Research Progress on Nutrients of Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi is a traditional Chinese herb,which is widely distributed in various areas in China.In recent years,due to the development of A.argyi related industries and the continuous improvement of people’s health awareness,experts and scholars are concerned about the nutrients and effects of A.argyi.A.argyi is rich in carbohydrates,proteins,essential amino acids,fatty acids,minerals,vitamins,dietary fibers,flavonoids and other nutrients.It has the effects of antioxidant,anti-tumor,antibacterial,antiinflammatory,neuroprotection and immune regulations,and has been widely applied in the fields of COVID-19 prevention,food health care,food preservation and feed breeding,and has good development potential.This review summarized the research and application of A.argyi nutrients,in order to provide reference and application for further study.

Effects of Fertilization and Transplantation in the Neighbouring Area on Quality of Artemisia argyi Leaf

[Objectives]To make a preliminary study of the effects of the fertilizer application and transplantation from Qichun County,Hubei Province,China,to neighbouring area on the chemical substance contents and moxa yield of Artemisia argyi leaf in Qichun(AALQ).[Methods]The content of the total flavonoids in AALQ was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with apigenin as reference substance.The contents of volatile oil and tannins were determined by the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition).The moxa yield was detected by the self-developed method of grinding and sifting with high-speed pulverizer.[Results]Whether applying cake fertilizer,or compound fertilizer after applying barnyard manure,the contents of total flavonoids and tannins in AALQ were reduced in varying degrees,and the content of volatile oil was changed,which had adversely affect the accumulation of effective substances in the leaves of medicinal A.argyi as a whole.The contents of related chemical substances and moxa yield of A.argyi planted in the neighbouring Xishui County from Qichun,Hubei Province were relatively high.[Conclusions]The contents of effective substances and moxa yield of AALQ were significantly reduced as a whole when applied fertilizer in planting,especially after the application of barnyard manure,compound fertilizer was added.The quality of A.argyi leaf would not be adversely affected if it was transplanted from Qichun County,Hubei Province,which is the genuine producing area,to nearby areas with similar ecological environment.

Mugwort (<i>Artemisia vulgaris</i>, <i>Artemisia douglasiana</i>, <i>Artemisia argyi</i>) in the Treatment of Menopause, Premenstrual Syndrome, Dysmenorrhea and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Mugwort has many traditional uses around the world. The Chumash Indians of California use it to treat imbalances that women may suffer such as premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea and menopausal symptoms. The plant contains a sesquiterpene that appears to work through a serotonergic mechanism and may be beneficial for women. Mugwort therapy is safer for menopausal women than hormone replacement therapy. Children affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder benefit from mugwort therapy. There is no doubt that mugwort therapy is safer for these children than methylphenidate or amphetamine.

HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis on Volatile Components in Different Cultivars and Different Parts of Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components of different cultivars and different parts of Artemisia argyi by using headspace solid phase microextraction( HS-SPME) and provide scientific basis for comprehensive development and rational utilization of Artemisia argyi. [Methods]Firstly,HS-SPME was used to extract the volatile components from the leaves,seeds,and stems of seven-tip Artemisia argyi,five-tip Artemisia argyi,and golden Artemisia argyi. Their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry( GC-MS),and the relative mass fraction of each component was determined by area normalization method. [Results] For the same variety of Artemisia argyi,the content of volatile components in leaves was higher than in seeds and stems except camphor,and the content of volatile components in seven-tip Artemisia argyi leaves was higher than in five-tip Artemisia argyi and golden Artemisia argyi leaves.HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis showed that eucalyptol,camphor,thujone,α-pinene,1-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide with higher content were detected in different parts of the different cultivars of Artemisia argyi. [Conclusions]Seven-tip Artemisia argyi leaves were the best medicinal parts of the three cultivars,followed by seven-tip Artemisia argyi seeds.

