Antibacterial,antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from Chinese mugwort(Artemisia vulgaris L.)leaf in Shanxi

Background:Artemisia vulgaris,a medicinal aromatic plant,is widely used as a food item,tonic pharmaceutical,and cosmetic industry additive owing to its antibacterial,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and antispasmodic properties.But the effect of different geographic locations on the chemical composition and bioactivities of its extracts is unclear.Methods:Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of three varieties of Artemisia vulgaris leaves,which are grown in Shanxi province China,were studied.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of essential oils were terpenes and ketones.Essential oils and ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris leaves possessed good antioxidant activities,and their half maximal inhibitory concentrations determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)assays were 57.0 and 22.9μg/mL,respectively.The essential oils also exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains.The ethanol extract presented a high anticancer activity against the MGC-803 human gastric cancer cell line.Conclusion:These biological activities were well correlated with the composition of the extract and EOs,which in turn is affected by the genetic composition of Artemisia vulgaris and geographic location and diverse climatic condition under which it is grown.These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of Artemisia vulgaris as a valuable source of antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer agents.

普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)AOX基因家族鉴定与表达分析

交替氧化酶(Alternative oxidase,AOX)是一种末端氧化酶,在维持植物正常生长代谢速率和代谢平衡以及抵御逆境胁迫中发挥了一定作用。AOX家族成员已经在很多植物物种中被鉴定,但是在普通菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)中却未见报道。研究对普通菜豆中AOX家族成员进行了鉴定和分析,并进一步解析了AOX基因家族成员的功能及调控机制。结果表明,基于普通菜豆参考基因组中共挖掘得到了4个AOX家族成员,通过进化关系、保守基序(Motifs)、基因结构分析,将各成员划分成4个亚族。此外,顺式作用元件、共线性与盐胁迫下的表达量分析结果表明,AOX成员可能在植物的非生物胁迫响应中发挥了作用。为后续深入研究普通菜豆中AOX成员的功能奠定了理论基础。

Effect of Biostimulants Based on Natural Products on the Growth and Nutritional Value of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are widely grown in Cameroon and play a key role in the fight against food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty. However, its cultivation encounters problems due to abiotic and biotic stresses, which leads to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which cause significant damage to the environment and human health due to the presence of synthetics residues in the seeds, pods and in the leaves that are eaten. Promoting the use of natural products is becoming a necessity for organic and eco-responsible agriculture that limits contamination problems and improves people’s purchasing power. This study aims to assess the effect of biostimulants based on natural products on the growth and nutritional value of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Bean seedlings from white variety (MEX-142) and red variety (DOR-701) were treated every seven days in the field from their pre-emergence, emergence and growth to their maturation under a randomized block experimental design. Six treatments and three repetitions with the biostimulants based on natural products and controls were thus performed and the agromorphological parameters were measured. After 120 days, the contents of growth biomarkers and defense-related enzymes were evaluated in leaves, while the contents of macromolecules, minerals and antinutrients were evaluated in seeds. These biostimulants significantly increased (P P < 0.0001) of antinutrients including oxalates, phytates, tannins and saponins in seeds compared to controls (T+ and T−). Treatment with biostimulants, in particular BS4, improves the performance of bean plants in the field as well as the biofortification of seeds regardless of the variety.

毛乌素沙地臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)和油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落的细根分布特征

用根钻法和细根分级的方法研究了毛乌素沙地臭柏群落、臭柏灌丛、油蒿群落的细根（D≤2 mm,D为根直径）垂直分布,并用渐近线方程Y=1-β^d[Y为从地表到一定深度的根量百分比累积值（0-1）,d表示土层深度（cm）,β为根系削弱系数]描述根系分布与土壤深度的关系。对不同径级臭柏、油蒿细根的β值、根长密度及根面积指数进行计算,结果表明：以15 cm为取样深度级,臭柏和油蒿群落活细根（D≤2 mm）的各月生物量平均值,在0-15 cm范围内最大,并且随土壤深度增加而减少。臭柏群落、臭柏灌丛、油蒿群落细根生物量垂直分布的β值差异不显著（P〉0.5）,但相应层次上的月平均细根生物量,臭柏群落是油蒿群落的6.7-14.6倍（P〈0.05）,臭柏灌丛是油蒿群落的14.0-19.2倍（P〈0.05）。D≤1 mm与1 mm臭柏群落〉油蒿群落。

