Triterpenoid Saponins from the Root Bark of Aralia taibaiensis

Four triterpenoid saponins were isolated from the root bark of Aralia taibaiensis Z.Z.Wang et H.C.Zheng. On the basis of their chemical properties and spectral data, they were identified as oleanolic acid 3 O [β D xylopyranosyl (1→2) ] [ β D glucopyranosyl (1→3) ] β D glu curonopyranoside (1), tarasaponinⅤ (2), 3 O {[ β D xylopyranosyl (1→2) ] [ β D glucopyranosyl (1→3) ] 6′ O ethyl β D glucuronopyranosyl} oleanolic acid 28 O β D glucopyranoside (3) and 3 O {[ β D xylopyranosyl (1→2) ] [ β D glucopyranosyl (1→3) ] 6′ O n βutyl β D glucuronopyrano syl} oleanolic acid 28 O β D glucopyranoside (4). Compound 1 is a new natural product named taibaienosideⅥ. Compound 2 was isolated from the title plant for the first time. Compounds 3 and 4 are new compounds and named taibaienosideⅦand taibaienosideⅧ, respectively.

A New Diterpenoid from Aralia fargesii

Four diterpenoids, including a new ent-kaurane diterpene (1), were isolated from the rhizome of Aralia fargesii Franch. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence (IR, EI-MS, HREI-MS, H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR and HMQC), the structure of compound 1 was established to be 17-acetoxy-16alpha-ent-kauran-19-oic acid The other three known compounds were identified as ent-pimera-8(14) 15-dien-19-oic acid (2), 16alpha-hydroxy-( -)-kauran-19-oic acid (3) and 16alpha-17-dihydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid (4). The three known diterpenoids were obtained from this plant for the first time.

Aralia elata(Miq.)Seem.的木材解剖学研究

Ａｒａｌｉａ ｅｌａｔａ（ Ｍｉｑ ．）Ｓｅｅｍ 为Ａａｒｌｉａｃｅａｅ，Ａｒａｌｉａ 植物．主要分布在东北，对其进行木材解剖学研究，发现其为环孔材，射线为异形Ⅱ型。

Chemical Compositions of the Leaf Essential Oils of <i>Aralia spinosa</i>from Three Habitats in Northern Alabama

Aralia spinosa leaves were collected from three different habitats in north Alabama. The leaf essential oils were collected by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The most abundant components of A. spinosa essential oils were the sesquiterpenes germacrene D (28.0% - 37.3%), (E)-caryophyllene (8.2% - 15.7%), and α-humulene (1.9% - 4.9%);the monoterpene myrcene (up to 15.1%), and the fatty-acid-derivative (2E)-hexenal (trace to 28.9%). Fatty-acid derivatives and monoterpene hydrocarbons were more abundant in samples from suburban Huntsville than those from “natural” habitats (Monte Sano Mountain, Wheeler National Wildlife Refuge), while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were more abundant in the natural/wild samples.

Anti-hepatoma activity and mechanism of ursolic acid and its derivatives isolated from Aralia decaisneana

AIM： To investigate the anti-tumor activity of ursolic acid （UA） and its derivatives isolated from Aralia decaisneana on hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS： In vivo cytotoxicity was first screened by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. Morphological observation, DNA ladder, flow cytometry analysis, Western blot and real time PCR were employed to elucidate the cytotoxic mechanism of UA. Implanted mouse hepatoma H22 was used to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect of UA in vivo . RESULTS： UA could significantly inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 and its drug-resistance strain, R-HepG2 cells, but had no inhibitory effect on primarily cultured normal mouse hepatocytes whereas all the six derivatives of UA could not inhibit the growth of all tested cell lines. Further study on mechanism demonstrated that apoptosis and G0/G1 arrest were involved in the cytotoxicity and cleavage of poly-（ADP-ribose）- polymerase （PARP）. Downregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） protein and upregulation of heat shock protein （HSP） 105 mRNA correlated to the apoptosis of HepG2 cells treated with UA. In addition, UA also could inhibit the growth of H22 hepatoma in vivo. CONCLUSION： UA is a promising anti-tumor agent, but further work needs to be done to improve its solubility.

