Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

Revisiting the Spirit of the UDHR and Discussing Human Rights Development——Summary of Views from the Seminar Commemorating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

On December 4,2023,the China Society for Human Rights Studies hosted a seminar in Beijing commemorating the 75^(th) Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.Participants discussed topics such as the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights,China’s theories and practices in respecting and safeguarding human rights,the three global initiatives and global human rights governance,human rights protection in the digital age,and telling Chinese stories of human rights in the new era.The discussions led to a broad consensus and achieved positive results.

Research on the Scientific Meaning of Rule of Law in China

Beyond the existing academic viewpoints, clarifying the scientific meaning of the rule of law in China in the binary interaction between subject and object is the prerequisite for reifying the rule of law in China from an abstract symbol to a logic in action. The subject dimension of rule of law in China subsumes the legal consciousness, self confidence, independence and self-improvement of the subject. The object dimension of the rule of law in China focuses the relation mode and governance pattern between right and power. In the dimension of time, the rule of law in China is the unification of history and reality of China model. In the dimension of space, the rule of law in China is committed to seeking the right to speech, governance, management and development from the perspective of globalization.

Coordinate Rule of Law Efforts in Both Domestic and Foreign-Related Matters

Taking a coordinated approach to promoting the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties stands as one of the essentials of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law.The profound essence of this concept is predominantly articulated through the dialectic nexus between the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties and the foundational necessities and underlying principles for their coordinated advancement.This concept is intellectually rooted in the legal theory of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics,the theory of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,modern progressive theories of international law,and the exemplary facets of traditional Chinese culture.It is aligned with contemporary trends and in harmony with the need to take a holistic approach to imperatives at home and abroad.This philosophy underscores the approach to building a human community with a shared future through the rule of law,guaranteeing the fruition of national strategic aspirations.This resonates with profound contemporary,integrative,international,and strategic significance.Presently,the focus should be on fostering the development of foreign-related rule of law,maintaining the correct equilibrium between the dyad of rule of law in domestic and foreign-related matters.It is imperative to augment strategic design and institutional construction in the realm of rule of law on issues related to foreign parties,step up research on and practical application of international law,and reinforce the cultivation of legal professionals in this area to take a coordinated approach to advance the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties.

Characteristics,Indicators,and Methods of Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

Chinese modernization of the rule of law is an important dimension of Chinese modernization;it has some commonalities with the rule of law modernization of all countries but it is more characterized by features that are unique to the Chinese context.The prominent feature that constitutes the Chinese characteristics,Chinese style,and Chinese model,is the adherence to the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.It is this feature that determines the difference with Western rule of law modernization.Representingg a new form of human rule of law civilization,the Chinesestyle primarily features the building of a socialist law-based country,government,andSsociety,including centralized,unified,authoritative,andefficient Chinese-style national supervision,as well as the dual existence of constitutional review by the Communist Party of China(CPC)and by the state.Chinese modernization cannot be made possible without the rule of law being modernized and serving as a safeguard.Comprehensive promotion of the rule of law is an overriding approach,and two methods have to be followed specifically:firstly,construction of a modern socialist country in all aspects under the rule of law,and secondly,performance of all work of the state under the rule of law.

The Approach to Chinese Modernization of the Rule of Law

The essence of Chinese modernization of the rule of law is to promote a modern legal system in China.The approach to Chinese modernization of the rule of law refers to the Chinese approach to promoting a modern legal system.By comprehensively reviewing the history and reality,theory and practice,and actual and desirable aspects of Chinese modernization of the rule of law,we can summarize the Chinese approach to promoting a modern legal system.This approach containssvariouselements,including a leadership system for the rule of law with centralized and unified leadership by the Central Committee of Communist Party of China,a rule of law virtue principle of putting the people first,a functional orientation of the rule of law toward national governance,and a historical-legal consciousness that inherits fine traditional Chinese legal culture.These key elements play a prominent role and can effectively showcase the Chinese approach to promoting a modern legal system.Describing such a Chinese approach not only helps to summarize the fundamental experience of Chinese modernization of the rule of law but also showcases the Chinese logic and Chinese characteristics in this modernization process.

