjected to RAPD molecular markers analysis. Twenty-seven RAPD primers produced 210 amplification products of which 80 (36.4%) were polymorphic. In conclusion, this study reported a successful fingerprinting of peanut accessions using RAPD markers and demonstrated the usefulness of these markers in estimating the extent of genetic variation in peanut germplasm.展开更多
Two triterpenoid saponins, 6, 7, together with five known compounds were isolated from the roots of Arachis hypogea L. collected in Vietnam. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR and ...Two triterpenoid saponins, 6, 7, together with five known compounds were isolated from the roots of Arachis hypogea L. collected in Vietnam. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR and HRMS) as well as by comparison with those reported in the literature. Furthermore, the high content of resveratrol in the roots opens a new potential resource for pharmaceutical companies to prepare medicines from the wasted peanut roots.展开更多
In Lower Casamance, <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> occupies a very important place in agroforestry parks. It is often grown in association with the most important cash crop of the area, groundnut <i>(A...In Lower Casamance, <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> occupies a very important place in agroforestry parks. It is often grown in association with the most important cash crop of the area, groundnut <i>(Arachis hypogea L.).</i> Thus, the objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between trees and groundnut cultivation in agroforestry parks in Lower Casamance. To this end, in each of the two districts (Tenghory and Kataba 1) three <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> trees were selected in three separate communes. For each <i>P. erinaceus</i> tree selected and following each of the four cardinal directions, three situations were defined: at R/2, at 1.5 R and at 2 R from the trunk, with R the radius of the crown. Thus, 12 yield squares were installed around each selected tree, for a total of 72 yield squares installed in the two districts. The parameters measured were the height of the peanut plants, the number of pods produced per plant, and the yield in flakes and pods. The results show that geographical orientation significantly influenced plant height (p = 0.004) but not the number of pods/plant (p = 0.6). As for the distance to the trunk of <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, it induced a significant variation in the number of pods/plant (p = 0.009) but did not induce a significant effect on the other parameters. Yields varied between 1.56 Tons M S /ha and 2.02 Tons M S /ha for the hay, and between 1.03 Tons M S /ha and 1.45 Tons M S/ha for the pods. The results of this study constitute a useful source of information for a better management of the productivity of the agroforestry parks of the department of Bignona.展开更多
The growth and yield of peanut are negatively affected by continuous cropping.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and calcium ions(Ca^(2+))have been used to improve stress resistance in other plants,but little is known a...The growth and yield of peanut are negatively affected by continuous cropping.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and calcium ions(Ca^(2+))have been used to improve stress resistance in other plants,but little is known about their roles in peanut seedling growth under continuous cropping.This study investigated the possible roles of the AMF Glomus mosseae combined with exogenous Ca^(2+)in improving the physiological responses of peanut seedlings under continuous cropping.G.mosseae combined with exogenous Ca^(2+)can enhance plant biomass,Ca^(2+)level,and total chlorophyll content.Under exogenous Ca^(2+)application,the F_v/F_m in arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)plant leaves was higher than that in the control plants when they were exposed to high irradiance levels.The peroxidase,superoxide dismutase,and catalase activities in AM plant leaves also reached their maximums,and accordingly,the malondialdehyde content was the lowest compared to other treatments.Additionally,root activity,and content of total phenolics and flavonoids were significantly increased in AM plant roots treated by Ca^(2+)compared to either G.mosseae inoculation or Ca^(2+)treatment alone.Transcription levels of AhCaM,AhCDPK,AhRAM1,and AhRAM2 were significantly improved in AM plant roots under exogenous Ca^(2+)treatment.This implied that exogenous Ca^(2+)might be involved in the regulation of G.mosseae colonization of peanut plants,and in turn,AM symbiosis might activate the Ca^(2+)signal transduction pathway.The combination of AMF and Ca^(2+)benefitted plant growth and development under continuous cropping,suggesting that it is a promising method to cope with the stress caused by continuous cropping.展开更多
Molecular genetic maps of crop species can be used in a variety of ways in breeding and genomic research such as identification and mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for morphological, physiologica...Molecular genetic maps of crop species can be used in a variety of ways in breeding and genomic research such as identification and mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for morphological, physiological and economic traits of crop species. However, a comprehensive genetic linkage map for cultivated peanut has not yet been developed due to the extremely low frequency of DNA polymorphism in cultivated peanut. In this study, 142 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Yueyou 13 and Zhenzhuhei were used as mapping population in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). A total 652 pairs of genomic-SSR primer and 392 pairs of EST-SSR primer were used to detect the polymorphisms between the two parents. 141 SSR primer pairs, 127 genomic-SSR and 14 EST-SSR ones, which can be used to detect polymorphisms between the two parents, were selected to analyze the RILs population. Thus, a linkage genetic map which consists of 131 SSR loci in 20 linkage groups, with a coverage of 679 cM and an average of 6.12 cM of inter-maker distance was constructed. The putative functions of 12 EST-SSR markers located on the map were analyzed. Eleven showed homology to gene sequences deposited in GenBank. This is the first report of construction of a comprehensive genetic map with SSR markers in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The map presented here will provide a genetic framework for mapping the qualitative and quantitative trait in peanut.展开更多
