Background: Extrinsic aging results from environmental stressors such as UVR or pollutants. While the effects of single pollutants are better understood, those of their combination remain poorly scrutinized. Objective...Background: Extrinsic aging results from environmental stressors such as UVR or pollutants. While the effects of single pollutants are better understood, those of their combination remain poorly scrutinized. Objective: Building on a study showing downregulation of several processes upon co-exposure to B[a]P and UVA, we investigated changes induced by epigenetic marks. Materials and Methods: Human primary fibroblasts and HaCaT cells were exposed to B[a]P and UVA. After 24 hours, exposed and unexposed cells were compared to assess DNA methylation. Focusing on HaCaT, multiplex assays enabled quantifying histone H3 modifications and evaluating four splicing factors (SRSF1, SRSF3, SFPQ, and SF3B1) by immunohistochemical labeling. The expression of keratinocyte-/fibroblast-relevant genes was assessed by RT-qPCR. Finally, the impact of an Arundo donax L. extract added 24 hours before B[a]P-UVA co-exposure was analyzed. Results: Exposure to B[a]P-UVA raised DNA methylation (HaCaT: ×3.6, fibroblasts: ×1.9), an increase prevented by the extract. In HaCaT cells, B[a]P-UVA increases the frequency of S10P (+38%). When exposure was preceded by extract treatment, the frequency of several methylations was impacted. B[a]P-UVA only induced the expression of SRSF1 and SFPQ in HaCaT (+46% and +34%). Treatment with the extract abolished this effect. Co-exposure increases the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-1α, IL-1β) in HaCaT cells and decreases those of AQP3, KRT15, and SOD2. The extract has little effect on these changes. In primary fibroblasts, exposure to B[a]P-UVA lowered the expression of LOXL2, LUM, and TGFBR2 (−38%, −59%, and −51%, respectively), and the extract did not affect these modifications. Conclusion: Within 24 hours, a single B[a]P-UVA co-exposure changes epigenetic marks of skin cells but has only mild effects on gene expression. An Arundo donax L. extract can prevent part of the epigenetic marks’ changes and could stimulate the expression of some genes in primary fibroblasts.展开更多
芦竹Arundo donax L.由于其生长快速、抗逆性强、蛋白含量高等优点,正以重要能源植物的定位受到越来越多的重视。本研究针对本单位收集的源自我国山东省烟台市及福建省福州市永泰县的2种芦竹进行叶片形态、生物量及营养物质含量等生物...芦竹Arundo donax L.由于其生长快速、抗逆性强、蛋白含量高等优点,正以重要能源植物的定位受到越来越多的重视。本研究针对本单位收集的源自我国山东省烟台市及福建省福州市永泰县的2种芦竹进行叶片形态、生物量及营养物质含量等生物学特性分析,发现2个芦竹品种在干物质产量、水分含量、纤维含量、粗灰分含量等指标上存在一定差异性。基于上述差异性,对2个芦竹品种的叶片进行Illumina高通量测序分析,构建芦竹转录组数据库。通过de novo的方法对获得的转录组数据进行组装,并预测各组装获得Unigene的开放阅读框,从而获得可能的蛋白氨基酸序列。通过基因表达量差异性分析,筛选2个芦竹品种中表达量差异显著的基因,并将上述基因与Gene Ontology(GO)、Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups of proteins(KOG)及Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)等数据库比对分析,预测差异表达基因的功能及参与的代谢信号通道。针对与生物量及生物乙醇产量相关的代谢途径的分析发现,2个芦竹品种在碳固定光合作用、淀粉/糖代谢及木质素合成相关的信号通道中关键酶基因的表达量上具有显著差异。上述结论从生物学及生物信息学角度分别分析了源自我国不同地域的芦竹品种在生物产量及生物质能源相关指标上的差异性。研究结论为筛选芦竹品种作为优质生物质能源草种提供了依据。展开更多
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed(Arundo donax L.),a perennial rhizomatous grass,which was cultivated for 70 d in soils contamin...A greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed(Arundo donax L.),a perennial rhizomatous grass,which was cultivated for 70 d in soils contaminated with As,Cd and Pb.The results show that giant reed rapidly grows with big biomass of shoots in contaminated soil,possessing strong metal-tolerance with limited metal translocation from roots to shoots.When As,Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil are less than 254,76.1 and 1 552 mg/kg,respectively,plant height and dried biomass are slightly reduced,the accumulation of As,Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low while metal concentration in roots is high,and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM images.However,plant height and dried biomass are significantly reduced and metal concentration in plant shoots and roots are significantly increased(P<0.05),the stems images become heterogeneous and the secretion in vascular bundles increases significantly when As,Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil exceed 334,101 and 2 052 mg/kg,respectively.The giant reed is a promising,naturally occurring plant with strong metal-tolerance,which can be cultivated in soils contaminated with multiple metals for ecoremediation purposes.展开更多
