Creation of "Regional Characteristic" in Planning and Design of Farmers' Residential Area at the South of Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

After analysis of location feature of the south of lower reaches of Yangtze River and its construction of urban and rural integration,the paper pointed out harmonious combination between natural and artificial factors had been neglected in planning and design of farmers' residential area at the south of lower reaches of Yangtze River,"regional characteristic" losing,residential area in the form of "city community" and buildings in European style.In view of these problems,relevant planning and design thoughts and methods had been proposed as to how to create "regional characteristic" from the perspective of planning,architecture and landscape design.It discussed with emphasis the importance of construction base type and combination of environment with residential area construction;inspirations and design methods obtained from traditional architectures;and the content of landscape overall planning and specific design.It was hoped to enlighten designers to shoulder social and historical responsibility,make exploration unremittingly,and construct beautiful homelands for people.

Organic Phosphorus in Shallow Lake Sediments in Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Area in China

Thirteen sediment core samples(0-10 cm) were taken from the seven lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to determine the contents and distributions of organic phosphorus(P) fractions in the sediments of the shallow lakes in the area.The organic P fractions in the sediments were in the order of moderately labile organic P(MLOP) > moderately resistant organic P(MROP) > highly resistant organic P(HROP) > labile organic P(LOP),with average proportional ratios of 13.2:2.8:1.3:1.0.LOP,MLOP,and MROP were significantly related to the contents of total organic carbon(TOC),water-soluble P(WSP),algal-available P(AAP),NaHCO3-extractable P(Olsen-P),total P(TP),organic P(OP),and inorganic P(IP).However,HROP was significantly related to OP and weakly correlated with TOC,WSP,AAP,Olsen-P,TP or IP.This suggested that organic P,especially LOP and MLOP in sediments,deserved even greater attention than IP in regards to lake eutrophication.In terms of organic P,sediments were more hazardous than soils in lake eutrophication.Although OP concentrations were higher in moderately polluted sediment than those in heavily polluted sediment,LOP and MLOP were higher in the heavily polluted sediment,which indicated that heavily polluted sediment was more hazardous than moderately polluted sediment in lake eutrophication.

The Background of Regional Lead Isotopic Compositions and Its Application in the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and Neighbouring Areas

The paper systematically deals with the background of regional isotopic compo-sitions in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and neighbouring areas. It isshown that the lead isotopic compositions of different geological formations and units are con-trolled by the primary mantle heterogeneity, dynamic process of crust-mantle interchange,abundances of uraninm, thorium and lead of various layers of the earth and timing. Studies onthe background of regional isotopic compositions may offer significant information forgeochemical regionalization, tracing of sources of ore-forming materials, and regionalprognosis of ore deposits.

Division of Ecosystem Sensitivity of Natural Landscape in Lower Reaches of Tarim River

By choosing aerial and satellite remote sensing images of the year 1959, 1973, 1989, 2000 and 2008 as data source, combining ground investigation, landscape in lower reaches of Tarim River was classified and landscape classification map was promoted by using GIS technique and landscape ecology theory. Finally landscape classification maps of the five years would be converted into gray scale images which would be used for overlay analysis, and based on this, landscape ecosystem sensitive zone had been identified. The result showed that the extremely sensitive zone took up 10.18% of the study area and sensitive zone occupied 17.95% of the study area. Ecological system of natural landscape in the lower reaches of Tarim River was superior to ecological system of artificial landscape in terms of resistance to wind, dust, salt and drought. Study on division of ecosystem sensitivity area of natural landscape not only provided scientific reference for the formulation of regional policies to prevent and treat ecological environmental problems, but also was beneficial for people to identify treatment focus of ecological environmental problems in different regions and propose countermeasures ameliorating regional ecological environment.

