Human AKR1A1 involves in metabolic activation of carcinogenic aristolochic acidⅠ

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether aldo-keto reductases(AKRs)can act as a nitrore⁃ductase(NR)and bioactivate aristolochic acidⅠ(AA-Ⅰ)to produce AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts.METHODS①Human-induced hepatocytes(hiHeps)and human bladder RT4 cells were used as tool cells and treated with AA-Ⅰ0,0.5,1.0 and 2μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Cell viability was detected using the CCK-8 method,and the half maximal inhibition concentration(IC_(50))was calculated using the CCK-8 method and the level of DNA adduct production was calculated.②hiHeps and RT4 cells were treated with AKR inhibitor luteotin(0,5,10 and 25μmol·L^(-1))+AA-Ⅰ0.2 and 1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h,respectively,and the levels of DNA adducts were detected by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer(LC-MS/MS).③hiHeps cells were incubated with 80 nmol·L^(-1)small interfering RNAs(si-AKRs)for 48 h and treated with AA-Ⅰ1.0μmol·L^(-1)for 24 h.Real-time qualitative PCR(RT-qPCR)method was used to detect the mRNA expression of AKRs gene and LC-MS/MS technology was used to investigate the effect of specific AKR gene knockdown on DNA adduct levels.④500 nmol·L^(-1)human AKR recombinant proteins AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰwere incubated in vitro under anaerobic conditions and the formation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts was detected.RESULTS①The IC_(50)of AA-Ⅰto hiHeps and RT4 cells was 1.9 and 0.42μmol·L^(-1),respec⁃tively.The level of DNA adduct production of the two cell lines was significantly different(P<0.01).②Luteolin≥5μmol·L^(-1)significantly inhibited the production of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts in both cells(P<0.05),and there was a concentration-dependent effect in hiHeps cells(P<0.01,R=0.84).③In the AKR family,the knockdown of AKR1A1 gene up to 80%inhibited the generation of AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts by 30%-40%.④The AA-Ⅰ-DNA adducts were detected in the incubation of recombinant protein AKR1A1 and AA-Ⅰunder anaerobic conditions in vitro,approximately 1 adduct per 107 nucleotides.CONCLU⁃SION AKR1A1 is involved in AA-Ⅰbioactivation,providing a reference for elucidation of the carcino⁃genic mechanism of AA-Ⅰ.

ICP-AES法测定电炉渣中二氧化硅

本文研究了采用酸溶的方式消解样品,ICP-AES光谱法测定电炉渣中二氧化硅的分析方法。采用浓盐酸和浓硝酸溶解电炉尾料样品,加入氢氟酸消解二氧化硅和硼酸络合氟离子,采用ICP-AES法测定电炉尾料样品中的二氧化硅含量。二氧化硅的相对标准偏差RSD为0.35%~0.58%,加标回收率为95.6%~102.3%。方法加标回收率好,满足分析方法要求。

EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN E1 ON THE PROGRESSION OF ARISTOLOCHIC ACID NEPHROPATHY

Objective To investigate the effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on the progression of aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). Methods Twenty-four patients diagnosed as AAN with serum creatinine (Scr) between 1.5 mg/dL and 4 mg/dL during September 2001 to August 2003 were randomly divided into 2 groups. All patients had ingested long dan xie gan wan con-taining aristolochic acid (0.219 mg/g) for at least 3 months. Twelve patients were injected with Alprostadil (10 μg/d for 10 days in one month, summing up to 6 months). Except for PGE1, the other therapy was same in both groups. Renal function was assessed using reciprocal serum creatinine levels (1/Scr). Results The level of Scr and serum hemoglobin (Hgb) was similar in both groups prior to therapy. During follow-up, 1/Scr levels in PGE1 group were significantly higher than control group (P < 0.01), and Hgb levels in PGE1 group were sig-nificantly increased compared with control (P < 0.05).Conclusion PGE1 can slow the progression of renal failure and increase Hgb level of AAN patient.

