Distribution of Nutrient Content in Soil and Leaves of Adult Areca catechu Trees

The annual dynamic changes of nutrient content in soil and leaves of adult Areca catechu trees in the A.catechu producing area Tunchang were studied by fixed point observation method to provide the scientific basis for the rational fertilization of A.catechu.The results showed that the soil of the A.catechu plantation was weakly acidic on the whole,and soil pH was 5.53.Soil phosphorus content was extremely low,only 5.46 mg/kg.Nitrogen content in A.catechu leaves was the highest( up to 20.24 g/kg),while phosphorus content was the lowest( only 0.31 g/kg).The differences in nutrient content were related to the characteristics of nutrient demand.There was a difference in nutrient content of A.catechu leaves during the annual growth period.Because the maximum nutrient requirement period of A.catechu trees was from April to September,the important fertilization period of A.catechu trees was also from April to September.

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Phenolic Compounds of Areca Nut(Areca catechu)

Areca catechu L.（Palmae）, commonly known as an important economical seed crop, is widely culti- vated in tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Southeast Asia, East Africa and New Guinea. Areca nut（frequently known as betel nut） is the ripe fruit of the tree A. catechu. Areca nut can be chewed and it is a common masticatory in tropical and subtropical countries. It was estimated in the early 1990s that 10% to 20% of the world＇s population chewed betel quid daily. Areca nut is commonly used in folklore medicine for treatment of various diseases such as dyspep sia, constipation, beriberi and oedema.

利用巢式PCR对海南槟榔(Areca catechu L.)黄化病的初步检测

通过对海南槟榔黄化病病原的研究,初步确定其病原物,对开展后续研究及防治策略提供依据。利用巢式PCR方法,对在海南3个市县采集的28个黄化病植株的不同组织进行了植原体检测,结果表明:在2个市县9个槟榔黄化病病株叶片中检测到了植原体,而在根和茎中没有发现植原体。将扩增片段克隆后测序得到1249bp的完整植原体序列。利用MEGA3软件构建了系统发育进化树,同源性聚类发现其属于翠菊黄花组B亚组。初步判断发生在海南的槟榔黄化病是由于植原体引起。

Research progress in pharmacological effects of polyphenols in Areca catechu L.

Betel nut is the dry and mature seed of Areca catechu L.,which is originated in Malaysia and cultivated in Yunnan,Hainan and Taiwan and other tropical areas of China.It is also known as big belly,binmen,olive seed,green seed and so on.Betel nut is a dual-use resource for medicine and food,which was first contained in LI Dang′s Pharmaceutical Record.Betel nut tastes bitter,pungent,warm in nature,and belongs to the stomach and large intestine meridian.It contains a variety of chemical components such as alkaloids,phenolic compounds,polysaccharides,fatty acids,amino acids, flavonoids, minerals, terpenoids, and steroids. It has the advantages of promoting digestion, lowering blood pres sure, anti-depression, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-parasites, antibacterial and other activities. The content of total phenols in fresh fruits of areca nut was 31.1%, mainly including catechin, isorhamnetin, chrysopanthoxanthin, luteolin, tannin and other polyphenols. The commonly used methods for determination of polyphenols in areca are vanil lin titration potassium permanganate titration and potassium ferricyanide spectrophotometry. The main activities and mechanisms of areca polyphenols include: ① Antidepressant effect: polyphenols bind to monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A) receptors that inhibit the production of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing the content of amine transmitters in the brain and playing a therapeutic effect on depression. ② Antioxidant effect: polyphenols contain multiple adjacent hydroxyl groups, which are easily oxidized and can effectively remove superoxide anion free radical, hydroxyl free radi cal, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, showing good antioxidant activity. ③ Bacteriostatic effect: polyphenols can spe cifically bind to the surface of bacteria, thus achieving bacteriostatic effect. Studies have found that betel nut polyphenols have varying degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of bacteria. ④ Inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes: polyphenols deplete the mercaptan in lymphocytes and make them unable to survive, thus inducing apoptosis of lymphocytes. ⑤ Anti-aging effect: polyphenols have the effect of anti-hyaluronidase and anti-elastase, so as to protect elastin fiber and pro mote collagen synthesis. ⑥ Anti-allergic effect: studies have found that polyphenols can reduce ovalbumin induced aller gic reactions. ⑦ Other functions: betel nut can freshen breath, eliminate bad breath, and resist the activity of cobra venom. At present, domestic and foreign scholars′ research on betel nut mainly focuses on arecoline and its carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, effects on reproductive function, addiction and toxicity to the nervous system, and there are few studies on the positive effects of betel nut, especially on it. There is less research on phenolic ingredients. Therefore, this article reviews the polyphenolic chemical constituents of betel nut, and fully excavates its pharmacological activity to provide a reasonable basis for the scientific use of betel nut.