Landslide and Rockfall Distribution by Reservior of Stepped Hydropower Station in the Jinsha River

The landslides and rockfalls were studied in this paper from Xiangjiaba to Baihetan in the lower reach of Jinsha river. Their volume, distribution density and landslide index were studied which indicated that there existed close relationships between landslides and rockfalls and geological structure, stratum. The fold and faultage influenced on the stability of slope and offered the geological condition to landslides and rockfalls. The physiognomy controlled their distribution. Slope angles of landslides were 10 °-50°and slope angles of rockfalls were mainly 35°-50° in the valley in the studied area. The results indicated the geology and physiognomy of distribution area of the landslides and rockfalls in the studied area. They offered the theoretical foundation to prevent and cure geological disaster and protect the water power engineering.

Two series of copper-gold deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area (MLYRA) and the hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and lead isotopes of their ore-forming hydrothermal systems

Based on studies on the geological characteristics of the copper-gold deposits in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River area (MLYRA) and their hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur and lead isotope compositions, it is concluded that there existed two series of copper-gold deposits. They are evolutional products of two ore-forming hydrothermal systems in different geodynamic settings and geological era. Series I is stratiform or stratabound copper-gold deposits. These deposits were formed by submarine exhalation and sedimentation of hydrothermal solutions in Her-cynian tensional tectonic environment after bot brine ascending along contemporaneous faults and exhaled into the sea-floor. Series II consists of copper-gold deposits related to medium and acidic magmatic intrusions. Their mineralizations took place in Yanshanian in a tensional or a transitional period to the tensional tectonic environment from the composite of the tethys tectonic regime and the Paleo-Pacific ocean tectonic regime, as well as in the upper mantle doming and crustal thinning environment. Copper-gold deposits were formed from the hydrothermal fluids, mixtures of magmatic water and part of meteoric water, by complex water-rock interactions and coupling dynamic processes of transport-chemical reactions. Superposition is an important condition for the formation of the large-scale copper-gold ore deposits.

Corridor effect of the spatial changes of landscape patterns in arid areas:A case study of the river corridor areas in the middle and lower reaches of Tarim River

在 Tarim Riverare 的中间、更低的活动范围的河走廊区域在 Ruoqiang 从 Qara 水库 inYuli 县沿着河节由传统的绿走廊统治了到泰泰马·莱克县，它在 Tarim 河分水岭在社会、经济的发展起一个重要作用与一极其重要的生态的功能。对水路垂直的缓冲区地区从水路在 5-kminterval 开始沿着两个河边被定义(10 km 更宽) 用缓冲区地区分析的方法。每个缓冲区地区的风景模式索引被计算，并且主要风景模式的索引被分析以便在风景和补丁层次上揭示放射的效果和河走廊的特征。放射的宽度通常是在学习区域的 30 km 的结果表演，和罐头直到在潜水艇的 50-70 km -- 区域 FG1 因为学习区域位于二排水盆，与在他们之间的一个生态的空隙的地区。树林和沼泽地的 Thelandscapes 通常在 10 km 缓冲区地区以内被散布(它意味着缓冲区地区是离开水路的 5 km；一样此后) 沿着两个河边。而且，缓冲区地区越靠近到水路，补丁密度和最大的补丁索引是越多 higher。在为学习区域的生态、环境的新生，河走廊的生态的效果的程度必须充分被考虑，并且工程必须科学地并且讲道理地被计划并且设计。