论高校内部治理的症结及疏解策略

高校内部治理是高校治理的重要环节,关系着高等教育的质量和水平。科层制模式下,高校内部治理存在着政府外部行政权传导的高校内部行政权与高校办学自主权之间的矛盾、高校内部学术权力与行政权力之间的矛盾、学生组织与学校党政职能部门之间的矛盾,并表现为人事治理症结、财务治理症结、合同治理症结。究其原因,法治保障的缺乏、行政权力的过分倚重、机构权责不清、监督机制缺乏是高校内部治理矛盾和症结的成因。因此,必须从积极推进依法治校、优化高校内部权力配置、摒弃落后的管理理念与习惯、实现多元主体的治理动能等层面予以疏解。

数字政府视阈下的算法行政:兴起、风险与法治纠偏

随着数字政府建设目标的确立,算法技术嵌入行政成为一种必然趋势,但是算法在促进行政的同时,也带来了法治价值失序的隐忧。算法基于海量数据运算配置社会资源,辅助甚至独立作出行政行为,或许将会成为行政权行使的中枢性力量。但是,过度依赖算法可能导致强调技术理性而忽视价值理性。算法技术本身所带的内生性风险与算法应用中潜在的风险,暗含着行政权力的“技术延伸”和公民权利被侵蚀的隐患,算法行政遭受合法性和合理性的诘难,数字政府建设与法治政府建设面临耦合困境。为防范算法行政异化风险,政府的数字化必须与法治化同步建设,警惕技术理性凌驾于价值理性之上的观念,并从算法的创制、适用以及事后追责的各阶段构建起算法行政的合法性约束机制,避免“权力—权利”格局的失衡,从而促进政府数字化建设和法治化建设的深度融合。

乡村治理共同体视角下农民集体决议法治化的双重样态与实现路径

基层政府、人民法院、乡村自治主体形塑了乡村治理共同体。乡村治理共同体内部理应呈现出的行政行为介入规范自治、司法权力嵌入保障私权、自治主体纠偏回归法治等预设样态,是农民集体决议法治化的应然图景。然而,行政行为偏差、司法裁判冲突、自治秩序混乱等治理乱象表明,治理共同体内部存在的行政机关权责失衡、司法机关审理规则不明、自治主体落实约束制度缺位,已然成为农民集体决议法治化面临的现实困境。立足于村民自治与国家法治的融合发展,以细化权责清单、统一司法规则、完善制度保障为依托,厘清行政机关介入农民集体决议事项的权力限度与责任范围、明确司法机关处理农民集体决议纠纷的案由类型与撤销权客体、强化自治主体重作农民集体决议的内部约束与司法约束,是农民集体决议法治化的重要路径。

以高水平法治促进新质生产力发展

新质生产力以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志,特点是创新,关键在质优,本质是先进生产力。数据与算法、算力作为质优的创新型要素,优化其配置成为提高全要素生产率的关键一环。在优化要素配置过程中,数据流通、算法开发与算力协同都离不开法治的支撑,同时,整体营商环境的持续优化也需要法治的保障。从实践出发,良法善治在消除和打通新质生产力发展的堵点痛点方面能发挥积极作用,以促进新型生产关系适配新质生产力发展。为此,需在法治框架下健全数据基础制度,推动数据要素有序开放流通,完善人工智能算法治理体系和算力协同机制,持续优化营商环境,为新质生产力发展提供质优生态。

金融科技伦理治理:实践困境、功能定位及优化进路

科技发展与金融创新的耦合连接在造就金融市场“新格局”的同时,也会生成新型市场风险、冲击传统金融监管体制,进而引发“新秩序”的思考。当前立法的时滞性与监管的“运动式”表现致使金融科技规制步入粗放型窠臼,立足完善金融高科技治理体系的时代要求,金融科技伦理治理的话语地位逐步提升。金融科技伦理以其发展性、适应性、回应性等制度功效因应金融科技风险治理的现实需求,然而趋向普适性、软约束、碎片化的规范供给样态已然成为制约金融科技伦理效能发挥的关键因素。金融科技伦理治理困境之破解应在功能界分指引下,厘清伦理治理运行的制度载体与价值逻辑。金融科技伦理治理现代化规制框架的建立既要在风险预防性目标下完善伦理治理体系化建设,也要在治理相称理念下推动程序运行机制的法治化转换,更要着眼多元共治格局强化伦理治理的协同合作,促进与企业合规自律的相向而行。