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC;EC 4.1.1.31) catalyses phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) to yield oxaloacetate,which is involved in protein biosynthesis.Pyruvate kinase(PK;EC 2.7.1.40) catalyzes PEP to yield pyruvat...Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC;EC 4.1.1.31) catalyses phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) to yield oxaloacetate,which is involved in protein biosynthesis.Pyruvate kinase(PK;EC 2.7.1.40) catalyzes PEP to yield pyruvate,which is involved in fatty acid synthesis.In this study,five PEPC genes(AhPEPC1,AhPEPC2,AhPEPC3,AhPEPC4,and AhPEPC5) from peanut have been cloned.Using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR approach,the expression pattern of each gene was monitored during the seed development of four peanut varieties(E11,Hebeigaoyou,Naihan 1,and Huayu 26).It was found that these five genes shared similar expression behaviors over the developmental stages of E11 with high expression levels at 30 and 40 d after pegging(DAP);whereas these five genes showed irregular expression patterns during the seed development of Hebeigaoyou.In Naihan 1 and Huayu 26,the expression levels of the five genes remained relatively high in the first stage.The PEPC activity was monitored during the seed development of four peanut varieties and seed oil content was also characterized during whole period of seed development.The PEPC activity followed the oil accumulation pattern during the early stages of development but they showed a significantly negative correlation thereafter.These results suggested that PEPC may play an important role in lipid accumulation during the seed development of four peanut varieties tested.展开更多
Induced mutation in plant improvement has been used in several crops to generate new sources of genetic variations. A study was conducted to determine the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation on different mo...Induced mutation in plant improvement has been used in several crops to generate new sources of genetic variations. A study was conducted to determine the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation on different morpho-agronomic characteristics. Agronomic traits that were analyzed included: grain yield, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and weight of 100 seeds and numbers of days to 50% flowering. Morphometric characterisation of the descriptive data included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, leaflet length, leaflet width and number of ramification/ plant. Groundnut seeds were treated with various doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 400 and 600 Gy). Among the various dose treatments, gamma rays treatment at 100 Gy resulted in a higher increase of grain yield and other morpho-agronomic parameters especially for the JL24 variety. In fact the gamma irradiation at 100 Gy increased significantly grain yield by 14% for JL24, and 4 % for JL12. The number of pods per plant was increased by 2% for JL12 and 37% for JL24. For the number of seeds per plant, there was a significant increase of 8% for JL12, and 62% for JL24 at 100 Gy. A similar trend was observed for the JL24 at 200 Gy dose. Higher doses of gamma rays (400 and 600 Gy) reduced significantly plant growth and grain yield. The usefulness of the mutants identified in a groundnut breeding program is discussed.展开更多
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an improtant oil crop, usually encounters drought stress in the process of growth and development, especially at pre-flowering stage. In order to gain insight into the drought tolerance...Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an improtant oil crop, usually encounters drought stress in the process of growth and development, especially at pre-flowering stage. In order to gain insight into the drought tolerance potentials based on osmolyte accumulation and metabolism of proline aspects of peanut, pot experiments were conducted with a split-plot design in Tai'an, Shangdong Province, China in 2013 and 2014. Pre-flowering drought (PFD) stress and optinum irrigation (control, CK) were served as the main plots and the two peanut cultivars Shanhua 11 and Hua 17 served as sub-plots. Shanhua 11 was drought-tolerant cultivar and Hua 17 was drought-sensitive. The content of soluble sugars, soluble protein, free proline and other free amino acids, the activities of enzymes involved in proline metabolism, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ion leakage were all investigated in the two cultivars at pre-flowering stage. Results showed that PFD stress significantly increased the levels of soluble protein, free proline and free amino acid, and increased Al-pyrroline-5-car- boxylate synthetase (P-5-CS, EC 2.7.2.11) activity in the leaves of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars. The activity of proline dehydrogenase (proDH) (EC 1.5.99.8) decreased under PFD stress in both cultivars. The leaves of the tolerant cultivar maintained higher increments of osmolyte levels, lower increments of MDA content and ion leakage, as well as a higher increased proportion of P-5-CS activity and higher inhibited proportion of proDH activity under water stress compared with the drought-sensitive cultivar. The study suggests that proline accumulation in peanut leaves under PFD can be explained by the higher enhanced activities of P-5-CS and higher inhibition of proDH. The results will provide useful information for genetic improvement of peanut under drought tolerance.展开更多