Determination of Volatile Constituents,Total Flavonoids and Total Polysaccharides in the Roots of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var.argyi cv. Qiai

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components,the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides of the roots of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var. argyi cv. Qiai,and to provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of the resources.[Methods]The volatile components of the roots were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction( SPME),and its volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS); the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides in the samples were measured by UV-spectrophotometry. [Results] 44 peaks were isolated from the roots and 30 components were identified,accounting for 80. 9% of the total volatile components; the content of total flavonoids in the roots was 9. 42%; the content of total polysaccharides in the roots was 11. 05%.[Conclusions] After a comprehensive investigation,the olefins in the roots generally have antibacterial activity,the contents of the total flavonoids and total polysaccharides contained in the roots were relatively high,the roots of Artemisia argyi do have broad prospects for the development.

Pressurized Synchronous Extraction of Volatile Oils, Total Flavonoids and Tannic Acid from Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] This study aimed to optimize the conditions for pressurized synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from Artemisia argyi .[Methods] Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted.[Results] Pressurization had a significant effect on the extraction rate of chemical constituents of A. argyi . The optimal conditions for pressurized synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from A. argyi were as follows: solvent concentration of 70%, solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 30 (g/mL), extraction pressure of 0.9 MPa, extraction time of 40 min and extraction temperature of 90 ℃. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the yields of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid were 0.852%, 4.66% and 6.79%, respectively.[Conclusions] Compared with other extraction methods, the pressurized assistant solvent extraction method can achieve the synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from A. argyi . The process is stable, short in extraction time, high in solvent utilization rate and ideal in extraction effect of the three components from A. argyi .

Inhibitory Activity of Ethanol Extract from <i>Artemisia argyi</i>on a Clinical Isolate of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

As a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of many disorders, Artemisia argyi has shown many valuable bioactivities, but little is known about its effect on Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the growth, the biofilm formation and the pathogenicity of S. aureus cultivated with or without ethanol extract of A. argyi were tested using microtitre plate assay, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) system and mice infection assay. Results showed that the growth and the biofilm formation of S. aureus in the test group with ethanol extract of A. argyi were significantly lower than those of the control group without ethanol extract of A. argyi. With CLSM system we could observe that the biofilm structure of the test group had looser and less biomass compared with the control group. After infection of S. aureus, the survival of mice in test group that were given 0.2 mL 100 mg/mL ethanol extracts of A. argyi was higher than the control group. Histopathological analyses showed that the tissue damage of mice in test group was less than that in control group. These results suggested that ethanol extract of A. argyi had inhibitory effect on S. aureus and could protect mice from death induced by S. aureus infection.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components Extracted from Fruit of Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components extracted from fruit of Artemisia argyi.[Methods] The volatile components from fruit of Artemisia argyi were extracted by steam distillation( SD) and headspaces solid-phase microextraction( HS-SPME). The components were separated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS) with the area normalization method to determine the relative percentage content of each component.[Results]33 compounds were isolated and 29 compounds were identified by SD accounting for about93. 02% of the total volatile components; and 35 compounds were isolated and 30 compounds were identified by HS-SPME accounting for about99. 01% of the total volatile components. 11 kinds of the volatile components were identified by the two methods together and the content of β-thujone was highest.[Conclusions] There were some differences between SD and HS-SPME,and the two methods were applied to the extraction of different types of volatile components,and combination of the two methods to analyze the volatile components in fruit of Artemisia argyi could help us to get more comprehensive information.

Artemisia argyi extract subfraction exerts an antifungal effect against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function

Artemisia argyi(A.argyi),a plant with a longstanding history as a raw material for traditional medicine and functional diets in Asia,has been used traditionally to bathe and soak feet for its disinfectant and itch-relieving properties.Despite its widespread use,scientific evidence validating the antifungal efficacy of A.argyi water extract(AAWE)against dermatophytes,particularly Trichophyton rubrum,Trichophyton mentagrophytes,and Microsporum gypseum,remains limited.This study aimed to substantiate the scientific basis of the folkloric use of A.argyi by evaluating the antifungal effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of its active subfraction against dermatophytes.The results indicated that AAWE exhibited excellent antifungal effects against the three aforementioned dermatophyte species.The subfraction AAWE6,isolated using D101 macroporous resin,emerged as the most potent subfraction.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of AAWE6 against T.rubrum,M.gypseum,and T.mentagrophytes were 312.5,312.5,and 625μg·mL−1,respectively.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)results and assays of enzymes linked to cell wall integrity and cell membrane function indicated that AAWE6 could penetrate the external protective barrier of T.rubrum,creating breaches(“small holes”),and disrupt the internal mitochondrial structure(“granary”).Furthermore,transcriptome data,quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR),and biochemical assays corroborated the severe disruption of mitochondrial function,evidenced by inhibited tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle and energy metabolism.Additionally,chemical characterization and molecular docking analyses identified flavonoids,primarily eupatilin(131.16±4.52 mg·g^(−1))and jaceosidin(4.17±0.18 mg·g^(−1)),as the active components of AAWE6.In conclusion,the subfraction AAWE6 from A.argyi exerts antifungal effects against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function.This research validates the traditional use of A.argyi and provides scientific support for its antidermatophytic applications,as recognized in the Chinese patent(No.ZL202111161301.9).