The US Department of Energy is currently building strategies for the expansion of clean and renewable energy sources, and tall, rapidly-growing grasses such as giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and giant ...The US Department of Energy is currently building strategies for the expansion of clean and renewable energy sources, and tall, rapidly-growing grasses such as giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and giant reed (Arundo donax) are two of the many of species that could fill this renewable energy niche. The objective was to compare stalk growth components of giant miscanthus and giant reed, in a low-input system (no irrigation and no fertilizer use) in Arkansas, USA. Due to the potential invasiveness of giant reed, our study was conducted on an upland site to minimize escape. Plant height and dry weight per stalk were measured every week for two consecutive growing seasons in 2012 and 2013. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured every two weeks from May to September in 2012. A significant species × day interaction occurred for plant height and dry weight per stalk, due to the relatively greater height and weight of giant reed compared to giant miscanthus after May. Stalk elongation rate was greater for giant reed than giant miscanthus (1.85 and 1.11 cm day-1, respectively). Leaf area index differed between species, giant reed (10.4 m2 m-2) > giant miscanthus (4.4 m2 m-2). We showed that giant reed produced taller, heavier stalks, and had a greater stalk elongation rate, compared to giant miscanthus. For sustainable bioenergy production from giant reed in Arkansas, further studies should be performed to determine ideal number of harvests per year and associated production cost.展开更多
Giant reed is a suitable pioneer plant for metal-contaminated soil phytoremediation,however,it is imperative to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass after harvesting.The liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed...Giant reed is a suitable pioneer plant for metal-contaminated soil phytoremediation,however,it is imperative to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass after harvesting.The liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed biomass in ethylene glycol system with sulfuric acid as catalyst for the precursors of polyurethane compounds was studied.The results show that giant reed biomass from metal-contaminated soil is potentially liquefied and significantly affected by solvent/solid ratio,liquefaction temperature and liquefaction time （P〈0.05）.The liquefaction rate of biomass in acidified ethylene glycol system can reach 85.2% with optimized conditions of 60 min,170 ℃,3% sulfuric acid and solvent/biomass ratio of 5：1.The hydroxyl value of liquefied products is of 481 mg KOH/g while reactive hydroxyl groups of them are abundant,which is promised as potential precursors for polyurethane compounds.The solvent liquefaction is a potential method to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass,however,the containing-metal liquefied products should be studied deeply in order to get the suitable precursors in future.展开更多
High yielding perennial grasses could integrate bioenergy-livestock operations, thereby, offsetting diversions of cropland to lignocellulosic crops, but research is needed to determine chemical composition and digesti...High yielding perennial grasses could integrate bioenergy-livestock operations, thereby, offsetting diversions of cropland to lignocellulosic crops, but research is needed to determine chemical composition and digestibility of leaf and stem fractions that might affect downstream reside uses. The objective of this study was to compare feedstock quality of leaf and stem tissues of dedicated bioenergy feedstocks: giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), giant reed (Arundo donax), and miscane (Saccharum hybrid × Miscanthus spp.) when grown with or without supplemental irrigation on an upland site. Three species were space-planted on a silt loam soil in March 2007 and harvested prior to the first freeze in plant-cane, first ratoon, and second-ratoon crops for three years. Giant miscanthus leaf tissue had greatest acid detergent lignin and cellulose, and lowest concentrations of nitrogen (N) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in ratoon crops. Giant reed leaf tissue had greatest concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDMD), TNC, and N (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, miscane stem tissue had greatest concentrations of IVDMD, TNC, hemicellulose, and low dry matter and combustible energy (P ≤ 0.05). Results suggest all species’ residue has positive feedstock attributes for thermochemical bioenergy conversion, and albeit giant miscanthus has very little potential value as fodder. Miscane stem and giant reed leaf tissue have potential value as livestock feed, although giant reed is not currently recommended for planting. Further research is needed on dietary composition, acceptability, voluntary intake, and live weight gain before any of these species are recommended as livestock feed sources.展开更多