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf aqueous extracts (PLAE) has been reputed to be a type of sleep-aid in China. To investigate the sedative effects and effect pathways of PLAE, rats (n = 31) were employed in two experi...Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf aqueous extracts (PLAE) has been reputed to be a type of sleep-aid in China. To investigate the sedative effects and effect pathways of PLAE, rats (n = 31) were employed in two experiments and intragastrically administrated of (1) distilled water, PLAE (500 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and peanut stem aqueous extracts (PSAE, 500 mg/kg BW);(2) 0, 100 or 500 mg/kg BW of PLAE, respectively for at least 14 days. Six relevant neurotransmitters were measured finally. Experiment-1 (n = 16) results showed that the brain Lactate were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in rat cerebrums after PLAE administrations, compared with Control and PSAE groups. In respect of brain energy system, significant degradations of the brain adenosine triphos- phate (ATP) (p < 0.05) were observed in the brainstems and even the whole brains of rats though PLAE treatments. Moreover, we found that the brain Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were clearly decreased (p < 0.05) in rat cerebrum and brainstem regions, while the brain Adenosine revealed an increasing propensity (p = 0.076) in the cerebrums of freely behaving rats. After experiment-2 (n = 15), the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were statistically (p < 0.05) enhanced and the ratios of Glutamate/GABA were simultaneously reduced (p < 0.05) in rat brainstems, no matter which one dose (100 or 500 mg/kg BW) of PLAE were used. Results indicated that PLAE could influence the target neurotransmitters that related to rat circadian rhythms in the specific brain regions, possessing the potentialities as a sedative or sleep-aid for hypnic therapy purposes.展开更多
Initial flowering date(IFD)is closely related to mature period of peanut pods.In present study,a population of recombinant inbred lines(RIL)derived from the cross between Silihong(female parent)and Jinonghei 3(male pa...Initial flowering date(IFD)is closely related to mature period of peanut pods.In present study,a population of recombinant inbred lines(RIL)derived from the cross between Silihong(female parent)and Jinonghei 3(male parent)was used to map QTLs associated with IFD.The RIL population and its two parental cultivars were planted in two locations of Hebei Province,China from 2015 to 2018(eight environments).Based on a high-density genetic linkage map(including 2996 SNP and 330 SSR markers)previously constructed in our laboratory,QTLs were analyzed using phenotypic data and the best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP)value of initial flowering date by inclusive composite interval mapping(ICIM)method.Interaction effects between every two QTLs and between individual QTL and environment were also analyzed.In cultivated peanut,IFD was affected by genotypic factor and environments simultaneously,and its broad sense heritability(h2)was estimated as 86.8%。Using the IFD phenotypic data from the eight environments,a total of 19 QTLs for IFD were detected,and the phenotypic variation explained(PVE)by each QTL ranged from 1.15 to 21.82%.Especially,five of them were also detected by the BLUP value of IFD.In addition,12 additive QTLs and 35 pairs of epistatic QTLs(62 loci involved)were identifed by the joint analysis of IFD across eight environments.Three QTLs(qIFDB04.1,qIFDB07.1 and qIFDB08.1)located on chromosome B04,B07 and B08 were identified as main-effect QTL for IFD,which had the most potential to be used in peanut breeding.This study would be helpful for the early-maturity and adaptability breeding in cultivated peanut.展开更多
Simple sequence repeats(SSRs) are important molecular markers for assessing genetic diversity in Arachis hypogaea L. and many other crops and constructing genetic linkage maps for important agricultural traits. In thi...Simple sequence repeats(SSRs) are important molecular markers for assessing genetic diversity in Arachis hypogaea L. and many other crops and constructing genetic linkage maps for important agricultural traits. In this study, 29,357 potential SSRs were identified in 22,806 unigenes assembled from A. hypogaea transcript sequences. Of these unigenes, 1883 and 4103 were annotated and assigned in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology and Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups databases, respectively. Among the SSR motifs, mono-(19,065; 64.94%) and trinucleotide(5033; 17.14%) repeats were the most common, and the three most dominant motifs were A/T(18,358; 62.54%), AG/CT(2804;9.55%), and AAG/CTT(1396; 4.76%). Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) primer pairs were designed for 4340 novel SSR markers and 210 new SSRs were validated using 24 A. hypogaea varieties. Of the 210, 191(91%) yielded PCR products, with 37(18%) identifying polymorphisms. The 37 polymorphic SSR markers detected 146 alleles(2–10 alleles per locus), and the average polymorphic information content was 0.403(with a range of 0.077 to0.819). The new SSRs enrich the current marker resources for A. hypogaea and may also be useful for genetic diversity analysis, functional genomics research, and molecular breeding.展开更多
