Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization in 7075 Aluminum Alloy Using Cellular Automaton

The evolution of microstructure during hot deformation is key to achieving good mechanical properties in aluminum alloys.We have developed a cellular automaton(CA) based model to simulate the microstructural evolution in 7075 aluminum alloy during hot deformation.Isothermal compression tests were conducted to obtain material parameters for 7075 aluminum alloy,leading to the establishment of models for dislocation density,nucleation of recrystallized grains,and grain growth.Integrating these aspects with grain topological deformation,our CA model effectively predicts flow stress,dynamic recrystallization(DRX) volume fraction,and average grain size under diverse deformation conditions.A systematic comparison was made between electron back scattered diffraction(EBSD) maps and CA model simulated under different deformation temperatures(573 to 723 K),strain rates(0.001 to 1 s^(-1)),and strain amounts(30% to 70%).These analyses indicate that large strain,high temperature,and low strain rate facilitate dynamic recrystallization and grain refinement.The results from the CA model show good accuracy and predictive capability,with experimental error within 10%.

Processing map of as-cast 7075 aluminum alloy for hot working

The true stress-strain curves of as-cast 7075 aluminum alloy have been obtained by isothermal compression tests at temperatures of 300 500 ~C and strain rates of 0.01 10 s i. The plastic flow instability map is established based on Gegel B and Murthy instability criteria because the deformed compression samples suggest that the combination of the above two instability criteria has more comprehensive crack prediction ability. And the processing map based on Dynamic Mate- rial Model （DMM） of as-cast 7075 aluminum alloy has been developed through a superposition of the established instability map and power dissipation map. In terms of microstructure of the deformed samples and whether plastic flow is stable or not, the processing map can be divided into five areas： stable area with as-cast grain, stable area with homogeneous grain resulting from dynamic recovery, instability area with as-cast grain, instability area with the second phase and instability area with mixed grains. In consideration of microstructure characteristics in the above five areas of the processing map, the stable area with homogeneous grain resulting from dynamic recovery, namely the temperatures at 425465 ℃ and the strain rates at 0.01^-1 s^-1, is suggested to be suitable processing window for the as-cast 7075 aluminum alloy.

As-cast structure of DC casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained under dual-frequency electromagnetic field

We have experimentally determined the as-cast structures of semi-continuous casting 7075 aluminum alloy obtained in the pres-ence of dual-frequency electromagnetic field. Results suggest that the use of dual-frequency electromagnetic field during the semi-continuous casting process of 7075 aluminum alloy ingots reduces the thickness of the surface segregation layer, increases the height of the melt menis-cus, enhances the surface quality of the ingot, and changes the surface morphology of the melt pool. Moreover, low-frequency electromag-netic field was found to show the most obvious influence on improving the as-cast structure because of its high permeability in conductors.

铝-石墨烯复合镀层对7075铝合金硬度优化研究

在有机体系下制备了铝-石墨烯复合镀层,研究了7075铝合金硬度和耐磨性的优化工艺。采用正交试验研究了工艺参数对复合材料表面硬度和耐磨性的影响。采用单因素试验分析了石墨烯浓度和电流密度对硬度的影响规律。利用SEM、XRD、Raman光谱分别对复合镀层的微观形貌、相结构及石墨烯的存在进行表征分析。结果表明:各工艺参数对复合材料硬度和耐磨性的影响顺序均为石墨烯浓度>电流密度>电镀时间>搅拌速度。随着石墨烯浓度和电流密度的增大,复合材料硬度均出现先升后降的变化趋势。在优化工艺下,复合材料表面硬度较基体硬度提升了229.9%,而其摩擦系数较基体的降低了90.1%,说明了石墨烯优异的机械强度和自润滑性强化了复合材料的力学性能。