乡村治理法治体系构建问题研究

乡村治理是国家治理的基石和乡村振兴的基础。提升乡村治理和乡村建设质量,扎实有序做好乡村治理和乡村建设工作,需要重构乡村振兴中的社区治理共同体,优化社区自组织社会风险防范机制,构建新型乡村社区“三社联动”机制,构建多层次新型村庄治理共同体格局。乡村治理法治体系构建的关键在于:发挥村规民约在乡村治理中的作用,效法“枫桥经验”把矛盾纠纷化解在基层,把地方性治理规范融入全过程人民民主,给乡镇政府公共服务能力的提升增权赋能。构建乡村治理法治体系的主要路径是:发挥基层党组织在乡村治理中的引领作用,凸显基层协商民主在乡村治理中的民主意识,强化家庭家教家风在乡村治理中的修复功能,重视新乡贤在乡村振兴中的重要作用。

知识产权法治建设的三个维度

私权保护、国家治理和国际协调是知识产权法治建设中的三个维度。知识产权的本质是人们依法就智力活动成果享有的私权,其客体是通过知识创新或经营劳动产生的特定信息,制度运行中出现的抢占信息资源并将其包装成知识产权客体牟利的乱象应予以纠正。基于信息的无形性,知识产权保护通常需要首先确定客体范围边界,然后对权利人予以及时充分的救济,因此需要行政和司法机关提供专业、便捷的确权及公正、高效的保护。这一建立在“以公开换保护”基础上的公权力介入特色,使得知识产权制度成为国家治理工具。知识产权保护还与国际贸易紧密相关,这一领域存在诸多国际条约。法治建设不能脱离本土实践,应基于地域性原则,结合经济学、社会学等原理,寻求国内国际法治协调发展的共赢之道。

“三治融合”视域下乡村“积分制”治理运行机制研究——基于四川省Y村的个案研究

“三治融合”是宏观层面对乡村治理的政策指引,乡村“积分制”治理正是“三治融合”理念的应用。文章以“三治融合”理念为视角,基于治理组织、治理工具、治理目标三个维度构成的治理逻辑,分析论证“三治融合”理念和乡村“积分制”治理运作机理的同一性;依据治理逻辑和运作机理,构建由起始动力机制、协调助力机制和激励保障机制形成的乡村“积分制”治理实践运行机制;通过把握乡村“积分制”治理实践运行机制,提出从构建多元治理主体协同参与的共建共治格局、运用制度和技术工具、建立因地制宜的积分评价考核机制和激励政策等方面优化完善乡村“积分制”治理,以期推动乡村治理方式的创新化发展。

论习近平法治思想对中华优秀传统法律文化的传承创新——基于党的二十大报告关于依法治国的视角

习近平法治思想坚持赓续我们党百余年法治和深刻传承中华法治几千年恢宏壮丽法治史中的精华,深刻体现了“中国之治”的文化自信,是弘扬中国特色社会主义法治文化的典范。习近平法治思想重视从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取“奉法强国”的信念、全面依法治国的智慧和治国理政的经验,探寻强化法治生命力的路径。面对百年变局叠加世纪疫情,全球治理体系和国际秩序变革异常激烈,国际法治遭遇强烈挑战。习近平法治思想在中国法治和国际治理的实践中,坚持知古鉴今,弘扬中华法治智慧、吸收世界法治文明精华;资政育人,“中国方案”“中国之治”“中国智慧”既充分彰显国际法治的正道、顺应历史发展潮流、增进国际社会民生福祉,又更加增强中华法治自信,彰显中华优秀传统法律文化的时代特色。习近平法治思想把以人民为中心作为法治中国建设的基本立场,从中华优秀传统法律文化中汲取法治中国建设的不竭动力,是引领法治中国建设的思想旗帜和强劲动力源,是打破“西方中心论”长期遏制中国法治理论话语权的有力武器。新时代,推进法治中国建设,应坚持以习近平法治思想为指引,聚焦中国式现代化的法治新课题,把握好习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论,深耕中华优秀传统法律文化,使其成为推进全面依法治国的智慧和力量源泉。