UV-B radiation has been widely documented as a stressor for plants that can cause decreased biomass, reduction in photosynthesis, and oxidative stress. Trigonelline is a secondary metabolite that is biosynthesized in ...UV-B radiation has been widely documented as a stressor for plants that can cause decreased biomass, reduction in photosynthesis, and oxidative stress. Trigonelline is a secondary metabolite that is biosynthesized in some plants in response to abiotic stress such as UV-B irradiation. The objectives of this study were to examine biochemical stress responses for peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) of four different genotypes (Spanish, Valencia, Virginia, and Runner) after exposure at various lengths to UV-B radiation and to examine the alteration of trigonelline biosynthesis due to the age of the plants. Peanut plants from the genotypes were exposed to UV-B radiation at three exposure times (60, 120, and 180 min);plants from two growth stages, the flowering (R1) and early maturity (R7), were used. Significant positive correlations (rs 0.29-0.74, P≤0.05) were found for trigonelline concentrations and UV-B exposure times. With longer exposure times of 180 min for plants at R7, trigonelline biosynthesis began as early as 10 days after treatment with 154.6 μg·g-1 DW and remained or increased by up to 71.5 μg·g-1 DW (46.3%) throughout the sampling intervals (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after treatment) to a final value of 226.1 μg·g-1 DW. All four genotypes at R7 exhibited trigonelline concentrations 47.3% to 52.4% (71.6 to 96.5 μg·g-1 DW) higher than individuals at R1. Trigonelline biosynthesis at R7 was significantly (P<0.05) affected by all levels of UV-B exposure, whereas trigonelline concentrations at R1 were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by only the longer exposure times (120 and 180 min). No statistically significant difference was found in trigonelline concentration among the four different genotypes. UV-B irradiation had the greatest effect on plants at R7 after 120 and 180 min of exposure, as 15 out of 20 (75%) individuals had significantly higher (P<0.05) trigonelline concentrations.展开更多
Resveratrol synthase (RS) is a key enzyme that plays a critical role in the resveratrol synthesis pathway. In this study, six RS genes were isolated and characterized from peanut variety “Zhenzhu Hong” by silico clo...Resveratrol synthase (RS) is a key enzyme that plays a critical role in the resveratrol synthesis pathway. In this study, six RS genes were isolated and characterized from peanut variety “Zhenzhu Hong” by silico cloning and RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis showed that deduced amino acid sequences of the six cloned RS genes were highly conserved with a similarity from 95% to 99% when compared to the RS genes which had been deposited at the GenBank. The results of amino acid sequences analysis showed six RS proteins contained the Chal_Sti_Synt_N and ACP_Syn_III_C domains and can be classified to same family but with different evolutionary distance. Expression pattern analysis by QRT-PCR provided evidence indicating that the mRNA of six RS genes were primarily expressed in the peanut shell at different developmental stages with different expression levels, but only lower levels of them were evident in the peanut kernel. The subcellular localization of RS protein in onion epidermal cell was performed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and the green fluorescent was monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that, RS1 and RS5 were located in the nucleus and plasma membrane respectively, while the RS2, RS3, RS4 and RS6 were located in both nucleus inner membrane and plasma membrane. The data will provide basic information for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms and enzyme kinetics underlying the RS genes in the resveratrol synthase pathway.展开更多
Lead (Pb) is an important environmental pollutant extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms including humans. To assess Pb phytotoxicity, a pot culture experiment was carried out using two groundnut cultiva...Lead (Pb) is an important environmental pollutant extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms including humans. To assess Pb phytotoxicity, a pot culture experiment was carried out using two groundnut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L. cultivar K6 and cultivar K9) on plant growth, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant metabolism using biochemical, histochemical methods. Plants were grown in pots for 14 days, in the botanic garden, and subjected to Pb-stress (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) by adding Pb (NO3)2 solution and further allowed to grow for 10 days. The results showed that cultivar K6 registered lower Pb accumulation than cultivar K9, however, localization of Pb was greater in roots than leaves in both groundnut cultivars. The Pb-stress results in an increase in free radicals (O2?- and H2O2) generation in both groundnut cultivars, but more significantly in cultivar K9 than K6. Pb-stress also caused significant changes in the rate of peroxidation as shown in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots and leaves of both groundnut cultivars. Free proline, ascorbic acid (AsA) and non-protein thiol (NP-SH) contents were increased in cultivar K6 due to Pb-stress, but less in cultivar K9. Pb treated plants showed increased levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Isozyme band intensities of SOD, GPX and APX were more consistent with the respective changes in antioxidative enzyme activities. These results indicate that cultivar K6 possesses greater tolerance potential for Pb toxicity than cultivar K9.展开更多
文摘The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic diversity of the peanut accessions using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) molecular marker and to evaluate RAPD markers to be used in peanut as genetic markers and improve such techniques as suitable strategies for peanut germplasm characterization. Twenty peanut accessions were included in this study and were subjected to RAPD molecular markers analysis. Twenty-seven RAPD primers produced 210 amplification products of which 80 (36.4%) were polymorphic. In conclusion, this study reported a successful fingerprinting of peanut accessions using RAPD markers and demonstrated the usefulness of these markers in estimating the extent of genetic variation in peanut germplasm.