NMR Studies on the Subacute Biochemical Effects of Aristolochic Acid on Rat Serum

The subacute effect of aristolochic acid （AA） on rat serum was studied by NMR method. The biochemical effects induced by AA were characterized by an increase in the amounts of creatinine, trimethylamine N-oxide, acetoacetate, acetate and 3-D-hydroxybutyrate and lactate in serum from ^1H NMR spectra. Principal component analysis was used for further comparing the similarities of ^1H NMR spectral profiles of serum from rats treated with AA and model toxins.

Nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis of aristolochic acids and their derivates

Aristolochic acids （AAs）, a natural mixture of 8-methoxy-6-nitro-phenanthro-（3,4-d）-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid （AAI）and 6-nitro-phenanthro-（3,4-d）-1,3-dioxolo-5-carboxylic acid （AAII）, derived from aristolochiaceae species, has beenreported to cause AAS-induced nephropathy and upper urothelial cancer. In this review, we summarize the informationon the nephrotoxicity and carcinogenesis of AAs and their derivatives. AAs nephrotoxicity can lead to apoptosis andoxidative stress of renal tubular cells, and inhibition of the expression of aquaporins. AAs can also reduce the capabilityfor renal tubular epithelial cell repair after acute injury and further produce renal fibrosis by activating TGF-β-Smadsignaling and promoting the migration of macrophages. Moreover, AAs-induced carcinogenesis may be due to theformation of covalent adducts with DNA which can lead to the mutation in certain tumor suppressor genes orproto-oncogenes and the different catalyzing capacity of the microsomal cytochrome P450 of individuals in AAImetabolism.

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法与EDTA滴定法联用测定含白云岩矿石中氟化钙

氟化钙的测定目前较多采用的是国家标准方法GB/T 5195.1—2017和DZG93-05非金属矿萤石分析规程两种方法,前者测定范围≥60%,后者测定范围>3%。两种方法各有优缺点,然而却都无法满足矿石中含有白云岩时的测定。对于萤石矿与白云岩共存样品,直接采用国家标准方法,测定结果偏高,行业标准方法测定的精密度和准确度也很难达到要求。通过对方法进行优化,在样品中加入含钙冰乙酸分离碳酸钙,过滤残渣用混合酸分解后,直接取澄清液在Ca 317.933 nm处,使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定氟化钙含量,根据测定结果,将氟化钙质量分数大于15%的样品用EDTA滴定法再次测定。按照实验方法测定实际样品,两种方法测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)分别为1.9%和0.77%,加标回收率为97.9%~102%,可满足含白云岩矿石中氟化钙的准确测定。

Improved preparation and identification of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts by solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acid （AA） is a known nephrotoxin and potential carcinogen, which can form covalent DNA adducts after metabolic activation in vivo and in vitro. A simple method for preparation and characterization of aristolochic acid-DNA adducts was developed. Four AA-adducts were synthesized by a direct reaction of AAI/AAII with 2′-deoxynucleosides. The reaction mixture was first cleaned-up and pre-concentrated using solid phase extraction （SPE）, and further purified by a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. By the application of developed SPE procedure, matrices and byproducts in reaction mixture could be greatly reduced and adducts of high purity （more than 94% as indicated by HPLC） were obtained. The purified AA-DNA adducts were identified and characterized with liquid-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry （LC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS） and LC-Diode array detector-fluorescence （LC-DAD-FL） analysis. This work provides a robust tool for possible large-scale preparation of AA-DNA adduct standards, which can promote the further studies on carcinogenic and mutagenic mechanism of aristolochic acids.