A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Artemisia argyi reveals unbiased subgenome evolution and key contributions of gene duplication to volatile terpenoid diversity

Artemisia argyi Le´vl.et Vant.,a perennial Artemisia herb with an intense fragrance,is widely used in traditional medicine in China and many other Asian countries.Here,we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of A.argyi comprising 3.89 Gb assembled into 17 pseudochromosomes.Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A.argyi underwent a recent lineage-specificwhole-genomeduplication(WGD)event after divergence fromArtemisia annua,resulting in two subgenomes.Wedeciphered the diploid ancestral genome of A.argyi,and unbiased subgenome evolution was observed.The recent WGD led to a large number of duplicated genes in the A.argyi genome.Expansion of the terpene synthase(TPS)gene family through various types of gene duplication may have greatly contributed to the diversity of volatile terpenoids in A.argyi.In particular,we identified a typical germacrene D synthase gene cluster within the expanded TPS gene family.The entire biosynthetic pathways of germacrenes,(+)-borneol,and(+)-camphor were elucidated in A.argyi.In addition,partial deletion of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase(ADS)gene and loss of function of ADS homologs may have resulted in the lack of artemisinin production in A.argyi.Our study provides newinsights into the genome evolution of Artemisia and lays a foundation for further improvement of the quality of this important medicinal plant.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Artemisiae argyi

Artemisiae argyi(A.argyi)is a traditional medical plant,with medicinal and economic value.It has been used to treat diseases for more than 2000 years,and its application has been expanded in recent years with the in-depth research on the chemical composition and pharmacology.It is mainly used clinically for the treatment of“cold pain in the abdomen,cold clotting in the menstrual channels,cold infertility in the uterus,fetal movement,vomiting blood,epistaxis,pus and blood dysentery,and external treatment of itchy skin”and other symptoms.This paper reviews the research on the biological activity and chemical composition of A.argyi by scholars in recent decades.

艾草(Artemisiaargyi)单萜合成酶基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RACE技术从艾草(Artemisia argyi)的成熟叶片中克隆了萜类化合物生物合成的单萜合成酶(TPS)的基因,并对其进行序列特征分析和系统进化关系预测。结果表明,该基因c DNA全长为1.7 kb,开放阅读框可编码538个氨基酸残基,并包含与其功能高度相关的DDxx D保守区和RR(degenerated RRx8W)保守区。预测的Aa TPS二级结构具有28个转角,30个α螺旋,8个β折叠。预测的三维结构符合单萜合酶的立体构象。系统发育分析表明,Aa TPS基因与其他双子叶植物中的单萜合酶基因聚为一类,与菊科植物的单萜合酶基因相似性较高。