长江中下游小麦新品系条锈病抗性评估与抗病基因分析

由小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp.tritici Eriks.&Henn.)引起的条锈病是世界范围内小麦的重要病害。长江中下游麦区是中国小麦主产区之一和重要的小麦商品粮基地,也是中国小麦条锈病流行的重点防控地区。准确评价该地区小麦品种(系)对当前小麦条锈病流行小种的抗性,了解抗条锈基因在各个品种及所处麦区内的分布状况,对及时调整抗病育种目标、指导抗病品种及抗病基因的合理布局与应用具有重要意义。本研究收集了2019-2021年间苏、皖、鄂等长江中下游麦区103份小麦材料,包括34份当地主栽品种和69份参加新品种区域审定试验的高代品系,于2021年分别在陕西杨凌混合小种(CYR32、V26-lab)人工病圃及四川江油自然诱发病圃进行成株期抗条锈性鉴定;以当前流行条锈菌小种条中32(CYR32)和G22致病类群(V26-lab)对参鉴品系进行苗期分小种鉴定,利用16个已知抗条锈基因的19个SNP标记进行分子检测,其中包括11个全生育期抗病基因[Yr5a、Yr5b (YrSP)、Yr6、Yr7、Yr9、Yr15、Yr26、Yr28、Yr81、YrZH84和YrAS1676]和5个成株期抗病基因(Yr18、Yr30、Yr78、Yr86和YrLT26),推测小麦品系可能携带的抗病基因。结果表明,34份主栽品种中,23份表现成株期抗病。在69份高代品系中,苗期对CYR32和V26-lab小种表现抗病的品系分别有11份和13份,对CYR32和V26-lab均表现免疫或者近免疫的品系仅有2份。根据品系成株期抗病DS值的聚类热图结果表明,在杨凌表现抗病的品系有44份,在江油表现抗病的品系有25份,在两地均表现环境稳定抗病的品系有17份。分子检测表明,参鉴品系中可能携带Yr5b、Yr6、Yr7、Yr9、Yr30、Yr78、Yr81、Yr86、YrZH84、YrLT26和YrAS1676,其中只有Yr6、Yr81和YrLT26显著影响抗病性,没有发现可能携带Yr5a、Yr15、Yr18、Yr26和Yr28的品系。此外,Yr78、Yr81、Yr86和YrAS1676组合表现可有效抗条锈病。长江中下游麦区小麦品系对小麦条锈菌当前流行小种的抗性整体水平较2010年前明显提高,抗病基因的使用呈多样化趋势。

长江中下游地区生态系统服务对景观占比的响应及其阈值

人类活动所导致的土地利用方式改变对区域生态系统服务有着显著影响,厘清区域内不同土地利用类型景观面积占比对生态系统服务的影响机制对区域景观调控与用地管理有着重要意义。以长江中下游地区为研究区,以二级流域为研究单元,基于InVEST模型、RULSE模型以及NPP数据,评估产水量(WY)、固碳量(CS)以及土壤保持(SC)3种生态系统服务的空间分布特征;使用分段线性回归探究生态系统服务综合指数(TES)对人类活动影响较为强烈的林地、建设用地和耕地面积占比的响应及其阈值。结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区林地占比较高地区分布在西部和南部,建设用地占比较高地区分布在东部和北部,耕地占比较高地区分布在东北部和中西部。(2)生态系统服务空间分布表现出明显的空间异质性,其中WY呈现出西南高,东北低的分布特征,CS呈现出南高北低的分布特征,SC高值区主要分布在植被覆盖率较高的山区,TES与SC分布呈现相似特征。(3)林地面积占比对TES有正向促进作用,其影响阈值为93.2%,当超过此阈值,促进作用会加强;建设用地和耕地面积占比对TES有着负向的作用,当面积占比分别超过8.7%和46.9%时,二者的负向作用会减弱,耕地在阈值前后的负向影响均弱于建设用地,因此,约束建设用地和耕地的开发,促进林地面积增加可以提升流域生态系统服务水平。研究结果可为长江中下游地区流域的景观调控和土地利用管理提供一定理论依据与参考。

长江下游桥区动态自适应自主航行决策方法

针对长江下游桥区环境复杂且时变,存在特殊航行规则、可航水域受限等问题,提出一种自主航行决策方法。在该类水域,基于数字化交通环境模型,结合导航模型、船舶操纵运动数学模型(MMG)、航向航迹控制方法构建自动航行模型。以航行规则和良好船艺为前提计算可行操纵区间,依靠时序滚动框架消除剩余误差和自适应目标船(TS)机动,求取自主航行决策方案。仿真结果表明:该方法能自适应时变环境,实现自适应多目标避让,并沿推荐航线安全通过,为桥区水域自主航行提供一种自适应的决策方法。

