Experimental Study of the Influence of Gassing Material on Blow Open Force and Arc Motion

The study of arc behavior is important to understand the dynamic phenomena concerning the interruption process in a variety of switching devices. This paper is devoted to investigate the influence of gassing material on blow open force and arc motion. To one double- breaker model, measuring the arc current, voltage and force acting on the moving conductor, the characteristics of the ratio of the emerging blow open force over arc power FB/（ui） could be obtained. With the help of a 2-D optical fiber measurement system, to one arc chamber model, arc motion behavior was measured, too. It is demonstrated that, with the action of gassing material, FB/（ui） will increase 2.5 times, and the arc will enter the splitter plates much easier.

Motion and Splitting of Vacuum Arc Column in Transverse Magnetic Field Contacts at Intermediate—Frequency

Arc motion and splitting of vacuum arc at intermediate frequency（400-800 Hz） were investigated under transverse magnetic field（TMF）.The experiment was performed on cup-type TMF contacts with contact diameter of 40 mm and a contact gap of 4 mm in a single-frequency circuit.With high-speed photography we characterized the arc appearance at different arc currents from 3.3 kA-rms to 10 kA-rms at intermediate frequencies.As arc current increases from3.3 kA-rms to 10 kA-rms the arc appearance changes obviously.When current value is 3.3 kArms（current frequency 400-800 Hz）,there is almost no splitting arc;when the current exceeds5 kA-rms（current frequency 400-800 Hz）,the arc rotates at a speed above 20 m/s,accompanied by an observable splitting arc.The splitting arc could be observed at different frequencies and the arc-voltage had no noises when splitting occurred.The motion direction and the velocity of arc column were studied.Finally,the formation of a split arc was discussed.

Typical Motion and Extinction Characteristics of the Secondary Arcs Associated with Half-Wavelength Transmission Lines

Secondary arc discharge is a complicated physical phenomenon and one of the key fundamental issues associated with ultra high voltage （UHV） half-wavelength transmission lines （HWTL）. With the establishment of a physicM simulation platform for the HWTLs, experiments were carried out regarding the motion and extinction characteristics of secondary arcs. The cathode arc root and the anode arc root were found to show an obvious polarity effect while the arc column was moving in a spirM, due to their different motion mechanisms. The extinction behavior was also recorded and experiments were designed with different compensation conditions. Results show that the arcing time can be greatly reduced if there exists an electrical compensation network. The research provides fundamentals for understanding the physics involved, especially the motion and extinction mechanisms of the secondary arcs.

The Arc-Sine Laws for the Skew Brownian Motion and Their Interpretation

We consider the skew Brownian motion as a solution of some stochastic differential equation. We prove for the skew Brownian motion the analogues of the arc-sine laws for Wiener process. Unlike of existing results, we are forced to consider a stochastic differential equation with discontinuous diffusion coefficient. Possible interpretations of obtained results are suggested.

Study on motion simulation of arc welding robot based on UG

The motion simulation of arc welding robot is the basis of the system of robot off-line programming, and it has been one of the important research directions. The UGNX 4. 0 is adopted to establish 3D simulating model of MOTOMAN-HP6 arc welding robot. The kinematic model under link-pole coordinate system is established by the second development function offered by UG/OPEN API and the method of programming using VC ＋＋ 6. 0. The methods of founding model and operational procedures are introduced, which provides a good basis for off-line programming technique under Unigraphies condition.

Simulation of arcs for DC relay considering different impacts

Recently DC relay has been concerned as a key component in DC power distribution,management and control systems like aircraft,new energy vehicle,IT and communication industries.Ordinarily,magnetic force and contact moving speed have great influence on arc behaviours in the breaking process.This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of arc during the contact opening process in a real 400V/20 A DC relay product coupling with an inductive load circuit.A 3D air arc model based on the magneto-hydrodynamic theory was built and calculated.A method coupling different computational software was used to take the nonlinear permanent magnet and contact opening process into consideration simultaneously.Arc behaviours under different magnetic field and contact opening speed were presented and discussed carefully.It has been found that the increase of the magnetic field is beneficial to the quick build-up of arc length and voltage.Arc breaking duration becomes shorter with the increase in contact opening speed from 63.5 rad s^-1 to 94.5 rad s^-1,such reduction is less significant with an increase of opening speed from 94.5 rad s^-l to 118.5 rad s^-1.