A NEW ARISTOLOCHIC ACID FROM ARISTOLOCHIA CINNABARINA

A new compound, aristolochoc acid Ⅲ a- 6-0-β-D-glucoside, was isolated along with four known compounds from Aristolochia cinnabarina. The structure of the new,compound was elucidated on the basis of spectral evidences

Electrochemistry of aristolochic acid interacting with guanine

Interaction of Aristolochic acid （AA） and guanine （G） was studied by electrochemical techniques in this paper. When AA was added into the guanine solution, the oxidation peak currents of mixture solution decreased, while the peak potential and the electrochemical kinetic parameters remained the same as when AA was absent, except that the electrode process of guanine that involved two protons and two electrons changed from adsorption controlled to diffusion controlled. It is suggested that an electrochemical inactive supramolecular adduct AA-Gua （1：1） was formed in the system. The adduct cannot be oxidized on the glassy carbon electrode, which indirectly results in the decrease of the free concentration of guanine in the reaction solution and the decrease of peak currents. The binding constant （13） of this adduct is calculated as 7.14× 10^3 mol/L. The possible mechanism for the interaction of Aristolochic acid and DNA was proposed, that may provide a possible pathway for the nosogenesis research of aristolochic acid.

ICP-AES法测定硫酸中砷、铅、铁、汞的含量

文章提出一种硫酸中铅、铁、汞、砷含量的新测定方法,采用ICP-AES来测定硫酸中的铅、铁、汞、砷元素,并且做了条件试验,加入已知量元素进行回收试验、精密度试验以及方法比对,此方法快速便捷、测定准确可靠,相对标准偏差为4.9×10^(-5)%~5.3×10^(-5)%,加标回收率为97.33%~102.38%,测定范围0.0001%~0.0090%。

Chemical profiling of principle active and toxic constituents in herbs containing aristolochic acids

Objective:To clear the amounts of the principal active/toxic components in herbs containing aristolochic acids(HCAAs),which are still used as medicine and/or seasoning in many ethnic minority areas of China.Methods:In this study,six major active and toxic components in HCAAs were extracted with ultrasonic extraction.With 6-O-methyl guanosine as internal standard,the target compounds were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS)with multiple reaction monitoringinformation dependent acquisition-enhanced production ion scanning mode(MRM-IDA-EPI)combined with dynamic background subtraction(DBS)function.Results:The method showed good linearity in the linear range of the six analytes.The limit range of detection was from 0.01 ng/mL to 0.27 ng/mL.All of the detection repeatability,extraction repeatability and accuracy of the method were good.After extraction,the samples remained stable at 15℃ within 24 h.Six analytes were all found in samples except aristolactam(AL)in sample 2,and the contents varied greatly.The contents of these compounds decreased in fruits,leaves and stems of Aristolochia delavayi successively.Conclusion:This method has the advantages of less sample dosage,simple operation,short analysis cycle,high sensitivity,specificity and accuracy.It laid a good foundation for guiding the safety of HCAAs,the indepth study of pharmacological and toxicological effects and the scientific and standardized processing and compatibility of HCAAs.

No Incidence of Liver Cancer Was Observed in A Retrospective Studyof Patients with Aristolochic Acid Nephropathy

Objective:To assess the risk of aristolochic acid(AA)-associated cancer in patients with AA nephropathy(AAN).Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on patients diagnosed with AAN at Peking University First Hospital from January 1997 to December 2014.Long-term surveillance and follow-up data were analyzed to investigate the influence of different factors on the prevalence of cancer.The primary endpoint was the incidence of liver cancer,and the secondary endpoint was the incidence of urinary cancer during 1 year after taking AA-containing medication to 2014.Results:A total of 337 patients diagnosed with AAN were included in this study.From the initiation of taking AA to the termination of follow-up,39 patients were diagnosed with cancer.No cases of liver cancer were observed throughout the entire follow-up period,with urinary cancer being the predominant type(34/39,87.17%).Logistic regression analysis showed that age,follow-up period,and diabetes were potential risk factors,however,the dosage of the drug was not significantly associated with urinary cancer.Conclusions:No cases of liver cancer were observed at the end of follow-up.However,a high prevalence of urinary cancer was observed in AAN patients.Establishing a direct causality between AA and HCC is challenging.