Effects of dietary supplementation of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract on antioxidant indexes of small intestine in broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract(AAE) on antioxidant indexes in the small intestine. A total of 192 Arbor Acre broiler chickens(one-day-old) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 chickens. These 4 diets were formulated by adding 0, 500,1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg AAE to the basal diet. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control, the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) in ileum for the 2,000 mg/kg treatment group was significantly increased at 21 days of age(P < 0.05); the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly increased in broilers supplemented with 500 mg/kg AAE at 42 days of age(P < 0.05), and the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly improved in 1,000 mg/kg treatment group(P < 0.01), 2) At 21 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the catalase(CAT) activity of small intestine, and the glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity of jejunum was improved(P < 0.01), meanwhile, the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and the total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activity of duodenum and jejunum were significantly higher than those of the control group(P < 0.05); supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum and the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and jejunum(P < 0.05), and the ileum GSH-Px activity was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of 2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum(P < 0.05). At 42 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the GSH-Px activity of ileum and the T-SOD activity of duodenum(P < 0.05),meanwhile, the T-SOD activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of jejunum and the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.01), and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.05); supplementation of2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.05), but significantly decreased the CAT activity of ileum and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum(P < 0.05). 3) The malondialdehyde(MDA) levels of 3 AAE supplementation groups were significantly decreased at 21 and 42 days of age(P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary supplementation with AAE could improve the antioxidative capacity of small intestine in broilers.

Anti-neuroinflammatory constituents from Artemisia argyi

Chemical constituents of the leaves of Artemisia argyi were investigated. By using a variety of chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic methods, six compounds were isolated and identified as follows： clemaphenol A （1）, aurantiamide acetate （2）, camelliagenin A （3）, japonica acid （4）, labd-13（E）-ene-8α,15-diol （5）, and 313-acetoxy-20-oxo-21-nordammaran-23-oic acid （6）. Among these products, compounds 1 and 3-6 were obtained from the genus Artemisia for the first time and compound 2 was firstly reported from the species. Additionally, compound 5 displayed an inhibitory effect against the lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced nitric oxide （NO） production in BV-2 microglial cells with an IC50 value of 6.68 μM.

Effects and mechanisms of Artemisia argyi essential oil on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Artemisia argyi essential oil（AO） on pulmonary hypertension（PH） induced by monocrotaline（MCT） and to explore the underlying mechanism. A total of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows： control group, model group, bosentan（0.1 g/kg） group and AO（0.1 g/kg） group. After 30 d of experiment, hemodynamic parameters, lung and right ventricle hypertrophy index were determined. HE and Immunohistochemistry staining of lungs were performed to detect the injuries and protein expressions. The results showed that levels of m PAP, m RVP, max RVP, w W, LI, RV and RVHI as well as the expressions of NF-κB p65 and α-SMA were increased, small pulmonary artery thickened, the cavity of the arteriole narrowed, and there was marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in lungs of rats receiving MCT compared with the normal group. After the administration of AO, the levels of m PAP and m RVP were significantly decreased, and the w W, LI, LV＋S and pulmonary arterial remodeling were markedly improved. The expression levels of NF-κB p65 and α-SMA were reduced by AO compared with the model group. Our results suggested that AO reduced the progression of PH induced by MCT through inhibiting the expressions of NF-κB p65 and α-SMA.

Drug Susceptibility Test of Volatile Oil of Artemisiaargyi to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

The volatile oil of Artemisia argyi was extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction, and the extraction rate of volatile oil was 0.68%. Thevolatile oil of A. argyi was emulsified with 1% Tween-80, and drug susceptibility test was conducted with avian Escherichia coli. The results showedthat the volatile oil of A. argyi had antibacterial effect against avian E. coli, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was 50 mg/mL. Taking sixcommon antibiotics as the control, drug susceptibility test was conducted with volatile oil of A. argyi. The results showed that 10 strains of E. coliwere sensitive to the volatile oil of A. argyi, three of which had different degrees of resistance and one had the tendency of resistance.