三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位研究Ⅱ——风险分析与运用方案

乌东德、白鹤滩水库投运后,长江上游水库群联合防洪调度为进一步提高三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位创造了有利条件。为提高三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位,针对金沙江下游梯级防洪库容投入运用条件,基于三峡坝址不同典型年的不同频率设计洪水,开展了荆江防洪和库区回水风险分析,提出了金沙江下游梯级配合三峡水库的等比例分级拦蓄方式,在确保荆江及库区防洪安全的前提下,提出了三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位优化运用方案,给出了金下梯级预留防洪库容与三峡水库对荆江防洪库容的等效关系。研究结果表明:提出的等比例分级拦蓄方式综合了拦量和削峰两种模式,有效利用了金下梯级防洪库容,调度效果最好;提出的水位优化运用方案具备较好的防洪减灾效果,丰富完善了长江上游水库群联合防洪调度方案,可进一步减少中下游超额洪量。研究成果可为长江水库群实际洪水调度提供技术支撑和决策参考。

三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位研究Ⅰ——需求分析与优化条件

城陵矶地区是长江中下游洪灾最频发的区域之一,是长江水库群防洪的重点保护对象。金沙江下游乌东德、白鹤滩、溪洛渡、向家坝4座梯级水库与三峡水库组成的巨型水库群防洪能力巨大,显著改变了流域防洪调度格局。在概括分析城陵矶地区防洪需求,回顾三峡水库对城陵矶地区防洪补偿控制水位不同阶段成果的基础上,剖析了优化防洪补偿控制水位的研究要点,研究了金沙江下游梯级防洪库容投入情况,进而明确了提高防洪补偿控制水位的有利条件。研究结果表明:在三峡水库水位达到城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位158.00 m后,金沙江下游梯级水库在预留40.93亿m^(3)防洪库容的基础上,尚有30亿~60亿m^(3)富余防洪库容可配合运用,为进一步提高三峡水库对城陵矶防洪补偿控制水位创造了良好条件。

台特玛湖适宜水面与水量维持初步研究

开展台特玛湖适宜规模与水量维持研究,对于提升流域水资源综合利用效率、促进塔里木河流域生态文明建设,实现人-水-生态和谐具有重要意义。该文基于塔里木河下游水文与遥感监测资料,通过分析台特玛湖湖区水面及湖区生态环境变化特点,构建了湖区水面面积、植被覆盖度及植被面积的关系模型,求解实现生态保护目标的湖区适宜水面规模与生态水量。研究结果表明:基于历史资料与生态安全分析,台特玛湖适宜水面面积规模为30~110 km^(2);当台特玛湖水面为110km^(2)时,对应植被面积为232 km^(2),植被覆盖度为15.1%,可保障湖区天然植被面积、质量达到优良状态,此时塔里木河、车尔臣河入湖水量约为6 400万m^(3);综合考虑天然植被需水、河道基流、地下水补充及河道蒸发等因素,在维持塔里木河与台特玛湖水力联系情况下,塔里木河下游生态需水量为2.48亿m^(3)/a。研究成果为塔里木河流域生态保护及修复工作提供了技术参考。

南水北调中线供水区水域面积变化遥感分析

为更好地研究调水对供水区域水域面积的影响,利用遥感技术研究了南水北调中线工程调水前后供水区及其下游四季的水域面积变化情况及其动因。研究表明:在调水工程实施之后,汉江中下游区域出现了水域面积大幅度下降的情况,汉江流域水域面积从2011年到2015年整体减少,尤其是春夏季水域面积减少最多,春季减少52.6km^(2),夏季减少65.8km^(2),减少比例达到17.3%,秋季和冬季水域面积减少幅度较小,秋季水域面积减少23.4km^(2),冬季水域面积减少最少,为4.2km^(2)。