文摘Background: Extrinsic aging results from environmental stressors such as UVR or pollutants. While the effects of single pollutants are better understood, those of their combination remain poorly scrutinized. Objective: Building on a study showing downregulation of several processes upon co-exposure to B[a]P and UVA, we investigated changes induced by epigenetic marks. Materials and Methods: Human primary fibroblasts and HaCaT cells were exposed to B[a]P and UVA. After 24 hours, exposed and unexposed cells were compared to assess DNA methylation. Focusing on HaCaT, multiplex assays enabled quantifying histone H3 modifications and evaluating four splicing factors (SRSF1, SRSF3, SFPQ, and SF3B1) by immunohistochemical labeling. The expression of keratinocyte-/fibroblast-relevant genes was assessed by RT-qPCR. Finally, the impact of an Arundo donax L. extract added 24 hours before B[a]P-UVA co-exposure was analyzed. Results: Exposure to B[a]P-UVA raised DNA methylation (HaCaT: ×3.6, fibroblasts: ×1.9), an increase prevented by the extract. In HaCaT cells, B[a]P-UVA increases the frequency of S10P (+38%). When exposure was preceded by extract treatment, the frequency of several methylations was impacted. B[a]P-UVA only induced the expression of SRSF1 and SFPQ in HaCaT (+46% and +34%). Treatment with the extract abolished this effect. Co-exposure increases the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-1α, IL-1β) in HaCaT cells and decreases those of AQP3, KRT15, and SOD2. The extract has little effect on these changes. In primary fibroblasts, exposure to B[a]P-UVA lowered the expression of LOXL2, LUM, and TGFBR2 (−38%, −59%, and −51%, respectively), and the extract did not affect these modifications. Conclusion: Within 24 hours, a single B[a]P-UVA co-exposure changes epigenetic marks of skin cells but has only mild effects on gene expression. An Arundo donax L. extract can prevent part of the epigenetic marks’ changes and could stimulate the expression of some genes in primary fibroblasts.
文摘芦竹Arundo donax L.由于其生长快速、抗逆性强、蛋白含量高等优点,正以重要能源植物的定位受到越来越多的重视。本研究针对本单位收集的源自我国山东省烟台市及福建省福州市永泰县的2种芦竹进行叶片形态、生物量及营养物质含量等生物学特性分析,发现2个芦竹品种在干物质产量、水分含量、纤维含量、粗灰分含量等指标上存在一定差异性。基于上述差异性,对2个芦竹品种的叶片进行Illumina高通量测序分析,构建芦竹转录组数据库。通过de novo的方法对获得的转录组数据进行组装,并预测各组装获得Unigene的开放阅读框,从而获得可能的蛋白氨基酸序列。通过基因表达量差异性分析,筛选2个芦竹品种中表达量差异显著的基因,并将上述基因与Gene Ontology(GO)、Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups of proteins(KOG)及Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)等数据库比对分析,预测差异表达基因的功能及参与的代谢信号通道。针对与生物量及生物乙醇产量相关的代谢途径的分析发现,2个芦竹品种在碳固定光合作用、淀粉/糖代谢及木质素合成相关的信号通道中关键酶基因的表达量上具有显著差异。上述结论从生物学及生物信息学角度分别分析了源自我国不同地域的芦竹品种在生物产量及生物质能源相关指标上的差异性。研究结论为筛选芦竹品种作为优质生物质能源草种提供了依据。
基金Project(20507022) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A greenhouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the growth changes and tissues anatomical characteristics of giant reed(Arundo donax L.),a perennial rhizomatous grass,which was cultivated for 70 d in soils contaminated with As,Cd and Pb.The results show that giant reed rapidly grows with big biomass of shoots in contaminated soil,possessing strong metal-tolerance with limited metal translocation from roots to shoots.When As,Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil are less than 254,76.1 and 1 552 mg/kg,respectively,plant height and dried biomass are slightly reduced,the accumulation of As,Cd and Pb in shoots of giant reed is low while metal concentration in roots is high,and the anatomical characteristics of stem tissues are thick and homogeneous according to SEM images.However,plant height and dried biomass are significantly reduced and metal concentration in plant shoots and roots are significantly increased(P<0.05),the stems images become heterogeneous and the secretion in vascular bundles increases significantly when As,Cd and Pb concentrations in the soil exceed 334,101 and 2 052 mg/kg,respectively.The giant reed is a promising,naturally occurring plant with strong metal-tolerance,which can be cultivated in soils contaminated with multiple metals for ecoremediation purposes.