重卡传动轴用高强7075铝合金热流变行为及径向锻造微观组织演变

为研究重型卡车轻量化传动轴用高强7075铝合金在径向锻造时的热变形行为,将大直径7075铝合金挤压棒料预热退火后,取样进行了不同变形条件下的等温压缩试验。分别考虑温度与应变速率对应变强化及软化的影响,构建了适用于中大型7075铝合金传动轴热加工的改进Hansel-Spittel本构模型。根据动态材料模型理论获得了7075铝合金的热加工图,并据此分析了7075铝合金棒料在典型径向锻造工艺中的组织变化。研究结果表明:改进Hansel-Spittel模型能更准确地模拟预热退火态7075铝合金的峰值和稳态流变应力,预测值与试验值的平均相对误差仅为2.71%;7075铝合金在温度为350~450℃、应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1)范围内具有较高的热加工稳定性,高温及低应变速率的变形条件有利于材料的微观组织演化;预热退火态7075铝合金棒料在经过截面收缩率为55.6%的径向锻造工艺和T6热处理后,原始板条晶粒转变为细化大转角晶粒组织,抗拉强度提高至651 MPa,延伸率提高至12.5%,综合性能得到显著改善。

7075铝合金刚柔耦合结构表面疲劳性能探究

采用激光冲击强化技术改善7075铝合金疲劳性能,能够降低成本、提高效率。以7075铝合金为研究对象,通过对其在不同功率密度下的强化试验,测定其在激光冲击下的表面形貌及残余应力的分布情况,结合其疲劳试验,探究激光强化对材料性能的影响。结果表明:激光冲击强化使铝合金表面粗糙度增大,并产生残余压应力;当功率密度增加到10.19 GW/cm^(2)时,残余压应力不再增大;激光冲击试样的疲劳寿命比未冲击试样提高了1倍,减小了断裂扩展范围;残余压应力的存在增加了铝合金的裂纹萌生难度,延长了其疲劳寿命。

基于填充板条的7075铝合金激光焊接裂纹抑制方法

针对铝合金焊接易产生气孔、裂纹等缺陷问题,以7075-T6铝合金板材为研究对象,在观察脉冲激光焊接焊缝断面形貌的基础上,对不同工艺参数下的7075-T6铝合金激光焊接进行实验,以分析焊接裂纹产生原因。结果表明,随着时间的增加,各点的裂纹敏感性逐渐降低,当填充板条高度为1.9 mm时,焊缝的裂纹敏感性比临界值低,裂纹基本被抑制。

ER5356焊丝用于7075铝合金MIG焊接头热处理性能

采用MIG焊使用ER5356焊丝进行3 mm厚7075铝合金对接焊,焊后接头进行T6热处理。通过光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜与能谱仪结合室温拉伸、显微硬度与电化学腐蚀分析接头组织、力学性能与耐蚀性。结果表明:焊接时熔池流动将母材熔化部位的Zn,Cu等合金元素带入焊缝,析出MgZn_(2)与AlCuMg相,成为焊缝进行热处理强化的基础;热处理后,大部分析出相溶入基体形成固溶+时效强化,接头抗拉强度提升20%,焊缝硬度提升18.4%,耐蚀性提高。但由于从母材流入焊缝的合金元素含量有限,焊丝与母材力学性能的差异与热影响区软化现象无法消除。

7075铝合金无铬化学转化膜工艺的研究

采用无铬化工艺,以氟锆酸钾和氟钛酸钾为主盐,高锰酸钾作为着色剂,硫酸镁作为成膜促进剂,研发出一种金黄色无铬铝合金钛锆转化膜。利用单因素实验和正交实验确定了最优转化液组成和工艺条件,并通过铬酸盐点滴实验、塔菲尔极化曲线、NaCl溶液腐蚀实验等研究转化膜的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:K2TiF66g/L,K2ZrF66g/L,KMnO420g/L,MgSO48g/L,在温度25℃、pH为3.7、反应时间7min条件下,制得的铝合金转化膜均匀、连续、带有金黄色。该工艺下制备的化学转化膜自腐蚀电流密度降低了两个数量级,其耐蚀性得到了明显的提高。