江南天窗的“绿意”及其现代转化

天窗作为建筑屋顶的开口,在建筑造型、空间拓展、环境调控和文化指向等方面扮演着重要角色。江南地区建筑天窗独具特色,主要类型为传统民居的“亮瓦”、近现代建筑的老虎窗和工业建筑遗存的矩形天窗,体现低碳化使用、适度调控的被动式绿色理念。天窗促进建筑空间自然采光、自然通风以及空间拓展,这三者构成天窗绿意内核。立足天窗绿意,阐述其现代转化的适应性机理,并结合实践案例,探索天窗在既有建筑更新中的现代转化路径。

A STUDY ON RELATION BETWEEN EAST ASIAN WINTER MONSOON AND CLIMATE CHANGE DURING RAINING SEASON IN CHINA

Based on the data of NCEP, OLR and rainfall of China, we studied the influences of the East Asian winter monsoon activities on the precipitation during the raining season over China by correlation analysis and composite analysis. The result shows that annual and interdecadal change of East Asian winter monsoon is distinct. It is strong from 1950s to the middle of 1980s but weak after the middle of 1980s. The effect of abnormal winter monsoon on the precipitation during raining season is significant over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River basin. It is revealed that the precipitation will increase when preceding winter monsoon is weak but decrease when preceding winter monsoon is strong. In this paper, some appropriate reasons are given to explain the abnormal rainfall by analyzing the distribution of SSTA and the variation of summer circulation. It is pointed out definitely that the variation of SSTA and summer circulation is a primary cause for abnormal rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River.

黄河下游典型潮土区玉米地径流氮素流失特征

[目的]揭示自然降雨过程中黄河下游潮土区农田氮素随地表径流的流失特征,为地表径流水质预测及农业面源污染防控提供参考。[方法]采用定位试验的方法,在黄河下游典型潮土区进行夏季不同降雨条件下玉米地径流水质的连续监测,并分析了径流中TN(总氮)、DN(溶解态氮)、NN(硝态氮)和AN(铵态氮)的浓度变化过程、流失水平与强度及其影响因素。[结果](1)不同形态氮素浓度的峰值均出现在径流过程的前期,之后随降雨的持续,浓度曲线整体上呈下降的变化趋势;(2)径流中TN,DN,NN的EMC(次降雨事件污染物平均浓度)均超过或接近地表水Ⅴ类水质标准(2.00 mg/L),其中TN的EMC随降雨强度的增大依次是Ⅴ类水质标准的1.75,1.72,1.91,2.01倍,表明研究区域已存在明显的氮素污染风险;(3)径流中TN的流失以DN为主,而NN又以DN为流失主体,二者的EMC贡献率分别为56.75%~80.99%和72.78%~81.39%,并且在中、小降雨条件下贡献率更大;(4)TN,DN,NN,AN的流失强度和流失率均随降雨强度的增大而增大,各形态氮素流失强度和流失率的平均值分别为366.06,227.38,170.17,35.47 g/hm^(2)和39.55,24.30,18.07,7.46 g/(h·hm^(2));(5)Pearson相关分析结果显示:径流量和TSS(悬浮物)对AN浓度的影响较小,但对TN,DN,NN浓度的影响却十分明显;其中,中、小降雨条件下TN,DN,NN浓度与径流量之间均存在显著的正相关关系(p<0.05),且在小雨条件下相关性更为显著(p<0.01);大、暴雨条件下,TN浓度受到径流量和TSS的双重影响(p<0.05),且降雨强度越大,影响越强烈,但二者对DN,NN浓度的影响却并未达到显著水平。[结论]黄河下游潮土区夏季玉米地径流中各形态氮素的流失特征存在明显差异,可根据降雨强度的大小采取适宜的氮素流失防控策略,且控制径流并减少水土流失对提高氮素流失防治效率具有十分重要的意义。