文摘Two triterpenoid saponins, 6, 7, together with five known compounds were isolated from the roots of Arachis hypogea L. collected in Vietnam. Their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis (1D, 2D NMR and HRMS) as well as by comparison with those reported in the literature. Furthermore, the high content of resveratrol in the roots opens a new potential resource for pharmaceutical companies to prepare medicines from the wasted peanut roots.
文摘In Lower Casamance, <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> occupies a very important place in agroforestry parks. It is often grown in association with the most important cash crop of the area, groundnut <i>(Arachis hypogea L.).</i> Thus, the objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between trees and groundnut cultivation in agroforestry parks in Lower Casamance. To this end, in each of the two districts (Tenghory and Kataba 1) three <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i> trees were selected in three separate communes. For each <i>P. erinaceus</i> tree selected and following each of the four cardinal directions, three situations were defined: at R/2, at 1.5 R and at 2 R from the trunk, with R the radius of the crown. Thus, 12 yield squares were installed around each selected tree, for a total of 72 yield squares installed in the two districts. The parameters measured were the height of the peanut plants, the number of pods produced per plant, and the yield in flakes and pods. The results show that geographical orientation significantly influenced plant height (p = 0.004) but not the number of pods/plant (p = 0.6). As for the distance to the trunk of <i>Pterocarpus erinaceus</i>, it induced a significant variation in the number of pods/plant (p = 0.009) but did not induce a significant effect on the other parameters. Yields varied between 1.56 Tons M S /ha and 2.02 Tons M S /ha for the hay, and between 1.03 Tons M S /ha and 1.45 Tons M S/ha for the pods. The results of this study constitute a useful source of information for a better management of the productivity of the agroforestry parks of the department of Bignona.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601261, 31601252, 31571581 and 31571605)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M592236)
文摘The growth and yield of peanut are negatively affected by continuous cropping.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)and calcium ions(Ca^(2+))have been used to improve stress resistance in other plants,but little is known about their roles in peanut seedling growth under continuous cropping.This study investigated the possible roles of the AMF Glomus mosseae combined with exogenous Ca^(2+)in improving the physiological responses of peanut seedlings under continuous cropping.G.mosseae combined with exogenous Ca^(2+)can enhance plant biomass,Ca^(2+)level,and total chlorophyll content.Under exogenous Ca^(2+)application,the F_v/F_m in arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)plant leaves was higher than that in the control plants when they were exposed to high irradiance levels.The peroxidase,superoxide dismutase,and catalase activities in AM plant leaves also reached their maximums,and accordingly,the malondialdehyde content was the lowest compared to other treatments.Additionally,root activity,and content of total phenolics and flavonoids were significantly increased in AM plant roots treated by Ca^(2+)compared to either G.mosseae inoculation or Ca^(2+)treatment alone.Transcription levels of AhCaM,AhCDPK,AhRAM1,and AhRAM2 were significantly improved in AM plant roots under exogenous Ca^(2+)treatment.This implied that exogenous Ca^(2+)might be involved in the regulation of G.mosseae colonization of peanut plants,and in turn,AM symbiosis might activate the Ca^(2+)signal transduction pathway.The combination of AMF and Ca^(2+)benefitted plant growth and development under continuous cropping,suggesting that it is a promising method to cope with the stress caused by continuous cropping.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30571179)National 863 Program of China(2006AA0Z156,2006AA10A115)
文摘Molecular genetic maps of crop species can be used in a variety of ways in breeding and genomic research such as identification and mapping of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for morphological, physiological and economic traits of crop species. However, a comprehensive genetic linkage map for cultivated peanut has not yet been developed due to the extremely low frequency of DNA polymorphism in cultivated peanut. In this study, 142 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Yueyou 13 and Zhenzhuhei were used as mapping population in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). A total 652 pairs of genomic-SSR primer and 392 pairs of EST-SSR primer were used to detect the polymorphisms between the two parents. 141 SSR primer pairs, 127 genomic-SSR and 14 EST-SSR ones, which can be used to detect polymorphisms between the two parents, were selected to analyze the RILs population. Thus, a linkage genetic map which consists of 131 SSR loci in 20 linkage groups, with a coverage of 679 cM and an average of 6.12 cM of inter-maker distance was constructed. The putative functions of 12 EST-SSR markers located on the map were analyzed. Eleven showed homology to gene sequences deposited in GenBank. This is the first report of construction of a comprehensive genetic map with SSR markers in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The map presented here will provide a genetic framework for mapping the qualitative and quantitative trait in peanut.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-14)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31000728,31100205)+2 种基金the Natural Science Fundation of Shangdong Province,China(ZR2009DQ004,ZR2011CQ036)the Promotive Research Fund for Young and Middle-Aged Scientisits of Shandong Province,China (BS2010NY023)the Qingdao Municipal Science and Technology Plan Project,China (11-2-4-9-(3)-jch,11-2-3-26-nsh)