Effect of areca on contraction of colonic muscle strips in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of areca on the contractile activity of isolated colonic muscle strips in rats and mechanism involved. METHODS: Each strip (LMPC, longitudinal muscle of proximal colon; CMPC, circular muscle of proximal colon; LMDC, longitudinal muscle of distal colon; CMDC, circular muscle of distal colon.) was suspended in a tissue chamber containing 5 mL Krebs solution (37 degrees C), bubbled continuously with 950 mL.L(-1) O(2) and 50 mL.L(-1) CO(2). The mean contractile amplitude (A), the resting tension (T), and the contractile frequency (F) were simultaneously recorded on recorders. RESULTS: Areca dose dependently increased the mean contractile amplitude, the resting tension of proximal and distal colonic smooth muscle strips in rats (P【0.05). It also partly increased the contractile frequency of colonic smooth muscle strips in rats (P【0.05). The effects were partly inhibited by atropine (the resting tension of LMPC decreased from 0.44 +/- 0.12 to 0.17 +/- 0.03; the resting tension of LMDC decreased from 0.71 +/- 0.14 to 0.03 +/- 0.01; the mean contractile amplitude of LMPC increased from -45.8 +/- 7.2 to -30.5 +/- 2.9; the motility index of CMDC decreased from 86.6 +/- 17.3 to 32.8 +/- 9.3; P【0.05 vs areca), but the effects were not inhibited by hexamethonium (P】0.05). CONCLUSION: Areca stimulated the motility of isolated colonic smooth muscle strips in rats. The stimulation of areca might be relevant with M receptor partly.

槟榔土壤养分与叶片营养含量变化调查及相关分析研究

为探讨槟榔叶片营养与土壤养分间关系,在海南槟榔种植园采集槟榔与相应土壤样品,包括槟榔不同生产管理水平、正常结果和黄化槟榔区,分析不同生产管理水平和正常结果与黄化槟榔叶片氮、磷、钾和土壤养分含量,以及槟榔营养含量与土壤养分含量相关系数。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾均呈极显著正相关关系,全磷与速效磷、全钾与速效钾含量间呈极显著正相关关系,碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾之间呈极显著正相关关系,全钾与全磷呈显著正相关关系。有机质、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾与叶片全N、P、K都呈极显著正相关关系。因此,槟榔土壤碱解氮、全磷、速效磷和速效钾间存在彼此互相促进的关系;槟榔土壤有机质、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾含量变化对槟榔叶片N、P、N含量会产生正向影响。

槟榔根际微生物研究

对不同发病期槟榔植株的根际微生物数量及种群结构变化进行了比较研究,结果表明:不同发病期槟榔植株根际微生物数量存在显著差异,其中健康槟榔植株根际真菌、细菌数量明显高于发病期槟榔植株,而感病槟榔植株放线菌数量显著高于健康槟榔植株。健康期与发病期槟榔植株根际微生物种群结构不同,根际真菌、放线菌的多样性、丰富度、均匀度及优势度指数均以健康期最大,中度发病期最小。