GA_3打破长白楤木(Aralia continentalis)种子休眠过程中的糖代谢分析

药食兼用野生蔬菜长白楤木(Aralia continentalis)种子具有休眠特性,在25℃/5℃变温条件下对长白楤木子在休眠解除过程中淀粉酶活性、淀粉、还原糖、蔗糖含量变化,以及种子萌发率与淀粉酶含量及糖含量进行相关分析。结果表明,GA3能够促进淀粉酶活性增加,淀粉含量、还原糖含量均随处理时间的延长而增加,为种子休眠解除提供了必要的物质和能量。α-淀粉酶活性与淀粉含量、还原糖含量呈显著正相关,而与蔗糖含量呈负相关,说明GA3能够促进种子休眠解除过程的分解代谢与合成代谢,可有效解除长白楤木种子休眠,150mg·L-1GA3处理30d种子的萌发率可达52.4%。

Aralia elata inhibits neurodegeneration by downregulating O-GlcNAcylation of NF-κB in diabetic mice

AIM： To investigate the role of O-GIcNAcylation of nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-KB） in retinal ganglion cell （RGC） death and analysedthe effect of Aralia elata （AE） on neurodegen- eration in diabetic mice. METHODS： C57BL/6mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were fed daily with AE extract or control （CTL） diet at the onset of diabetes mellitus （DM）. Two months af- tar injection of streptozotocin or saline, the degree of cell death and the expression of O-GIcNAc transferase （OGT）, N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase （OGA）, O-GIcNAcylated pro- teins, and O-GIcNAcylation of NF-KB were examined. RESULTS： AE did not affect the metabolic status of diabetic mice. The decrease in the inner retinal thickness （P〈0.001 vs CTL, P〈0.01 vs DM） and increases in RGCs with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling （P〈0.001 vs CTL, P〈0.0001 vs DM）, glial activation, and active caspase-3 （P〈0.0001 vs CTL, P〈0.0001 vs DM） were blocked in diabetic retinas of AE extract-fed mice. Expression levels of protein O-GIcNAcylation and OGT were increased in diabetic retinas （P〈0.0001 vs CTL）, and the level of O-GIcNAcylation of the NF-KB p65 subunit was higher in diabetic retinas than in controls （P〈0.0001 vs CTL）. AE extract downregulated O-GIcNAcylation of NF-KB and prevented neurodegeneration induced by hyperglycemia （P〈0.0001 vs DM）. CONCLUSION： O-GIcNAcylation of NF-KB is concerned in neuronal degeneration and that AE prevents diabetes-in- duced RGC apoptosis via downregulation of NF-KB O-GI- cNAcylation. Hence, O-GIcNAcylation may be a new object for the treatment of DR, and AE may have therapeutic pos- sibility to prevent diabetes-induced neurodegeneration.

A new Kaurane Derivative from Aralia Fargesii

A new ent-kaurane diterpene was isolated from the rhizome of Aralia fargesii. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidences, its structure was established as 16 alpha-hydroxy-17-isovaleroyloxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid.

Comparison between Sulfuric Acid-phenol and Sulfuric Acid-anthrone Methods Used for Determination of Polysaccharides in Shoots of Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.

Sulfuric acid-phenol and sulfuric acid-anthrone methods were used to detect polysaccharide content in shoots of Aralia elata（ Miq.） Seem.,and the conversion factor to glucose was measured with refined polysaccharides. Comprehensive evaluation was carried out by linear relationship,precision,reproducibility,stability and recovery rate. The results showed that the linear relationship between glucose concentration and absorbance was good when glucose concentration was0-40 μg/ml,and the average recovery rate was equal to or higher than 97. 00% with good reproducibility（ RSD 〈 1. 60%,n = 5）. It revealed that the two methods were accurate and reliable,and suitable for the determination of polysaccharide content in the shoots of A. elata. Polysaccharide content detected by sulfuric acid-phenol and sulfuric acid-anthrone methods was 19. 31% and 20. 40% respectively.