文摘Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPC;EC 4.1.1.31) catalyses phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP) to yield oxaloacetate,which is involved in protein biosynthesis.Pyruvate kinase(PK;EC 2.7.1.40) catalyzes PEP to yield pyruvate,which is involved in fatty acid synthesis.In this study,five PEPC genes(AhPEPC1,AhPEPC2,AhPEPC3,AhPEPC4,and AhPEPC5) from peanut have been cloned.Using a quantitative real-time RT-PCR approach,the expression pattern of each gene was monitored during the seed development of four peanut varieties(E11,Hebeigaoyou,Naihan 1,and Huayu 26).It was found that these five genes shared similar expression behaviors over the developmental stages of E11 with high expression levels at 30 and 40 d after pegging(DAP);whereas these five genes showed irregular expression patterns during the seed development of Hebeigaoyou.In Naihan 1 and Huayu 26,the expression levels of the five genes remained relatively high in the first stage.The PEPC activity was monitored during the seed development of four peanut varieties and seed oil content was also characterized during whole period of seed development.The PEPC activity followed the oil accumulation pattern during the early stages of development but they showed a significantly negative correlation thereafter.These results suggested that PEPC may play an important role in lipid accumulation during the seed development of four peanut varieties tested.
文摘Induced mutation in plant improvement has been used in several crops to generate new sources of genetic variations. A study was conducted to determine the effect of different doses of gamma irradiation on different morpho-agronomic characteristics. Agronomic traits that were analyzed included: grain yield, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant and weight of 100 seeds and numbers of days to 50% flowering. Morphometric characterisation of the descriptive data included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/plant, leaflet length, leaflet width and number of ramification/ plant. Groundnut seeds were treated with various doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 400 and 600 Gy). Among the various dose treatments, gamma rays treatment at 100 Gy resulted in a higher increase of grain yield and other morpho-agronomic parameters especially for the JL24 variety. In fact the gamma irradiation at 100 Gy increased significantly grain yield by 14% for JL24, and 4 % for JL12. The number of pods per plant was increased by 2% for JL12 and 37% for JL24. For the number of seeds per plant, there was a significant increase of 8% for JL12, and 62% for JL24 at 100 Gy. A similar trend was observed for the JL24 at 200 Gy dose. Higher doses of gamma rays (400 and 600 Gy) reduced significantly plant growth and grain yield. The usefulness of the mutants identified in a groundnut breeding program is discussed.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31201167)the earmarked foud for the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-14)Taishan Scholar Seed Industry Projects in Shandong Province,China (Shandong [2014] 126)
文摘Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), an improtant oil crop, usually encounters drought stress in the process of growth and development, especially at pre-flowering stage. In order to gain insight into the drought tolerance potentials based on osmolyte accumulation and metabolism of proline aspects of peanut, pot experiments were conducted with a split-plot design in Tai'an, Shangdong Province, China in 2013 and 2014. Pre-flowering drought (PFD) stress and optinum irrigation (control, CK) were served as the main plots and the two peanut cultivars Shanhua 11 and Hua 17 served as sub-plots. Shanhua 11 was drought-tolerant cultivar and Hua 17 was drought-sensitive. The content of soluble sugars, soluble protein, free proline and other free amino acids, the activities of enzymes involved in proline metabolism, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content and ion leakage were all investigated in the two cultivars at pre-flowering stage. Results showed that PFD stress significantly increased the levels of soluble protein, free proline and free amino acid, and increased Al-pyrroline-5-car- boxylate synthetase (P-5-CS, EC 2.7.2.11) activity in the leaves of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive cultivars. The activity of proline dehydrogenase (proDH) (EC 1.5.99.8) decreased under PFD stress in both cultivars. The leaves of the tolerant cultivar maintained higher increments of osmolyte levels, lower increments of MDA content and ion leakage, as well as a higher increased proportion of P-5-CS activity and higher inhibited proportion of proDH activity under water stress compared with the drought-sensitive cultivar. The study suggests that proline accumulation in peanut leaves under PFD can be explained by the higher enhanced activities of P-5-CS and higher inhibition of proDH. The results will provide useful information for genetic improvement of peanut under drought tolerance.