艾Artemisia argyi实时荧光定量PCR内参基因筛选

艾叶是中国传统中药,在药用和灸用产品的市场需求日益增加,具有重要的药用价值和经济价值。筛选稳定可靠的qRT-PCR内参基因是开展艾的基因表达差异分析研究的必要前提。该研究从艾的转录组数据中选取Actin、18s、EF-1α、GAPDH、SAND、PAL、TUA、TUB 8个常用的内参基因作为候选基因,利用实时荧光定量技术(qRT-PCR)检测各个候选基因在艾的不同组织(根、茎、叶)中和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理后不同时间点(0、4、8、12 h)的表达水平,然后应用geNorm、NormFinder、BestKeeper、ΔCT和RefFinder综合分析候选内参基因表达的稳定性,结果表明在艾的不同组织中和MeJA处理后表达最稳定的内参基因均是Actin,SAND次之。进一步检测萜类合成酶途径DXS和MCT基因在艾的不同组织中和MeJA处理后的表达水平,结果表明以Actin和SAND作为内参基因计算出的DXS、MCT的表达趋势一致,验证了筛选结果的可靠性。综上,该研究发现Actin是最适合艾的不同组织和MeJA处理后基因表达研究的内参基因,将为艾叶的基因表达分析提供科学参考,同时为艾叶品质形成的分子机制研究奠定基础。

Antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves. The sample of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. From 18 compounds representing the oils, Eucalyptole （18.42%）, Spathulenol （14.32）, 4-Methyl-1-（1-methylethyl）-3-cyclohexen-1-ol （3.10%）, 3-Carene （2.64%） appeared as the main components. The screening of antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Gram-positive bacterial were more sensitive than gram-negative bacterial of the 8 microorganisms, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 showed the lowest MIC （0.3125%） and MBC （0.625%）. In the disc diffusion assay, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49134 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 showed obvious inhibitory activity. Survival curve showed that, 2MIC ofArtemisiae argyi essential oil had a lethal effect on Candida albicans within the first 1 h. Results presented here suggest that the essential oil of Artemisiae argyi leaves possesses antimicrobial properties, and provides scientific foundations for exploition ofArtemisiae argyi.

艾草固态发酵工艺优化及其对PRRSV抑制作用研究

为研究艾草作为饲料添加剂对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的抑制作用,首先筛选适合艾草固态发酵的益生菌菌株,优化其发酵工艺后,研究其有效成分的变化及抗病毒作用。以最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为检测指标,筛选出适合艾草固态发酵的益生菌菌株为乳酸片球菌。以乳酸片球菌活菌数为指标,采用单因素试验与响应面分析,优化艾草固态发酵工艺,并对艾草固态发酵产物进行成分测定及细胞毒性分析。结果显示,艾草最佳固态发酵工艺为料水比1∶0.95、接种量7%、发酵时间41 h、温度28.6℃;固态发酵后艾草总黄酮含量提高15.3%,总多酚含量提高22.4%,总多糖含量降低38.1%,粗纤维含量下降1.69百分点,对细胞毒性降低50%。将固态发酵前后的艾草提取物加入到感染PRRSV的Marc145细胞中,72 h后利用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验(IPMA)和实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测PRRSV增殖情况,当艾草质量浓度为0.625~1.25 mg/mL时,固态发酵组对PRRSV的抑制作用高于未发酵组,病毒载量从9.24×10^(6)拷贝/μL下降至7.90×10^(3)拷贝/μL。以上研究结果表明,艾草固态发酵后有效成分得到充分释放,抗病毒作用增强。

不同居群艾种质遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

以12个艾居群和22条SCoT引物为试材,采用NTSYS-pc2.1、Popegen 1.32等分析方法对12个居群的遗传多样性和群体结构特征进行研究,以期为艾新品种选育提供参考依据。结果表明:22条SCoT引物共检测出87个主要等位基因变异,平均每条引物3.95个;多态性信息含量PIC值、Shannon′s多样性指数I值和Nei′s基因多样性指数H平均值分别为0.690、0.483和0.317,表现出较高的遗传多样性。居群每个位点平均等位基因数(Na)、每个位点平均有效等位基因数(Ne)、I和期望杂合度(He)平均值分别为1.444、1.419、0.349、0.238,以安阳汤阴县艾居群Na、I、H值最高。居群遗传相似系数和遗传距离范围为0.795~0.975和0.025~0.229,平均值为0.909和0.097。其中,济源艾居群和黄冈蕲春艾居群的遗传相似系数最高、遗传距离最近。SCoT遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.293,表明群体间的遗传多样性水平较低,9%遗传差异源自群体间。居群间基因流水平(Nm)值为2.022,表明居群间存在一定的基因流,导致居群间的遗传差异小。12个艾居群在0.914处划分4个组群,分别包括8、2、1、1个居群。