文摘The US Department of Energy is currently building strategies for the expansion of clean and renewable energy sources, and tall, rapidly-growing grasses such as giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) and giant reed (Arundo donax) are two of the many of species that could fill this renewable energy niche. The objective was to compare stalk growth components of giant miscanthus and giant reed, in a low-input system (no irrigation and no fertilizer use) in Arkansas, USA. Due to the potential invasiveness of giant reed, our study was conducted on an upland site to minimize escape. Plant height and dry weight per stalk were measured every week for two consecutive growing seasons in 2012 and 2013. Leaf area index (LAI) was measured every two weeks from May to September in 2012. A significant species × day interaction occurred for plant height and dry weight per stalk, due to the relatively greater height and weight of giant reed compared to giant miscanthus after May. Stalk elongation rate was greater for giant reed than giant miscanthus (1.85 and 1.11 cm day-1, respectively). Leaf area index differed between species, giant reed (10.4 m2 m-2) > giant miscanthus (4.4 m2 m-2). We showed that giant reed produced taller, heavier stalks, and had a greater stalk elongation rate, compared to giant miscanthus. For sustainable bioenergy production from giant reed in Arkansas, further studies should be performed to determine ideal number of harvests per year and associated production cost.
基金Project(41271330)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012BAC09B04)supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology of ChinaProject(2012FJ1010)supported by the Science and Technology Major Program of Hunan Province,China
文摘Giant reed is a suitable pioneer plant for metal-contaminated soil phytoremediation,however,it is imperative to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass after harvesting.The liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed biomass in ethylene glycol system with sulfuric acid as catalyst for the precursors of polyurethane compounds was studied.The results show that giant reed biomass from metal-contaminated soil is potentially liquefied and significantly affected by solvent/solid ratio,liquefaction temperature and liquefaction time （P〈0.05）.The liquefaction rate of biomass in acidified ethylene glycol system can reach 85.2% with optimized conditions of 60 min,170 ℃,3% sulfuric acid and solvent/biomass ratio of 5：1.The hydroxyl value of liquefied products is of 481 mg KOH/g while reactive hydroxyl groups of them are abundant,which is promised as potential precursors for polyurethane compounds.The solvent liquefaction is a potential method to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass,however,the containing-metal liquefied products should be studied deeply in order to get the suitable precursors in future.
文摘High yielding perennial grasses could integrate bioenergy-livestock operations, thereby, offsetting diversions of cropland to lignocellulosic crops, but research is needed to determine chemical composition and digestibility of leaf and stem fractions that might affect downstream reside uses. The objective of this study was to compare feedstock quality of leaf and stem tissues of dedicated bioenergy feedstocks: giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), giant reed (Arundo donax), and miscane (Saccharum hybrid × Miscanthus spp.) when grown with or without supplemental irrigation on an upland site. Three species were space-planted on a silt loam soil in March 2007 and harvested prior to the first freeze in plant-cane, first ratoon, and second-ratoon crops for three years. Giant miscanthus leaf tissue had greatest acid detergent lignin and cellulose, and lowest concentrations of nitrogen (N) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in ratoon crops. Giant reed leaf tissue had greatest concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDMD), TNC, and N (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, miscane stem tissue had greatest concentrations of IVDMD, TNC, hemicellulose, and low dry matter and combustible energy (P ≤ 0.05). Results suggest all species’ residue has positive feedstock attributes for thermochemical bioenergy conversion, and albeit giant miscanthus has very little potential value as fodder. Miscane stem and giant reed leaf tissue have potential value as livestock feed, although giant reed is not currently recommended for planting. Further research is needed on dietary composition, acceptability, voluntary intake, and live weight gain before any of these species are recommended as livestock feed sources.