营商环境法治化三维论

市场秩序稳定公平、规则透明公开、法治公正、投资可预期的营商环境,是投资主体实现投资自由便利制度的核心价值所现。推进政府职能新定位,强化“放管服”,放宽市场主体准入等,是优化营商环境的基本环节。自由度是主体最活跃的动力源和策源地,政府确保“中立地位”,促进主体公平竞争和实施反垄断,维护所有市场主体都享有平等、自由、公平竞争机制。便利度是彰显政府向市场主体提供快速实现自由度的便捷化、快捷化和效率化的社会效应程度,核心在于强化市场主体获得从商活动权利能力的快捷、简便、高效行为状态等。创新度是市场主体实现自由度与便利度融合发展处于动态的追求状态,显现了优化营商环境持续创新的法治动力。政府干预与市场调节有机协同调控,做大主体自由度,提升主体更多便利度,促进营商环境的持续创新优化。自由、便利与创新,已成为优化营商环境的路径选择,创新成为优化营商环境的否定之否定规律。自由度、便利度与创新度的辩证关系价值,成为引导探寻优化营商环境的立足点、突破点和发力点。

国家金融安全视域下金融科技的风险应对与法治保障

在数字化时代,科技深度赋能金融服务的同时,也易引发国家金融安全风险,包括与传统金融活动结合、构建新型金融网络系统及新兴科技直接应用等场景。金融科技引发国家安全风险的生成机理在于,随着金融体系的中介类型增多、金融风险传导渠道增加,新金融网络体系会产生基于“关联”的风险。金融科技“破坏性创新”的特征,会从金融监管立法与实施两个方面冲击传统金融监管框架,从而加剧监管失灵。国家金融安全的法治保障亟须理论层面的反思与重构,进而形成金融科技的“动态协同”治理模式,从外层金融网络与基础设施安全、中层金融科技创新活动和内层金融服务行为三个层面,构建多层次的金融科技法治保障体系。

乡村治理现代化的法治逻辑

实施乡村振兴战略是健全现代社会治理格局的固本之策,其囊括经济、社会和文化等多方面要求,彰显了乡村发展与乡村治理的辩证关系。传统的公共管理模式和城乡二元体制曾长期压制民众的自主性和能动性,桎梏了社会的活力和创造力,滋养了等级观念和特权思想,而早已无法适应现代社会的发展需要,融合形式法治、程序法治和实质法治的现代法治才符合治理现代化的要求。法治通过保障人权、捍卫民主、维护秩序而推动它们在乡村治理现代化中发挥积极作用,但法治乡村的推进不仅面临着法治中国的普遍性问题,还要求关注乡村社会的行动逻辑及其现实根源。要坚持乡村居民在法治中的主体地位和能动作用,在推动城乡融合发展的同时平衡各种社会力量,以乡村振兴培育法治的内生性动力,以平等适用促进法治的合法性基础,以多元共治构建乡村的善治格局。

习近平“用法律保障民族团结”重要论述的学理阐释

习近平同志关于“用法律保障民族团结”的重要论述,既是对民族平等宪法原则和全面依法治国基本方略的重申,又是对我国依法治理民族事务历史经验的总结和升华,并在战略层面上,将依法治理民族事务纳入“全面依法治国”“全面推进中国式现代化”的工程体系之中。在这个意义上,“用法律保障民族团结”在依法治理民族事务中居于枢纽地位。其标志着中国民族事务治理由政策思维向法治思维转变,由线性思维向系统思维转变,由工具思维向价值思维转变。法治思维之要义在于确立“法治”在民族事务治理中的世界观地位;系统思维之要义在于确立“统筹兼顾”在民族事务治理中的方法论地位;价值思维之要义在于“民族团结”在民族事务治理中的价值论地位。

公共数据开放的逻辑意蕴:现状考察、问题检视与法治进路

[目的/意义]数字法治政府是与数字中国、数字社会相适应的政府治理新样态。数据要素已成为数字时代经济高质量发展的重要驱动力,而公共数据开放则是数字法治政府建设的重要议题。[方法/过程]文章选取中央及浙江、山东、贵州、广东、四川、福建、广西、海南、江西、江苏10个省份的法规政策和技术标准作为研究样本,对当前我国公共数据开放法规政策体系进行考察,并在此基础上检视数据开放中存在的问题。[结果/结论]研究发现,我国公共数据开放存在内涵边界存在不确定性、法规政策体系存在缺口、行政法治制度供给欠缺、公民数据权利保障机制尚未成熟等问题。为此,应明确公共数据概念界定和权属性质、完善公共数据开放法规政策体系、建构公共数据开放行政法治秩序、健全公民数据权利保障体制机制,进而将公共数据开放融入法治轨道之中。