A New Triterpenoid Saponin from Aralia subcapitata

A new oleanane-type saponin, named subcapitatoside A, has been isolated from the roots of Aralia subcapitata. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence: the structure of subcapitatoside A has been established as: 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl oleanolic acid.

Total Saponins of Aralia elata （Miq.） Seem Leaves （TSAESL） Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis via activating MAPK signaling pathways in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Aim Aralia elata （Miq.） Seem is a medicinal plant with a variety of biological activities. Several trier- pene saponins extracted from the leaves of Aralia elata （Miq.） Seem possess potent cytotoxic activity, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Methods In the present study, we examined the anti-tumor activity of total saponins of Aralia elata （Miq.） Seem leaves （TSAESL） using both in vitro and in vivo experiments, and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. Results Briefly, TSAESL significantly inhibited the proliferation of five human cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. TSAESL also in- creased the expression level of active caspase-3 and cleaved PARP. In addition, TSAESL dramatically activated the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with the ERK1/2 in- hibitor U0126, p38 inhibitor SB203580, or JNK inhibitor SP600125 prior to TSAESL exposure markedly attenuated TSAESL-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. In mice bearing MCF-7 xenografl, TSAESL markedly inhib- ited tumor growth without significantly affecting spleen coefficient and hematological parameters. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that TSAESL has anti-tumor effect via activating the MAPK-mediated signaling path- ways.

Geographical distribution of Aralia elata characteristics correlated with topography and forest structure in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces,Northeast China

The Araliaceae family consists of numerous species of medical plants of significant value as non-wood forest products.To conserve and culture these plants in natural forest stands is an important undertaking which should be implemented according to the relationship between forest structure and understory population.In this study,thirtyfive plots were established in natural A ralia elata stands.Taller individual and denser populations were found in the northern and in the eastern regions,respectively.Both population densities and individual leaf weight increased along longitude.In contrast,their relationship with elevation and DBH were negative.Along with the altitude gradient,both height and root-collar diameter increased but population density declined.Root-collar diameter and population density decreased with latitude and DBH,respectively.Overall,dominant trees unlikely enforced strong disturbance to the development of understory A.elata populations unless concerning some specific topographic factors.

Biopharmaceutical Identification of Adventitious Buds and Root Bark of Aralia elata Seem.

[Objectives]This article aimed to systematically study the biopharmaceutical characteristics of root bark and adventitious buds(tender stems and young leaves)of Aralia elata Seem.and to distinguish its root bark from that of Acanthopanax gracilistylus,in order to avoid confusion in clinical medication and guide root segment cutting technology of A.elata Seem.[Methods]Samples were obtained by field collection,and using trait and microstructure identification techniques,systematic biopharmaceutical identification of samples was carried out.[Results]The trait and microscopic characteristics of the root bark and adventitious buds(tender stems and young leaves)of A.elata Seem.were clarified.[Conclusions]The traits,cross-sections and powder of root bark,tender stems and young leaves of A.elata Seem.all have unique identification characteristics.The secondary phloem of A.elata Seem.is particularly developed,and it provides adventitious buds with sufficient nutrients for their meristem.