文摘Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) leaf aqueous extracts (PLAE) has been reputed to be a type of sleep-aid in China. To investigate the sedative effects and effect pathways of PLAE, rats (n = 31) were employed in two experiments and intragastrically administrated of (1) distilled water, PLAE (500 mg/kg body weight (BW)) and peanut stem aqueous extracts (PSAE, 500 mg/kg BW);(2) 0, 100 or 500 mg/kg BW of PLAE, respectively for at least 14 days. Six relevant neurotransmitters were measured finally. Experiment-1 (n = 16) results showed that the brain Lactate were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in rat cerebrums after PLAE administrations, compared with Control and PSAE groups. In respect of brain energy system, significant degradations of the brain adenosine triphos- phate (ATP) (p < 0.05) were observed in the brainstems and even the whole brains of rats though PLAE treatments. Moreover, we found that the brain Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were clearly decreased (p < 0.05) in rat cerebrum and brainstem regions, while the brain Adenosine revealed an increasing propensity (p = 0.076) in the cerebrums of freely behaving rats. After experiment-2 (n = 15), the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations were statistically (p < 0.05) enhanced and the ratios of Glutamate/GABA were simultaneously reduced (p < 0.05) in rat brainstems, no matter which one dose (100 or 500 mg/kg BW) of PLAE were used. Results indicated that PLAE could influence the target neurotransmitters that related to rat circadian rhythms in the specific brain regions, possessing the potentialities as a sedative or sleep-aid for hypnic therapy purposes.
基金Supported by the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13)the National Natural Science Foundatlon of China(31771833)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Supporting Plan Project of Hebei Province,China(16226301D)the Key Projects of Science and Technology Research in Higher Education Institution of Hebei Province,China(ZD2015056).
文摘Initial flowering date(IFD)is closely related to mature period of peanut pods.In present study,a population of recombinant inbred lines(RIL)derived from the cross between Silihong(female parent)and Jinonghei 3(male parent)was used to map QTLs associated with IFD.The RIL population and its two parental cultivars were planted in two locations of Hebei Province,China from 2015 to 2018(eight environments).Based on a high-density genetic linkage map(including 2996 SNP and 330 SSR markers)previously constructed in our laboratory,QTLs were analyzed using phenotypic data and the best linear unbiased prediction(BLUP)value of initial flowering date by inclusive composite interval mapping(ICIM)method.Interaction effects between every two QTLs and between individual QTL and environment were also analyzed.In cultivated peanut,IFD was affected by genotypic factor and environments simultaneously,and its broad sense heritability(h2)was estimated as 86.8%。Using the IFD phenotypic data from the eight environments,a total of 19 QTLs for IFD were detected,and the phenotypic variation explained(PVE)by each QTL ranged from 1.15 to 21.82%.Especially,five of them were also detected by the BLUP value of IFD.In addition,12 additive QTLs and 35 pairs of epistatic QTLs(62 loci involved)were identifed by the joint analysis of IFD across eight environments.Three QTLs(qIFDB04.1,qIFDB07.1 and qIFDB08.1)located on chromosome B04,B07 and B08 were identified as main-effect QTL for IFD,which had the most potential to be used in peanut breeding.This study would be helpful for the early-maturity and adaptability breeding in cultivated peanut.
基金funded by the National Basic Research Program of China (2013CB127803, 2011CB109304)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2013AA102602)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (31371662, 31461143022)China Agriculture Research System (CARS-14)Shandong Agricultural Industrialization Project for New Variety Development (2014–2016)
文摘Simple sequence repeats(SSRs) are important molecular markers for assessing genetic diversity in Arachis hypogaea L. and many other crops and constructing genetic linkage maps for important agricultural traits. In this study, 29,357 potential SSRs were identified in 22,806 unigenes assembled from A. hypogaea transcript sequences. Of these unigenes, 1883 and 4103 were annotated and assigned in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology and Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups databases, respectively. Among the SSR motifs, mono-(19,065; 64.94%) and trinucleotide(5033; 17.14%) repeats were the most common, and the three most dominant motifs were A/T(18,358; 62.54%), AG/CT(2804;9.55%), and AAG/CTT(1396; 4.76%). Polymerase chain reaction(PCR) primer pairs were designed for 4340 novel SSR markers and 210 new SSRs were validated using 24 A. hypogaea varieties. Of the 210, 191(91%) yielded PCR products, with 37(18%) identifying polymorphisms. The 37 polymorphic SSR markers detected 146 alleles(2–10 alleles per locus), and the average polymorphic information content was 0.403(with a range of 0.077 to0.819). The new SSRs enrich the current marker resources for A. hypogaea and may also be useful for genetic diversity analysis, functional genomics research, and molecular breeding.