槟榔（ArecacatechuL．）的民族植物学

本文从民族植物学的观点介绍了我国南方各省嚼槟榔的习俗、历史及演变，分析了这个习俗的形成原因及槟榔的药用价值。作者认为咀嚼槟榔有成瘾性，但是否对人的中枢神经系统有损害，必须进一步研究。作者对这种习俗提出了几点看法和建议，对槟榔的开发利用有重要参考价值。

儿茶提取物抗甲型流感病毒作用的实验研究

目的 研究从中药儿茶中提取的药物成分抗甲型流感病毒的作用。方法 用狗肾传代MDCK细胞培养法观察儿茶提取物抑制甲型流感病毒的致细胞病变作用;用鸡胚培养法观察儿茶提取物抑制甲型流感病毒增生的作用;用红细胞凝集试验观察儿茶提取物体外直接抑制甲型流感病毒的作用。结果 1)儿茶提取物的细胞毒性较低,可有效抑制甲型流感病毒感染细胞(P<0.05);2)儿茶提取物在一定范围内可明显抑制甲型流感病毒在鸡胚内的增生,经红细胞凝集试验测定抑制病毒效价为8倍或8倍以上;3)儿茶提取物直接与甲型流感病毒作用后可抑制病毒血凝效价达16 倍以上。结论 儿茶提取物具有很好的抗甲型流感病毒的作用。

Detection and Identification of Phytoplasma of Cleome rutidosperma in Areca Palm Yellow Leaf Disease Field

[Objectives]The paper was to detect and identify the phytoplasma of Cleome rutidosperma in areca palm yellow leaf disease(YLD)field in Wenchang City,Hainan Province,China.[Methods]The nested PCR technique was employed to amplify the phytoplasma 16S rDNA of C.rutidosperma samples,followed by sequence analysis.Concurrently,this study examined C.rutidosperma in YLD field,collecting symptomatic leaves for phytoplasma detection.[Results]The 16S rDNA sequence of the C.rutidosperma witches'-broom phytoplasma was found to be identical to that of the HNWC5 strain associated with areca palm yellows phytoplasma,leading to the identification of this phytoplasma as belonging to the 16SrII-A subgroup.Field investigations revealed a higher incidence of C.rutidosperma in areca palm fields,with symptoms of leaf yellows observed in six of these fields.Quantitative PCR(qPCR)analysis confirmed the presence of phytoplasma infection in these instances.[Conclusions]Through the analysis of geographical distribution,sequence alignment,and field occurrence data,a significant correlation has been identified between witches'broom disease and YLD.It is proposed that the former may act as an intermediate host for the areca palm yellows phytoplasma.

Screening of Growth-Promoting Strains for Areca Palm

[Objectives]The paper was to identify growth-promoting strains within the culturable bacterial flora of areca palm.[Methods]Culturable bacteria were isolated and identified from areca palm using samples obtained from both healthy and yellowing disease-affected plants within the same orchard.Strains that exhibited significant differences between healthy and affected samples,or that were unique to the healthy samples,were subsequently screened for their growth-promoting effects.[Results]Three bacterial strains demonstrated robust and consistent capacity for auxin production,specifically Paenibacillus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,each yielding approximately 50μg of IAA per mL of bacterial solution.The strain Alcaligenes faecalis exhibited the highest efficacy in siderophore production,achieving 21.15%of active units.Additionally,A.faecalis,Bacillus velezensis,and P.aeruginosa were noted for their potassium-solubilizing capabilities,as evidenced by the presence of distinct potassium-solubilizing zones.[Conclusions]The evaluation of the aforementioned growth-promoting strains may offer valuable insights for the development of growth-promoting strains specifically for areca palm.