Characters and Microscopic Identification of Aralia cordata

[Objectives]Characters and microscopic characteristics of Aralia cordata were studied,to improve identification method for Aralia cordata.[Methods]Using pharmacognostic identification method,original plant morphology of Aralia cordata was observed,and microscopic observation of its root cross section and powder was conducted.[Results]It is perennial herb,with rhizome recess,arranged in clusters of nodules.There are double or triple pinnate compound leaves.It is glabrous or sparsely pubescent,with umbel.Flowers are white,while fruits are spherical and purple black.In microstructure,the cork layer on the cross section of root consists of 6-10 rows of cells,and there is secondary cortex.The parenchyma cells are rich in starch granules,and the cambium is not obvious.The vessels are uniserial,and the wood fiber is less,and the primary xylem is bipartite.There are many starch granules in powder,mostly single granules,round or quasi round,oval,umbilicus herringbone or short slit,with many marginal pits and reticulate ducts.Calcium oxalate cluster crystals are mostly gathered.Cork cells are yellowish brown and arranged neatly.The fibrous wall is thin,and the pore groove is obvious,and stone cells are occasionally seen.[Conclusions]Using character and microscopic identification method,it could accurately identify medicinal material of Aralia cordata,and provide reference basis for development and utilization of its resources.

即食乌龙头黄花菜复合食品加工工艺研究

为延申乌龙头和黄花菜的产业链和综合利用,优化乌龙头黄花菜复合食品的品质,以新鲜乌龙头和黄花菜为主要原料,以食用植物油、食盐、白砂糖、香辛料为调味料,通过单因素试验确定调味料的种类和添加量,通过正交试验确定乌龙头黄花菜复合食品调味料的配比。正交试验结果表明,食盐添加量1.4%、香辛料添加量0.45%、白砂糖添加量4%、食用植物油添加量9%时可制得色泽诱人、口感鲜嫩香脆、乌龙头甘醇味浓、营养丰富的乌龙头黄花菜复合食品,其感官评分为98.47分。该生产工艺和方法合理,安全可靠,值得推广。

辽东楤木叶总皂苷提取工艺研究

以总皂苷提取率、两种质量标志性皂苷成分的提取率为指标探索辽东楤木叶药材中皂苷的提取工艺。分别考察药材浸泡达饱和的时间、回流提取时乙醇溶液用量、提取时间、提取次数以及乙醇溶液浓度对辽东楤木叶皂苷提取率的影响,并采用正交实验法对辽东楤木叶总皂苷的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,药材经乙醇水溶液浸泡3h以上达到吸收饱和;加8倍量的70%乙醇水溶液回流提取3次,每次2.5h,所得的辽东楤木叶总皂苷提取率及两种指标性皂苷提取率均较高。

穗材差异对刺龙牙水培产量的影响

刺龙牙嫩芽味美香甜、清嫩醇厚、野味浓郁,被誉为“山野菜之王”。然而其野生产量远不能满足市场需求,因此,研发一种方便快捷、易于推广且操作性强的刺龙牙栽培技术显得尤为迫切。以辽东山区2种刺龙牙穗材为试材,探讨穗材品种、茎杆长度及梢径对刺龙牙水培生产过程及产量的影响,旨在寻找适合水培生产的刺龙牙穗材指标,提升水培生产效率。结果表明:品种2较品种1开始采摘提前约1.8 d;茎杆长度越长,发芽时间越早,且发芽时间相对集中,从而更早开始采摘,采摘时间更长,采摘次数更多;同样,茎杆越细,发芽时间也越早,且结束发芽时间更早,发芽时间更为集中。此外,刺龙牙穗材水培嫩芽的单根产量达到(18.9±6.2)g,且品种2的水培嫩芽产量高于品种1。当茎杆长度控制在30~60 cm、梢径在10~16 mm范围内时,茎杆长度和梢径均与水培嫩芽产量呈现正相关。