Characterization of a 3-Phase a.c. Free Burning Arc Plasma

A 3-phase a.c. arc plasma reactor with large volume plasma has been developed for the synthesis of new carbon nano-structures. One of the main characteristics of the plasma system is related to the absence of a fixed neutral point. This gives rise to a rich and complex phenomenology related to instabilities and arc motion since the arcs are ＂burning＂ freely in the gas flow between the three electrodes. This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the behavior of such a system under typical conditions using argon and nitrogen as plasma gases. A classification of are configuration, arc commutating, arc interaction, arc motion and arc instabilities are discussed based on ultra high-speed cine camera analysis. A simple model describing the time evolution of the system is also presented and compared with the experimental measurements. The results show that an adequate control could allow the improvement of the overall system.

雷击过程中避雷线弧根的滑行运动建模与分析

避雷线(overhead ground wire,OGW)是防止输电导线遭受雷击的重要设备。当OGW遭受雷击时,弧根的滑行运动会导致不一样的损伤机理,因此有必要对弧根的滑行运动进行分析,从而为损伤机理的研究和避雷线的选型设计提供滑行位移的数据支持。首先,文中基于链式建模方法建立了弧根沿着OGW的滑行运动模型,并通过分析电磁力的主要影响范围,缩小了建模的空间边界,从而大幅度减少了计算量;然后,通过实验室内的针-线放电实验对模型进行了验证;最后,基于所建立的模型,对弧根滑行位移的影响因素,包括热浮力、回击电流和持续电流,进行了分析。结果表明,在回击电流的作用下,热浮力的影响可以忽略。弧根的滑行位移与波尾时间成正相关,而与波头时间无关。在持续电流的作用下,热浮力会影响弧根滑行位移的评估结果,最大误差超过了25%。

耦合磁吹和触头运动的直流接触器电弧特性研究

磁吹结构和运动机构特性是影响直流接触器电弧开断性能的重要因素。文中引入灭弧室中非均匀磁场分布与动触头运动特性的耦合影响,构建了电、磁、气流、温度等多场耦合的二维电弧磁流体动力学仿真模型,分析了不同磁吹结构、反力弹簧刚度系数、触头超程等参数对直流电弧特性的影响。搭建了直流接触器电弧特性实验平台,开展了对比实验验证仿真结果。研究表明:提出在静触头之间增加中间永磁体的两种新型磁吹结构,较原结构燃弧时间分别缩短20.2%与14.7%,在电极下方磁吹结构增加中间永磁体的提升效果更好;反力弹簧刚度系数的最优选择为1.0 N/mm,最佳触头超程为1.5 mm,实验与仿真结果相符,为提升陶瓷密封直流接触器分断能力的优化设计提供参考依据。

The Influence of Medium on Low-Voltage Circuit Breaker Arcs

This paper mainly focuses on the influence of three kinds of media： air, air-10%PA （Nylon） and air-10% POM （polyoxymethylene） on low-voltage circuit breaker arcs. A threedimensional （3-D） model of arc motioa under the effect of external magnetic field is built based on magnetohydrodynamics （MHD） equations. By adopting the commercial computational fluid dynamics （CFD） package based on the control-volume method, the above MHD equations are solved. For the media of air-10%PA and air-10%POM, the distributions of stationary temperature and electrical potential and the transient motion processes are compared with those of air arc. The research shows that both air-10%PA and air -10% POM can cool the arc plasma and the former is more effective. Both of them can increase the stationary voltage as well. Moreover, the presence of the two mixtures can accelerate the arc motion toward the quenching area and ensures the arc quenched in time.

基于磁流体动力学的无极性低压直流断路器电弧仿真及性能优化

针对传统低压直流断路器,电流反向时磁场单向会导致其灭弧能力减弱的问题,建立基于COMSOL无极性低压直流断路器电弧仿真模型。分析在电流反向下无极性低压直流断路器的电弧运动,研究磁场和电流对无极性低压直流断路器灭弧能力的影响。仿真结果表明,无极性低压直流断路器可以消除电流反向对电弧运动的阻碍作用,并在240 mT和16 A下灭弧能力最强。仿真结果和实验结果相吻合,无极性低压直流断路器的灭弧能力在恰当的磁场灭弧能力最强,电流越小灭弧能力最强,变化规律与试验结果一致。