Analysis of the Adsorption of Toxic Chromium (VI) by Untreated and Chitosan Treated Banana and Areca Fiber

This paper work involves bunch experiments to investigate the effect of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dose on the extent of adsorption by bio-composites. Adsorption capacity of Chromium (VI) onto chitosan coated with banana and areca fiber was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH and adsorbent dose. The chitosan and fibers (banana and areca) were then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to remove chromium [Cr (VI)] from water via static adsorption. It was found that optimum chromium absorption capacity of chitosan was assessed at pH of 2.5 to 4.5 and contact time of 30 to 180 minutes for raw banana and areca fiber and for chitosan treated banana & areca fiber. Though optimum adsorption of chromium of chitosan was measured 34.17 ppm (85.42%) from a 100 ml solution containing 40 parts per million (ppm) of Cr (VI) at 120 minutes, pH of 3.0 and 120 milligram (mg) adsorbent dose size, use of composite will be more favorable in the point of environmental concern as well as low cost because chitosan preparation is comparatively costly then banana and areca fiber. On the other hand, untreated banana and areca fiber optimum adsorption of chromium measured 3.65 ppm (9.1%) at 180 min and, pH of 4.5 and 140 mg adsorbent dose size and 3.76 ppm (9.4%) at 180 min, pH of 4.5 and 160 mg adsorbent dose size respectively. In case of chitosan treated banana fiber, it was observed that adsorption was increased from 17.664 to 30.057 (75.14%). On the other hand, for areca fiber with chitosan, it was observed that adsorption was increased from 21.664 to 30.156 (75.39%) ppm. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption of chromium ion onto composites and it was found that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm was more fitted models which mean that a monolayer adsorption surface was created. After analyzing from IBM SPSS 25 software, we got the standard deviation value of adsorbed Cr by raw chitosan, untreated banana and areca of pH test results were 9.399, 1.072, 0.728 ppm, time test results were 2.163, 0.859, 0.896 ppm and adsorbent dose test results were 6.588, 0.966, 1.211 ppm correspondingly. The standard deviation results of pH, time and amount of treated banana fiber test results were 1.831, 2.693 and 5.469 ppm congruently. On the other hand, the standard deviation results of pH, time and amount of treated areca fiber test results were 3.293, 2.673 and 4.152 ppm individually. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis indicated that both amino and hydroxyl groups of chitosan, banana and areca fiber were engaged in the adsorption.

Influence of Boric Acid and Sucrose on the Germination and Growth of Areca Pollen

This study investigates the effect of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of Areca catechu L (areca palm). Using areca pollen from Hainan, China, this study determines the influence of culture media with different concentrations of boric acid and sucrose on the germination and growth of areca pollen. Results show that the germination and growth of the pollen tube growth are highest under a boric acid concentration of 0.4 g/L to 0.6 g/L. The germination rate of areca pollen is highest in solid medium with a sucrose concentration of 40 g/L. The optimum culture medium for developing areca pollen comprises 5 g/L agar, 0.4 g/L to 0.6 g/L boric acid, 40 g/L sucrose, and water. Furthermore, areca pollen grows most rapidly approximately 1.5 h after in vitro cultivation at normal temperature, and growth stabilizes at approximately 3 h. The principle that governs the development of areca pollen is also discussed.