文摘UV-B radiation has been widely documented as a stressor for plants that can cause decreased biomass, reduction in photosynthesis, and oxidative stress. Trigonelline is a secondary metabolite that is biosynthesized in some plants in response to abiotic stress such as UV-B irradiation. The objectives of this study were to examine biochemical stress responses for peanut plants (Arachis hypogaea L.) of four different genotypes (Spanish, Valencia, Virginia, and Runner) after exposure at various lengths to UV-B radiation and to examine the alteration of trigonelline biosynthesis due to the age of the plants. Peanut plants from the genotypes were exposed to UV-B radiation at three exposure times (60, 120, and 180 min);plants from two growth stages, the flowering (R1) and early maturity (R7), were used. Significant positive correlations (rs 0.29-0.74, P≤0.05) were found for trigonelline concentrations and UV-B exposure times. With longer exposure times of 180 min for plants at R7, trigonelline biosynthesis began as early as 10 days after treatment with 154.6 μg·g-1 DW and remained or increased by up to 71.5 μg·g-1 DW (46.3%) throughout the sampling intervals (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 days after treatment) to a final value of 226.1 μg·g-1 DW. All four genotypes at R7 exhibited trigonelline concentrations 47.3% to 52.4% (71.6 to 96.5 μg·g-1 DW) higher than individuals at R1. Trigonelline biosynthesis at R7 was significantly (P<0.05) affected by all levels of UV-B exposure, whereas trigonelline concentrations at R1 were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by only the longer exposure times (120 and 180 min). No statistically significant difference was found in trigonelline concentration among the four different genotypes. UV-B irradiation had the greatest effect on plants at R7 after 120 and 180 min of exposure, as 15 out of 20 (75%) individuals had significantly higher (P<0.05) trigonelline concentrations.
文摘Resveratrol synthase (RS) is a key enzyme that plays a critical role in the resveratrol synthesis pathway. In this study, six RS genes were isolated and characterized from peanut variety “Zhenzhu Hong” by silico cloning and RT-PCR. Bioinformatics analysis showed that deduced amino acid sequences of the six cloned RS genes were highly conserved with a similarity from 95% to 99% when compared to the RS genes which had been deposited at the GenBank. The results of amino acid sequences analysis showed six RS proteins contained the Chal_Sti_Synt_N and ACP_Syn_III_C domains and can be classified to same family but with different evolutionary distance. Expression pattern analysis by QRT-PCR provided evidence indicating that the mRNA of six RS genes were primarily expressed in the peanut shell at different developmental stages with different expression levels, but only lower levels of them were evident in the peanut kernel. The subcellular localization of RS protein in onion epidermal cell was performed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and the green fluorescent was monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that, RS1 and RS5 were located in the nucleus and plasma membrane respectively, while the RS2, RS3, RS4 and RS6 were located in both nucleus inner membrane and plasma membrane. The data will provide basic information for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms and enzyme kinetics underlying the RS genes in the resveratrol synthase pathway.
文摘Lead (Pb) is an important environmental pollutant extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms including humans. To assess Pb phytotoxicity, a pot culture experiment was carried out using two groundnut cultivars (Arachis hypogaea L. cultivar K6 and cultivar K9) on plant growth, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant metabolism using biochemical, histochemical methods. Plants were grown in pots for 14 days, in the botanic garden, and subjected to Pb-stress (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) by adding Pb (NO3)2 solution and further allowed to grow for 10 days. The results showed that cultivar K6 registered lower Pb accumulation than cultivar K9, however, localization of Pb was greater in roots than leaves in both groundnut cultivars. The Pb-stress results in an increase in free radicals (O2?- and H2O2) generation in both groundnut cultivars, but more significantly in cultivar K9 than K6. Pb-stress also caused significant changes in the rate of peroxidation as shown in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots and leaves of both groundnut cultivars. Free proline, ascorbic acid (AsA) and non-protein thiol (NP-SH) contents were increased in cultivar K6 due to Pb-stress, but less in cultivar K9. Pb treated plants showed increased levels of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Isozyme band intensities of SOD, GPX and APX were more consistent with the respective changes in antioxidative enzyme activities. These results indicate that cultivar K6 possesses greater tolerance potential for Pb toxicity than cultivar K9.