光学体表监测系统引导VMAT技术在全身放射性治疗的应用

目的:建立光学体表监测系统(OSMS)引导容积旋转调强(VMAT)技术应用于全身放射性治疗(TBI)的基本流程,评价OSMS在放疗前分次间辅助摆位和放疗中分次内实时监测位置误差的精确性和有效性。方法:回顾分析造血干细胞移植前清髓接受OSMS引导VMAT-TBI的白血病患者15例,CT模拟定位,分别在头先进仰卧位(HFS)和脚先进仰卧位(FFS)采集全身图像数据,传输至治疗计划系统进行图像融合、多中心VMAT放疗计划设计及剂量验证,处方剂量为800 cGy/4F,一天两次。放疗前采用OSMS辅助摆位,CBCT进行位置验证,治疗中应用OSMS监控,通过分析离线日志文件获得OSMS实时监测的分次内误差。结果:HFS模式计划靶区的平均剂量和覆盖率分别为(905.4±19.0)cGy和(93.0±2.8)%;危及器官肺和肾脏平均剂量分别为(603.7±55.7)cGy和(600.4±49.6)cGy;晶体最大受照剂量为(393.9±58.9)cGy。FFS模式计划靶区的平均剂量和覆盖率分别为(888.5±58.9)cGy和(94.0±3.2)%;衔接处的最大剂量为(1148.9±72.9)cGy。单次放疗实施时间为(75.1±15.1)min。放疗前OSMS辅助摆位,CBCT三维矢量总偏差在平移方向和旋转方向分别为(2.71±1.96)mm和(0.91±0.90)°。在放疗中OSMS监测的分次内运动幅度平移方向三维矢量偏差为(1.95±1.88)mm,其中偏差在1 mm以内的在LNG、LAT和VRT方向上占比分别为57.5%、79.7%和62.1%;旋转方向三维矢量偏差为(0.76±0.72)°,其中偏差在1°以内在Rtn、Pitch和Roll方向上占比分别为93.1%、85.7%和94.3%。结论:VMAT简化TBI流程,同时提高靶区的覆盖率并较好地保护危及器官;采用OSMS可减少位移误差特别是旋转误差,为保障TBI精确实施和患者的安全性,有必要联合OSMS进行辅助摆位和分次内位置监测。

基于Arc Engine的强震动参数快速判定地震影响范围方法研究

本文采用的数据是200条强震记录,这些数据选自中国大陆地区的4次破坏性较强的地震数据。通过对强震动参数进行基线校正、数据滤波等一系列处理,建立地震影响范围模型,再利用Arc Engine对模型数据进行可视化,实现了基于Arc Engine的地震影响范围的快速判定。

小电流下弧根运动对空气直流电弧的影响

阴极弧根为电子发射的主要区域,弧根的运动对空气直流电弧等离子体特性有重要意义。通过电极旋转驱动阴极弧根运动,实验观测得到电极旋转情况下空气直流电弧拉弧过程电极表面烧蚀情况、扭曲的弧柱形态,同时提取并对比了直线拉弧和旋转拉弧的电弧电压上升曲线。参照临界电流试验条件,建立小电流下平行电极间三维电弧仿真模型,探究在小电流情况下,自由燃烧态电弧的演变过程。仿真结果表明:阴极弧根运动使得发射后极间带电粒子空间分布变化,间隙放电通道改变,电弧的最大温度值降低;当电弧放电通道不稳定时,极间电弧电压出现波动,电弧能量包络空间相对变小,间隙中高能粒子较少,有利于电弧能量的空间逸散。

Development of motion controller and its application in automatic TIG welding system

To develop a control system of cantilever arm for barrels welding, a motion controller has been developed to fit the welding procedure. The main research fields of the controller are: (1) finding effective measures to protect the controller against interferences; (2) decreasing welding current gradually in order to alleviate arc craters which are harmful to seam forming and welding quality; (3) planning the arm velocity to minimize the influence of the arm swing on arc length regulator; (4) adopting adaptive control algorithm with PD feedback and velocity feed-forward to reduce the influence of system inertia and velocity planning on the system transient performance.

Characteristics of Atmospheric Pressure Rotating Gliding Arc Plasmas

In this work, a novel direct current （DC） atmospheric pressure rotating gliding arc （RGA） plasma reactor has been developed for plasma-assisted chemical reactions. The influence of the gas composition and the gas flow rate on the arc dynamic behaviour and the formation of reactive species in the N2 and air gliding arc plasmas has been investigated by means of electrical signals, high speed photography, and optical emission spectroscopic diagnostics. Compared to conventional gliding arc reactors with knife-shaped electrodes which generally require a high flow rate （e.g., 10-20 L/min） to maintain a long arc length and reasonable plasma discharge zone, in this RGA system, a lower gas flow rate （e.g., 2 L/min） can also generate a larger effective plasma reaction zone with a longer arc length for chemical reactions. Two different motion patterns can be clearly observed in the N2 and air RGA plasmas. The time-resolved arc voltage signals show that three different arc dynamic modes, the arc restrike mode, takeover mode, and combined modes, can be clearly identified in the RGA plasmas. The occurrence of different motion and arc dynamic modes is strongly dependent on the composition of the working gas and gas flow rate.