中药对比格犬慢性实验模型胃肠动力的影响

【目的】观察大腹皮、番泻叶、草果、砂仁、白术、枳壳、枳实等7种中药及乙酸龙脑酯、辛弗林等2种中药活性物质对比格犬慢性实验模型胃肠动力的影响。【方法】应用6只比格犬制备慢性实验模型,在全部犬的胃窦、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠浆膜植入应力传感器,安装胃瘘供中药汤剂灌服,安装颈外静脉置管供静脉给药。造模后,每天观察比格犬空腹状态下胃肠运动特点,连续7 d。造模后第7天开始,记录给药前空腹状态下胃肠运动,作为基础对照,到消化间期移行性复合运动（MMC）I相,依次记录大腹皮、番泻叶、草果、砂仁、白术、枳壳、枳实（均经胃瘘给予煎剂200 mL）,生理盐水（给予等体积灌胃）,乙酸龙脑酯（为枳实、枳壳的主要活性物质,静脉输注）,辛弗林（为砂仁活性物质,静脉输注）作用下的胃肠运动。全部犬1 d只观察1种药物,每种药物重复观察2次。通过植入的应力传感器记录清醒犬胃肠运动,观察MMC周期、收缩波频率、收缩波总数、收缩波振幅、平均振幅、动力指数（MI）。【结果】术后1～6 d,比格犬胃肠动力低下,未出现MMC周期。至术后第7天,在空腹状态下消化间期,胃窦、十二指肠、空肠和回肠均出现典型MMC周期,而结肠出现不规则MMC周期。与给药前及生理盐水组比较,大腹皮、乙酸龙脑酯干预后胃窦、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠收缩波数及MI均升高,番泻叶、草果干预后十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠收缩波数及MI升高,砂仁干预后胃窦、十二指肠收缩波数及MI升高（均P〈0.05）。枳壳干预后空肠MI降低,枳实干预后空肠、结肠MI降低,辛弗林干预后胃窦收缩波数和胃窦、空肠MI降低（均P〈0.05）。【结论】应用比格犬慢性实验模型可有效进行胃肠动力中药筛选。大腹皮、番泻叶、草果、砂仁和乙酸龙脑酯可增强胃肠运动;枳实、枳壳和辛弗林可抑制胃肠运动;白术则对胃肠运动无影响。

First Report of Phomopsis Leaf Spot on Patchouli [Pogostemon cablin( Blanco) Benth. ]Caused by Diaporthe arecae in China

A severe leaf spot disease on patchouli,was observed in Guangdong,China.Early symptom appeared as circular or irregularly shaped and dark brown spots along the leaf margins and tips.As the disease progressed,the spots enlarged and with masses black,sessile conidiomata were observed in lesions.The results of morphology,molecular biology and pathogenicity test indicate that the causal agent of leaf disease of patchouli is Diaporthe arecae.

槟榔提取物对口腔上皮细胞生物功能影响的研究

目的探讨槟榔提取物(ANE)对人口腔上皮细胞的生物学功能影响。方法本研究首先分析了梯度浓度ANE下对人口腔角质细胞(HOK)增殖的影响;采用第二代RNA测序分析对照组与ANE干预组HOK细胞的差异表达基因。随后,流式细胞术用于检测HOK细胞周期和凋亡;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)染色试剂盒用于检测细胞衰老;免疫荧光实验检测HOK细胞中Ki67和γH2AX蛋白的表达;实时聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)用于检测衰老相关表型基因白细胞介素(IL)-6、基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP2)和TGFB1表达;免疫印迹用于检测自噬相关蛋白(LC3-Ⅰ/Ⅱ和p62)和上皮间充质转化(EMT)相关蛋白(SMAD2、p-SMAD2、E-Cadherin和Vimentin)的表达;酶联免疫吸附实验用于检测HOK细胞外分泌蛋白TGFB1表达。结果测序结果显示ANE可引起HOK细胞细胞周期、p53、自噬、FoxO、细胞衰老等信号通路相关基因异常表达。流式细胞术显示ANE可诱导HOK细胞凋亡和G2/M期阻滞。与对照组相比,ANE处理后的HOK细胞衰老细胞数量增加,衰老相关表型基因IL-6、MMP2和TGFB1表达上调。此外,相较于对照组,ANE组中HOK细胞的γH2AX、LC3-Ⅱ、TGFB1、p-SMAD2和Vimentin蛋白表达增加,Ki67蛋白、LC3-Ⅰ和E-Cadherin蛋白表达下降。结论ANE可诱导HOK细胞凋亡、G2/M期阻滞、衰老、DNA损伤、自噬和EMT,形成促癌的细胞微环境。

Catechu Inhibiting Cathepsin B Activity and Motility of HT1080 Cells

We reported that Catechu extract has a significant inhibitory effect on cathepsin B activity. The IC50 value for the Catechu extract against cathepsin B was 7.6 μg/mL. In addition, we showed that HT1080 human fibrosarcoma cells express cathepsin B and Catechu modulate the invasion and motility of these cells. These data may provide molecular mechanisms for the therapeutic effects of Catechu.