辽东楤木总皂苷联合酵母硒对C57小鼠的降血糖作用

[目的]探究辽东楤木总皂苷联合酵母硒对2型糖尿病小鼠血糖的影响,为研制治疗糖尿病的新药物提供参考。[方法]选用60只C57小鼠,10只为对照组(A组),其余采用30 mg/kg链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病模型作为试验组。建模成功后随机分成B、C、D、E、F组,即模型组、二甲双胍组、辽东楤木总皂苷+酵母硒(120 mg/kg+1.5 mg/kg)组、辽东楤木总皂苷+酵母硒(120 mg/kg+1.0 mg/kg)组、辽东楤木总皂苷+酵母硒(120 mg/kg+0.5 mg/kg)组,每组各10只,连续治疗4周,采用血糖仪、全自动糖化血红蛋白分析仪、全自动生化分析仪对C57小鼠尾静脉血液中空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、血脂、口服葡萄糖耐量进行检测。[结果]与B组相比,各试验组均有不同程度的变化,C组、D组优于其他各组,且二组之间差异不显著。D组FBG降低了4.86 mmol/L,HbA1c水平下降了3.87%,TC、TG和LDL水平分别下降了1.18、0.02、1.72 mmol/L,而HDL显著升高0.42 mmol/L。口服糖耐量检测2 h恢复至餐前水平。[结论]120 mg/kg辽东楤木总皂苷联合1.5 mg/kg酵母硒降血糖效果最佳。

辽东楤木芽多糖乙酰化修饰工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

以辽东楤木芽为原料,采用超声波辅助提取法提取辽东楤木芽多糖,制备辽东楤木芽乙酰化多糖(Ac-AEBP)。以乙酰基取代度为指标,研究反应温度、反应时间和液料比(mL/g)对AEBP乙酰化修饰取代的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,运用Box-Behnken设计响应面实验对乙酰化工艺参数进行优化,并比较乙酰化修饰前后的辽东楤木芽多糖对·OH、·O^(2-)、DPPH·、ABTS+·的清除作用以及还原能力,探讨其抗氧化活性。结果表明辽东楤木芽多糖乙酰化最佳工艺条件为:反应温度52℃,反应时间4 h,液料比43∶1(mL/g),在此条件下,乙酰化辽东楤木芽多糖的取代度为0.4596。抗氧化研究表明,与未经修饰的AEBP相比,Ac-AEBP的抗氧化活性有较大的增强。该研究可为进一步开发利用辽东楤木芽提供科学依据。

不同采收期辽东楤木叶的功能成分及其抗氧化活性

为给辽东楤木(Aralia elata)适时采收提供理论依据,以栽培型辽东楤木为试验材料,分析了辽东楤木叶在不同采收时期(S1时期,2023年4月10日;S2时期,2023年4月30日;S3时期,2023年5月20日;S4时期,2023年6月9日)的生物量、光合色素含量、总酚和总黄酮含量、抗氧化能力。同时,建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)的检测方法,测定辽东楤木皂苷A、辽东楤木皂苷V、辽东楤木皂苷X的含量,并且基于高效液相色谱-质谱代谢组学技术,对比分析了不同采收期辽东楤木在次生代谢产物上的差异。结果表明:(1)辽东楤木叶鲜质量、干质量、光合色素含量均随着生长而增加,在S4时期达到最大值(;2)总酚和总黄酮含量在S1时期达到最大值(1.36 mg·g^(-1)、29.38 mg·g^(-1));(3)S1时期DPPH自由基清除能力最强(IC_(50)为0.262 g·L^(-1)),S2时期ABTS自由基清除能力最强(IC_(50)为0.511 g·L^(-1));(4)辽东楤木皂苷A的含量在S4时期达到最大值,为12.90 mg·g^(-1),辽东楤木皂苷V和辽东楤木皂苷X在S2时期的含量显著高于其他时期,分别为1.53、3.30 mg·g^(-1);(5)共鉴定了24种酚类代谢物,4个时期的酚类化合物总量分别为64.84、119.31、101.95、89.32 mg·g^(-1),其中C6C1骨架化合物(原儿茶酸、龙胆酸),C6C3C6骨架化合物(芦丁),C6C3骨架化合物(咖啡酸)在S2时期显著积累。综上所述,综合考虑功能成分含量、抗氧化活性和食用性认为,S2时期为最适宜的采收时间。