Chemical composition,antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oil and methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris and Gaultheria fragrantissima collected from Nepal

Objective: To identify the chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oil and crude methanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris(A.vulgaris) and Gaultheria fragrantissima(G.fragrantissima).Methods: Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antibacterial activities, anti-oxidant assay of the crude extract were carried out to identify the biological activities and phytonutrients present in the extract.Furthermore, the chemical constituents present in the essential oil and crude methanol extract were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analysis.Results: Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis of essential oil from the aerial part of A.vulgaris revealed 24 different compounds in it.Sabinene(11.29%), b-thujone(19.19%), chrysanthenone(4.48%), camphor(11.89%), borneol(4.44%) and germacrene D(8.42%) were the major compounds.Similarly, leaves of G.fragrantissima contained methyl salicylate(95%) and asarone(4.64%).Furthermore, methanol extract of leaves of A.vulgaris and G.fragrantissima were found rich in the total flavonoids and phenolic content.HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of leaves A.vulgaris revealed the presence of morin and luteolin, whereas rutin was found as a major flavonoids compound in the leaves of G.fragrantissima.Further, methanol extract of the A.vulgaris and G.fragrantissima showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial properties compared to the essential oil.Conclusions: The HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of A.vulgaris shows the presence of luteolin and morin, whereas G.fragrantissima reveals the presence of rutin and a glycosylated flavonoids.Results reveal that A.vulgaris oil is the rich source of monoterpene and sesquiterpene compounds.Furthermore, A.vulgaris and G.fragrantissima are the rich source of the phenolic and flavonoids compounds and show good antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

Mugwort (<i>Artemisia vulgaris</i>, <i>Artemisia douglasiana</i>, <i>Artemisia argyi</i>) in the Treatment of Menopause, Premenstrual Syndrome, Dysmenorrhea and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Mugwort has many traditional uses around the world. The Chumash Indians of California use it to treat imbalances that women may suffer such as premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea and menopausal symptoms. The plant contains a sesquiterpene that appears to work through a serotonergic mechanism and may be beneficial for women. Mugwort therapy is safer for menopausal women than hormone replacement therapy. Children affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder benefit from mugwort therapy. There is no doubt that mugwort therapy is safer for these children than methylphenidate or amphetamine.

Effects of Moxa (Artemisia Vulgaris) Smoke Inhalation on Heart Rate and Its Variability

Objective: To evaluate the changes of human heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) during and after moxa smoke inhalation and to investigate the effects of moxa smoke on human autonomic nervous system. Methods: 24 healthy volunteers were exposed to moxa smoke with their HRV parameters measured before, during and after the moxa smoke inhalation. Results: The healthy volunteers exposed to moxa smoke had significant reductions in HR and also significant changes in HRV parameters. Conclusions: Moxa smoke can improve the autonomic nervous system activity. The inhalation of moxa smoke will induce a depressant effect on human body.

HPLC法同时测定黄花蒿水提浸膏中青蒿素、青蒿乙素、猫眼草黄素和猫眼草酚D的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定黄花蒿水提浸膏中青蒿素、青蒿乙素、猫眼草黄素、猫眼草酚D的含量。方法采用Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:乙腈(A)-纯水(B),梯度洗脱;体积流量:0.8 mL·min^(-1);柱温:30℃;进样量:10μL;检测波长:210 nm。结果青蒿素、青蒿乙素、猫眼草黄素和猫眼草酚D进样量分别在1.6088~16.088μg(r=0.9999)、0.0141~0.1414μg(r=1)、0.1851~1.8509μg(r=0.9999)、0.1441~1.4414μg(r=0.9999)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为102.44%、97.82%、95.07%、95.55%,RSD分别为1.12%、1.44%、1.29%、1.53%。结论该方法简便准确、可靠稳定、重复性好,可用于同时测定黄花蒿水提浸膏中青蒿素、青蒿乙素、猫眼草酚D、猫眼草黄素的含量。