“双碳”目标视角下耕地利用生态效率测度及其时空特征——以长江中下游粮食主产区为例

基于“双碳”目标视角下的耕地利用生态效率内涵构建其评价指标体系,运用非期望产出超效率SBM模型测度2007—2020年长江中下游粮食主产区71个市(州)耕地利用生态效率,并综合运用非参数核密度估计和探索性空间数据分析刻画其时空演变特征。研究表明:(1)时序演变方面,研究区域各省耕地利用生态效率值呈现出“高位波动、高位下降、低位波动、低位下降”四种显著的分异现象。(2)区域差异方面,耕地利用生态效率整体上呈现先降后升、差异扩大、两极分化的演变特征。(3)空间格局方面,耕地利用生态效率在全域空间分布上存在显著正向空间自相关性;在局域上存在显著的集聚现象并表现为“均衡扩展、结核分布”的特征。

三河与中国早期王都

司马迁在《史记·货殖列传》中所称“三河”,是指今天流经山西、河南境内的黄河中下游地区。河东位于今山西南部,襄汾陶寺遗址早期约早出夏代一二百年,或当传说中尧、舜、禹时期,陶寺中晚期已在夏代纪年范围之内,此时正是早期国家形成阶段;河内即今太行山东南麓为古黄河所环绕的地区,历史上为商人的主要活动区域;河南指晋、豫两省黄河以南,周公在此营洛邑,即成周与王城,是周人活动的主要区域。河东、河南、河内三个区域既成相对独立区域,又以黄河相连接,为当时“天下之中”“王者所更居”之地。夏、商、周三代王朝的更替与发展壮大都没有离开过古老的黄河流域,从这个角度看,夏、商、周三代中国早期国家的诞生不仅是黄河与黄河文化的馈赠,同时也把中国历史与中华民族的发展推进到了新的阶段。黄河中下游流域龙山时代形成的文化成果为夏、商、周三代早期国家的诞生奠定了坚实的文化基础,成为夏、商、周三代文明的始原。龙山时代之后不久,在黄河中下游地区诞生了中国历史上最早的国家形态和中华民族的雏形——华夏族。

金沙江下游流域水沙格局变化研究

金沙江下游水沙变化对梯级水库淤积进程和优化调度有重要的影响,随着大型梯级水库的建设运用,金沙江下游水沙格局发生了显著的变化。本文基于金沙江下游干支流历年实测水沙资料,分析了流域水沙变化过程,提出了不同时段流域水沙格局。从时间上看,金沙江下游干支流径流量年际变化均不大,干流输沙量显著减少;支流雅砻江、龙川江、牛栏江输沙量明显减少,其它支流输沙量没有明显变化趋势。从水沙来源分布上看,不同时期,金沙江干流径流量和流域支流径流量的占比变化不大,金沙江干流、雅砻江和其他支流占比分别为46%、45%和9%左右。而输沙量占比变化显著:1999年以前金沙江、雅砻江和其它主要支流占比分别为40%、36%、24%;在二滩水库蓄水拦沙后的1999—2010年三者的占比分别为61%、13%、26%;金沙江中游梯级水库蓄水拦沙的2013—2020年三者的占比分别为16%、31%、53%。进一步考虑未控区的影响,金沙江干支流水库运行后,来水格局仍未发生明显变化,干流、雅砻江、其他支流和未控区间径流量占比分别为40%、40%、9%和11%。但来沙格局变化显著,水库运行前干流输沙量占比为21%,雅砻江为19%,其他支流为12%,未控区间为48%,水库运行后区间来沙占比明显增大,达到了97%,其中未控区间占比为82%,区间支流占比为15%,未控区间来沙是金沙江下游流域泥沙的主要来源。