Activation of LONP1 by 84-B10 alleviates aristolochic acid nephropathy via re-establishing mitochondrial and peroxisomal homeostasis

Pharmaceutical formulations derived from Aristolochiaceae herbs, which contain aristolochic acids(AAs), are widely used for medicinal purposes. However, exposure to these plants and isolated AAs is linked to renal toxicity, known as AA nephropathy(AAN). Currently, the mechanisms underlying AAN are not fully understood, leading to unsatisfactory treatment strategies. In this study, we explored the protective role of 84-B10(5-[[2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] amino]-5-oxo-3-phenylpentanoic acid) against AAN. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the mitochondrion and peroxisome were the most affected cellular components following 84-B10 treatment in AAN mice. Consistently, 84-B10 treatment preserved mitochondrial ultrastructure, restored mitochondrial respiration, enhanced the expression of key transporters(carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2) and enzymes(acylCoenzyme A dehydrogenase, medium chain) involved in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and reduced mitochondrial ROS generation in both aristolochic acid I(AAI)-challenged mice kidneys and cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells. Additionally, 84-B10 treatment increased the expression of key transporters(ATP binding cassette subfamily D) and rate-limiting enzymes(acyl-CoA oxidase 1) involved in peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation and restored peroxisomal redox balance. Knocking down LONP1 expression diminished the protective effects of 84-B10 against AAN, suggesting LONP1-dependent protection. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that AAN is associated with significant disturbances in both mitochondrial and peroxisomal functions. The LONP1 activator 84-B10 demonstrates therapeutic potential against AAN, likely by maintaining homeostasis in both mitochondria and peroxisomes.

Mosquito larvicidal effect of orthophosporic acid and lactic acid individually or their combined form on Aedes aegypti

Objective:To observe the effect of two common organic acids on the larvae of Aedes aegypti (Ae.aegypti)(L),the natural vector of dengue fever/dengue hemorrhage fever,chikugunya and allergic skin reaction especially in children.Methods:Two common organic acids(lactic acid and orthophosporic acid of gradually increasing concentration) were used against laboratory reared third instars larvae of Ae.aegypti in order to observe the rate of mortality after 8.16 and 24 h of post exposure respectively in laboratory.Results:Larval mortality rates recorded were in the following sequences:orthophosphoric acid and lactic acid at 1:1 combination 】orthophosphoric acid】lactic acid.Conclusions:These two organic acids may be used perfectly in combination (1:1) along with other conventional vector control methods to reduce the Ae.aegypti population, especially in those areas where surveillance and supervisory mechanism are poor or insufficient.

碳酸氢钠浸提-稀盐酸酸化-ICP-AES法测试石灰性土壤有效磷

在农业标准NY/T 1121.7—2014基础上,文章对石灰性农业土壤中的有效磷的测试方法做了部分优化。首先将石灰性农业土壤用碳酸氢钠溶液浸提,然后利用稀盐酸(1∶1)酸化,最后利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱法测定。对实验条件浸提时间、水和土比例、有色滤液稀释方式、浸提温度等做了比较分析。最终确定水土比在10∶1,振荡时间30 min,浸提温度为20~25℃,滤液用1.0 mol/L稀HCl溶液稀释,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法直接测定样品溶液中有效磷。此方法检出限(3 s)为0.15 mg/kg,加标回收率在92%~103%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=12)为2.3%。该方法较农业部标准NY/T 1121.7—2014分析节约了试剂的使用量,减少了对环境的污染,方法效率提高,过程得到简化,结果可靠稳定。

含马兜铃酸的中药现状及相关问题思考

马兜铃酸的安全性问题引起国际社会的广泛关注。我国是中药资源大国,马兜铃科马兜铃属和细辛属中药材均含有马兜铃酸类成分,这引起了人们对使用含马兜铃酸中药安全性的担忧。研究者从不同角度回答了马兜铃酸的安全风险问题,国家也出台了多项措施控制马兜铃酸的安全风险。从化学、毒性、检测等多方面系统综述了含马兜铃酸中药的现状并提出了合理化建议,可为其进一步研究和科学监管提供参考。