Photosynthetic Gas Exchange and Nitrogen Assimilation in Green Bean Plants Supplied with Two Sources of Silicon

Beans contain a wide range of vitamins,proteins,calcium,and zinc which make them an important food source for many countries.To meet the demand for bean production worldwide,large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides are used.However,the cost of production and environmental impact increases.To produce food sustainably,the use of beneficial nutrients such as silicon as a biostimulant has been proposed.However,information about the effect of different sources of silicon on the metabolism of bean plants is scarce.Bean plants cv.Strike were grown in pots for 60 days and the effect of foliar application of silicon nanoparticles and the silicon-based biostimulant Codasilat 4 concentrations(0,1,2,and 4 mM)on total biomass,yield,photosynthetic pigment concentration,photosynthetic activity,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,chlorophyll fluorescence,and nitrogen assimilation were evaluated.The results obtained showed that the supply of silicon at a dose of 1 mM functioned as a biostimulant,favoring gas exchange and nitrogen assimilation within the plant,which stimulated growth and yield.The results of this research work allowed a better comprehension of the effects of silicon application through silicon nanoparticles and the biostimulant Codasilon the physiology of green bean plants.

<i>Artemisia vulgaris</i>L. Chemotypes

Artemisia vulgaris L. was collected from various regions in the USA and Montreal Canada. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry was used to identify the analytes present in the volatiles extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction of the crushed leaves and flowers. Four distinct chemotypes are were found: One featuring the coexistence of ar-curcumene and α-zingiberene;two marked by the presence or absence of thujone and santolinatriene;and a fourth characterized by the presence of crysanthenyl acetate (40%). DNA was used to confirm the identity of Artemisia vulgaris L.

超富集植物叶用红菾菜(Beta vulgaris var.cicla L.)及其对Cd的富集特征

超富集植物是重金属污染土壤植物提取修复的基础,超富集植物的筛选一直都是污染土壤植物修复研究的热点及前沿。采用盆栽实验对7种农作物积累Cd的特征进行研究,结果表明,叶用红菾菜对Cd具有较高的富集系数和转移系数。在此基础上,采用盆栽浓度梯度试验对叶用红菾菜对Cd的富集潜力及富集特征进行了系统研究。结果表明,在Cd污染水平为20mg·kg^(-1)条件下,叶用红菾菜地上部Cd含量超过了100mg·kg^(-1)这一国际公认的Cd超积累植物应达到的临界含量标准;且其对Cd的富集系数和转移系数均大于1;同时,与对照相比,植物的生长未受到抑制,这表明叶用红菾菜是一种Cd超积累植物,为Cd污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。

黄花蒿(Artemisia annua L.)提取物对两种病原真菌的生物活性

以石油醚Ⅰ(30℃～60℃)、石油醚Ⅱ(60℃～90℃)、乙醇和丙酮等4种溶剂对黄花蒿的根、茎、叶进行初步提取,采用生长速率法测定不同提取物对玉米小斑病菌、棉花枯萎病菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,黄花蒿提取物对玉米小斑病菌的生物活性好于棉花枯萎病菌;黄花蒿叶的提取物抑菌效果最好,根的抑菌效果最差;叶的石油醚(60℃～90℃)提取物对玉米小斑病菌EC50为156.32mg/L;而叶的丙酮提取物对玉米小斑病菌的EC50为82.37mg/L。

低温诱导甜菜(Beta vulgaris L.)Ty7Br600基因的Northern blotting和Southern blotting分析

以低温诱导甜菜幼苗为试验材料,以未进行低温诱导的甜菜幼苗为对照,采用α-32P-ATP放射标记按随机引物标记法标记本实验室克隆的Ty7Br600基因,进行Northern杂交。Northern杂交试验结果显示,在低温诱导培养的甜菜幼苗的RNA群体中,出现较强的杂交条带,而在未诱导培养的甜菜幼苗的RNA群体中,则几乎没有阳性杂交条带出现。因此,Ty7Br600这一序列有可能是二年生甜菜幼苗经低温诱导处理之后被诱导表达的与抽薹相关的新基因序列。Southern杂交结果发现,在每一组酶切中至少有2~3条条带,表明Ty7Br600确为甜菜基因组片段,也同时表明该基因在甜菜基因组中以2个拷贝或低拷贝形式存在。