槟榔对动物胃肠运动的影响

从在体、离体水平观察槟榔 (ArecacatechuL .)对动物胃肠运动的影响 ,并初步探讨其作用机理 .结果表明 ,槟榔明显增高家兔十二指肠肠管的张力 ,减小收缩波平均振幅 ,不影响收缩频率 ;山莨菪碱、异搏定能减弱槟榔对十二指肠肠管张力的增高作用 .槟榔对小鼠胃肠推进运动有显著加强作用 .由研究结果得到提示 :槟榔兴奋家兔十二指肠 ,此效应可能由胆碱能M受体介导 ,且涉及家兔十二指肠平滑肌细胞膜上对异搏定敏感的Ca2 +通道 .

Fabrication of Cellulose Based Reinforced Linear Low Density Polyethylene with Polyethylene Terephthalate Composite: Effect of <i>Acacia catechu </i>as Coupling Agent

Biodegradable reinforced composites are playing a vital role in the variety of application for their outstanding performance. Linear Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) and Polyethylene Tere-phthalate (PET) blends were prepared by twin screw extruder in different composition. The mechanical properties in 10% PET with LLDPE blend showed the best results where as tensile strength (TS) 9 MPa and percentage elongation at break (%Eb) 33. Cellulose based reinforced PET + LLDPE composite were prepared by compression molding with the optimized jute content 62% that revealed the highest mechanical properties. Cellulose based composites treated with Acacia catechu (AC) solutions (0.1% - 5% w/v) at different soaking time (2 - 20 min.) where observed significant improvement of the mechanical properties. Cellulose treated with 0.1% AC for 2 minutes soaking time depicted the highest mechanical properties and TS is 115% higher than untreated. Composite prepared with 0.1% AC treated showed the best mechanical properties as tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), tensile modulus (TM) and bending modulus (BM) were to be 47 MPa, 39 MPa, 1220 MPa and 1784 MPa respectively. The properties of TS, BS, TM and BM were improved as 9%, 30%, 14% and 34% respectively, which were better to untreated composite. Electrical properties such as dielectric constant and loss of the treated and untreated composites were found to be higher dielectric constant of treated jute composite than that of untreated samples. Water uptake and soil degradation of untreated and treated composites performed in significant study. The effect of AC with cellulose composites has found in remarkable changes in the mechanical properties.

海南槟榔常见品种果实性状及三大营养成分比较研究

将采集到的海南槟榔的不同品种进行分类编号,对它们果皮和果核的主要营养成分含量进行了研究.分别采用蒽酮比色法、索氏脂肪抽提称重法和凯氏定氮法测定可溶性糖、粗脂肪和蛋白质的含量.结果表明:5个编号的品种果皮和果核在粗脂肪含量上全部达到差异极显著水平;当把5个编号的品种分成长蒂种、短蒂种两类进行差异显著性检验时,则两者果皮的可溶性糖含量及果核的粗脂肪含量差异极其显著;将3种长蒂种进行多重比较,它们的果皮和果核的粗脂肪含量均达到差异极显著水平或显著水平;两个短蒂种差异显著性检验的结果是果核的粗脂肪含量和果皮蛋白质含量有极显著差异.海南槟榔不同品种的果皮和果核在粗脂肪含量上有极显著差异性.3个不同长蒂种之间可据它们粗脂肪含量不同作为鉴定依据.海南槟榔不同品种三大营养成分含量与其槟榔碱含量均无显著相关性.