触头运动特性对直流接触器开断性能影响

为研究触头运动特性对直流接触器开断性能的影响,建立直流空气接触器电磁操动机构与灭弧系统联合仿真模型,对接触器操动机构进行运动—结构—电磁耦合仿真,得到操动机构动作过程中触头位移—行程曲线,并与电弧磁流体模型相耦合,仿真得到了直流空气接触器从机构运动到触头打开电弧形成、弧根运动直至熄灭的全过程。讨论了接触器操动机构参数变化对开断性能的影响,并通过电弧现象背后的物理场变化分析了开断过程中重击穿现象产生的原因。结果表明:操动机构驱动动触头进而带动电弧完成了电弧拉伸、弧根转移以及被栅片切割等重要电弧演变过程;反力弹簧和触头弹簧预压力增大有利于提高触头的分断速度,加速电弧熄灭,但分断速度过高有可能导致电弧重击穿现象发生,其根本原因是栅片入口处产生的顺时针气流漩涡;通过控制触头的分断速度和灭弧室栅片区磁场分布,实现了对重击穿现象的抑制。

招弧角电极直流电弧运动特性分析

接地极线路是直流输电系统的重要组成部分,是直流系统不平衡电流和大地回流的入地通道.接地极线路遭遇雷击时,入地电流会在招弧角间隙形成稳定电弧,由于直流电流不存在周期性过零点,直流电弧很难熄灭,进而破坏线路绝缘,严重威胁直流输电系统安全.针对接地极线路招弧角处于野外开放空间、电弧运动受多场耦合影响的特点,建立了招弧角电弧磁流体动力学二维仿真模型,研究气流速度、方向以及招弧角结构对直流电弧运动特性的影响.研究表明:招弧角电极电弧主要受电磁力作用沿电极扩张方向运动,通过吹弧和拉伸,降低电弧温度,提高电弧电压,使电弧更利于熄灭;气流环境对电弧动态特性产生较大影响,同方向风速有利于电弧的吹离和疏导;同等风速下,水平方向气流吹弧效果更显著;电极样式对电弧的拉伸有重要影响,同等间隙距离下,双羊角电极对电弧的拉伸作用比单羊角电极更强;在入地电流持续注入的情况下,电弧易重燃,且难以彻底熄灭.

直流冰面局部电弧运动特性

随着我国特高压输电线路的不断建设,覆冰地区绝缘子冰闪问题日益突出。然而目前针对冰面电弧运动特性的研究较少,导致覆冰绝缘子长串闪络机理不明确。为了弥补现有研究的不足,在多功能人工气候室利用冰柱进行局部电弧试验,采用超高速摄像机拍摄了直流冰面电弧产生、发展过程。结果发现,相比于负极性局部电弧,正极性局部电弧产生所需电压较低、时间长;冰面电弧弧足与冰面间存在多条长度、直径各不相同的放电分支,由弧足中心向周围扩散;直流冰面电弧发展过程中存在弧柱-弧柱放电和弧柱-冰面放电两种放电形式,二者的放电方向相反。

等弦分割采样的球面插补算法研究

机器人空间球面插补算法大都为多段圆弧插补组成,针对现有的圆弧插补计算量大、复杂等问题,提出了一种基于等弦分割采样的新型空间圆弧插补算法,该算法利用弧长与弦长的映射关系,将弦长等分求得圆弧上插补点坐标。根据计算所求得插补点均在圆弧上,消除了插补的累积误差,提高了圆弧插补精度,与其他空间圆弧插补算法相比运算时间大幅减小,并仿真验证求得空间圆弧插补点。通过样机实验,验证了上述插补算法的正确性。将这种新型空间算法应用到更为复杂空间球面插补,求解并仿真出球面插补点坐标,求解机器人在球面插补的末端姿态。通过MATLAB对机器人建模并仿真出球形插补过程,验证了该算法的有效、可行性。实现了不同尺寸球面插补的仿真。