Comparative Experiments on Different Varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L. under Dry Farming Conditions

[Objective] The aim was to screen varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L.for cultivation in arid,semi-arid areas.[Method] The cultivation experiments of seven varieties of P.vulgaris under dry farming conditions were carried out in typical dry farming agriculture region Yangqu County in North China.[Result] The plants of Teyoutejiadou,Chaojiwujing and Xinxinyichiqingyuanlong were relatively strong;the growth rate of Aifeng,Jingxuanjiadouwang and Chaochangsijidou was relatively rapid;the transpiration rate of functional leaves of Aifeng was the lowest.The yield of Tianma 95-33 jiadouwang was significant higher than that of other varieties,the unit yield was up to 36.33 t/hm2,which was 1.39 times higher than that of Aifeng and 1.9 times higher than that of Xinxinyichiqingyuanlong;followed by the yield of Aifeng（26.07 t/hm2）,which was 1.37 times higher than that of Xinxinyichiqingyuanlong.[Conclusion] The yield of Tianma 95-33 jiadouwang and Aifeng was relatively high,as well as the protein content,indicating that they were suitable to be applied and cultivated in the experimental plot and surrounding areas.

L-肉碱对普通小球藻Chlorella vulgaris种群增长和生化组成的影响

分别以0,5,50 mg/L的L-肉碱(L-carnitine)处理淡水普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris),以SE为培养液,培养7 d,探究L-肉碱对淡水普通小球藻种群增长、总脂和可溶性蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明:不同质量浓度的L-肉碱在不同培养时期对普通小球藻种群增长影响显著(P<0.05);高浓度L-肉碱显著降低总脂含量(P<0.05),并使可溶性蛋白质含量显著升高(P<0.05)。结果提示,在培养液中添加外源L-肉碱可能通过直接作用于普通小球藻,或促进培养液中微小生物分泌活性物质间接影响普通小球藻的种群增长及总脂和可溶性蛋白质的含量。

紫冠豆角(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)种子中α-淀粉酶抑制剂的提取及其性质研究

本研究采用盐溶的方法从紫冠豆角(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)种子中提取α-淀粉酶抑制剂(α-AI),将提取的α-AI用不同温度和pH处理,并评价其稳定性。在此基础上,以提取物对猪胰腺α-淀粉酶的抑制活性(IC_(50))为指标,分析了豆粉的细度(A)、料液比(B)、盐溶时间(C)三个因素对α-AI提取效果的影响,利用响应面分析法优化提取条件,通过对老豆角种子的深加工,实现提高其附加值的目的。结果表明:该α-AI为耐热性蛋白,在pH4~10的范围性质稳定,影响α-AI的IC_(50)因素按主次顺序排列为:豆粉的细度>料液比>盐溶时间,确定提取α-AI最佳工艺条件为:豆粉过60目筛(粒径<0.3 mm),料液质量体积比为1∶12(g/mL)、盐溶时间7.75 h。紫冠豆角种子α-AI的IC_(50)最优值为27.036±0.235μg/mL。

Artemisia vulgaris Induces Tumor-Selective Ferroptosis and Necroptosis via Lysosomal Ca^(2+) Signaling

Objective To evaluate the chemical composition and effects of Artemisia vulgaris(AV)hydroalcoholic extract(HEAV)on breast cancer cells(MCF-7 and SKBR-3),chronic myeloid leukemia(K562)and NIH/3T3 fibroblasts.Methods Phytochemical analysis of HEAV was done by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass(HPLC)spectrometry.Viability and cell death studies were performed using trypan blue and Annexin/FITC-7AAD,respectively.Ferrostatin-1(Fer-1)and necrostatin-1(Nec-1)were used to assess the mode of HEAV-induced cell death and acetoxymethylester(BAPTA-AM)was used to verify the involvement of cytosolic calcium in this event.Cytosolic calcium measurements were made using Fura-2-AM.Results HEAV decreased the viability of MCF-7,SKBR-3 and K562 cells(P<0.05).The viability of HEAV-treated K562 cells was reduced compared to HEAV-exposed fibroblasts(P<0.05).Treatment of K562 cells with HEAV induced cell death primarily by late apoptosis and necrosis in assays using annexin V-FITC/7-AAD(P<0.05).The use of Nec-1 and Fer-1 increased the viability of K562 cells treated with HEAV relative to cells exposed to HEAV alone(P<0.01).HEAV-induced Ca^(2+)release mainly from lysosomes in K562 cells(P<0.01).Furthermore,BAPTA-AM,an intracellular Ca^(2+)chelator,decreased the number of non-viable cells treated with HEAV(P<0.05).Conclusions HEAV is cytotoxic and activates several modalities of cell death,which are partially dependent on lysosomal release of Ca^(2+).These effects may be related to artemisinin and caffeoylquinic acids,the main compounds identified in HEAV.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of different organic crude extracts from the local medicinal plant of Thymus vulgaris L