敞开酸溶和混合碱熔ICP-AES法测定土壤中锰

采用酸溶法和碱熔法消解土壤样品,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤中锰的含量,对比其检出限、准确度及精密度,并综合分析操作过程、引入干扰等因素,便于检测人员选择合适的消解方法。实验结果表明:2种消解方法均满足土壤中锰含量的测定要求,测定的土壤标准物质对数误差绝对值ΔlgC(GBW)均小于0.10,相对标准偏差(RSD)值均低于2.3%,其中碱熔法正确度更高,酸溶法的精密度更高、检出限更低。

超高效液相-质谱法测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、Ⅱ的含量

目的测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量,为其质量控制提供借鉴。方法采用超高效液相-质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的含量。色谱柱采用Waters-ACQUI UPLC HSS T3 C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm),采用乙腈为流动相A,0.1%甲酸含1 mmol·L^(-1)乙酸铵溶液为流动相B,梯度洗脱,电喷雾离子源(ESI),正离子多反应监测模式,以标准曲线法计算含量。结果17批滴通鼻炎水中有9批样品未检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ(检出限0.13 pg),8批样品中检出马兜铃酸Ⅰ,含量在0.41~3.60 ng·mL^(-1)。所有样品中均未检出马兜铃酸Ⅱ(检出限0.41 pg)。结论建立了UPLC-MS/MS同时测定滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ含量的方法,该方法专属性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,可为滴通鼻炎水中马兜铃酸Ⅰ、马兜铃酸Ⅱ的质量控制提供参考。

Rapid determination of eight aristolochic acid analogues in five Aristolochiaceae plants by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Aristolochic acids （AAs） and aristololactams （ALs） are commonly found in some Aristolochiaceae plants, and they have been reported to be AA nephropathy （AAN）, nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity. In the present study, we established an ultra high performance liquid chromatography （UHPLC） coupled with quadmpole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry （Q/TOF-MS） method for the rapid analysis of eight AA analogues in 19 samples originated from the five Aristolochiaceae plants, the roots and rhizomes ofAsarum sieboldii Miq. var. seoulense Nakai, the fruits ofAristolochia contorta Bunge or A. debilis Sieb. et Zucc., the roots ofAristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc., the stems ofAristolochia manshuriensis Kom., and the roots of Aristolochiafangchi Y. C. Wu ex L. D. Chou et S. M. Hwang. A total of five AAs and three ALs were identified by co-chromatography of sample extract and comparing the retention time, UV spectra, and characteristic molecular ions and fragment ions with those of authentic standards, or tentatively identified by MS/MS determination along with Mass Fragment software. Moreover, the method was validated for the simultaneous quantification or semi-quantification of them. The samples significantly differed in the quality and quantity of AA analogues, which aUowed the possibility of showing their chemical distinctness, and it might be helpful in their standardization and quality control. Furthermore, in order to holistically compare the difference between the five Aristolochiaceae plants, dataset obtained from UHPLC-Q/TOF-MS was processed with principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）.

马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性研究与思考

目的通过梳理马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性研究,提出风险防控策略。方法简述马兜铃酸致肝癌的研究进展,阐明马兜铃酸与肝癌相关性再研究的科学意义,梳理本课题组关于马兜铃酸致肝癌的客观性、真实性、系统性研究内容,提出含马兜铃酸中药的防控策略。结果与结论马兜铃酸与肝癌发生缺乏相关性;提出含马兜铃酸中药及制剂安全用药的风险防控策略:明确风险获益比,综合分析药品研究数据做出监管决策;针对不同风险水平患者采取分级管理措施;建立科学认知和精准评价使用中药的新方法,健全安全性质量控制制度。