Objective:To isolate and analyze the chemical composition in different crude extracts of from the leaves of locally grown of Thymus vulgaris L(T.vulgaris)by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).Methods:The shade dried leaves powder was extracted with methanol by using Soxhlet extractor.Methanol crude extracts of T.vulgaris and the derived fractions of hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate and butanol were obtained.Results:Qualitative analyses of various organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris by using GC-MS showed that there were different types of high and low molecular weight compounds.Most of the isolated and identified compounds by GC-MS in the crude extracts are basically biologically important.Further,the T.vulgaris leaf possessed certain characteristics that can be ascribed to cultivation on a domestic plantation.The crude extracts were prepared from the powder leaves of T.vulgaris for respective compounds can be chosen on the basis of above GC-MS analysis.Conclusions:All the major compounds were identified and characterized by spectroscopic method in different organic crude extracts of T.vulgaris are biologically active molecules.Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of T.vulgaris might have some ecological role.

Hypoglycaemic effect of Berberis vulgaris L.in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective:To achieve a primary pharmacological screening contained in the aqueous extract of Berberis vulgaris(B.vulgaris) and to examine the hypoglycaemic effect and biochemical parameters of aqueous and saponins extract on groups of rats rendered diabetic by injection of streptozotocin.Methods:The phytochemicol tests to detect the presence of different compounds were based on the visual observation of color change or formation of precipitate after the addition of specific reagents.Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal(i.p.) injection of streptozotocin(STZ) at a dose of 65 mg/kg bw.The fasting blood glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips(Dextrostix,Bayer Diagnostics).Blood samples were taken by cutting the tip of the tail.Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were estimated by enzymatic DHBS colorimetric method.Results:Administration of 62.5 and 2S.0 mg/kg of saponins and aqueous extract respectively in normal rats group shows a significant hypoglycemic activity(32.33%and 40.17%respectively) during the first week.However,diabetic group treated with saponin extract produced a maximum fall of 73.1%and 76.03%at day 1 and day 21 compared to the diabetics control.Also,blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract showed decrease of 78.79%on the first day and the effect remains roughly constant during 3 week. Both extracts also declined significantly biochemical parameters(20.77%-49.00%).The control in the loss of body weight was observed in treated diabetic rats as compared to diabetic controls. Conclusions:These results demonstrated significant antidiabetic effects and showed that serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides levels were decreased,significantly,consequently this plant might be of value in diabetes treatment.

Study of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown Thymus vulgaris

Objective:To prepare various crude extracts using different polarities of solvent and to quantitatively evaluate their total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of Thymus vulgaris collected from Al Jabal Al Akhdar,Nizwa.Sultanate of Oman.Methods:The leave sample was extracted with methanol and evaporated.Then it was defatted with water and extracted with different polarities organic solvents with increasing polarities.The prepare hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,hutanol and methanol crude extracts were used for their evaluation of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening study.The established conventional metliods were used for quantitative determination of total phenol,flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening.Results:Phytochemical screening for various crude extracts were tested and shown positive result for flavonoids,saponins and steroids compounds.The result for total phenol content was the highest in hutanol and the lowest in methanol crude extract whereas the total flavonoids contents was the highest in methanol and the lowest hexane crude extract.Conclusions:The crude extracts from locally grown Thymus vulgaris showed high concentration of flavonoids and it could be used as antibiotics for different curable and uncurable diseases.