Dynamic softening behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy

The dynamic softening behaviors during hot deformation of 7075 aluminum alloy were studied by isothermal hot compression tested at temperatures of 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 ℃ and strain rates of 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 s-1 on Gleeble1500. The results show that the temperature changes have a significant effect on the dynamic softening rate. It is indicated that the considerable dynamic softening rate associated with dynamic recrystallization leads flow stress value decreasing gradually. A group of coefficients needed by the phenomenological constitutive model containing a softening ratio item were calculated by the multiple linear regression method. The optical microstructures show that the grains of billets compressed become more and more refined with strain rate increasing as well as the degree of dynamic softening and work-hardening higher. The phenomenological constitutive description of 7075 aluminum alloy can accurately describe the relationships among flow stress, temperature, strain rate, strain and dynamic softening, and offer the basic model for plastic forming process simulation.

金属熔融沉积成型制备7075铝合金的显微组织和力学性能

以优化后的微晶蜡基喂料为原料,通过金属熔融沉积成型制备3D 7075 Al合金。通过热压实验评估蜡基黏合剂和粉末之间的亲和力,研究烧结铝合金的物相、形态演变、拉伸强度和摩擦性能。打印喂料表现出剪切变稀行为,可使熔融挤出过程变流畅,并获得较好表面质量且含少量层间堆积孔隙的3D坯件。在氮气中烧结铝合金的形态演变可分为4个阶段,包括500℃下Mg_(2)Si和Si的沉淀,560℃以上Mg_(2)Si的出现,合金粉末上氧化物层的氮化,以及620℃以上通过扩散过程增强的晶粒生长。3D 7075 Al合金的相对密度达95%,拉伸强度为120~141MPa,拉伸应变为1.0%~2.5%。

工艺参数对铸态7075铝合金管旋压成形强度的影响

工艺参数对铸态7075铝合金管旋压成形强度的影响至关重要。本文以抗拉强度与屈服强度作为成形质量指标,系统地分析了压下量、预热温度、进给比和摩擦条件等工艺参数对铸筒旋压件强度的影响。结果表明:随着压下量的增加,管的抗拉强度与屈服强度增加;随着预热温度的上升或者进给比的增加,管的抗拉强度与屈服强度先增加后减少;随着摩擦系数的增加,管的抗拉强度与屈服强度先增加后减少,但变化不明显。

Research on microstructure in as-cast 7A55 aluminum alloy and its evolution during homogenization

The microstructure of the as-cast 7A55 aluminum alloy and its evolution during homogenization were investigated by means of optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） analysis. The results indicate that the microstructure of the as-cast 7A55 aluminum alloy mainly consists of the dendritic network of aluminum solid solution, Al/AIZnMgCu eutectic phases, and intermetaUic compounds MgZn2, Al2CuMg, Al7Cu2Fe, and Al23CuFe4. After homogenization at 470℃ for 48 h, Al/AlZnMgCu eutectic phases are dissolved into the matrix, and a small amount of high melting-point secondary phases were formed, which results in an increasing of the starting melting temperature of 7A55 aluminum alloy The high melting-point secondary phases were eliminated mostly when the homogenization time achieved to 72 h. Therefore, the reasonable homogenization heat treatment process for 7A55 aluminum alloy ingots was chosen as 470℃/72 h.

Rheological behavior of semi-solid 7075 aluminum alloy at steady state

The further application of semi-solid processing lies in the in-depth fundamental study like rheological behavior. In this research, the apparent viscosity of the semi-solid slurry of 7075 alloy was measured using a Couette type viscometer. The effects of solid fraction and shearing rate on the apparent viscosity of this alloy were investigated under different processing conditions. It can be seen that the apparent viscosity increases with an increase in the solid fraction from 10% to 50%(temperature 620 oC to 630 oC) at steady state. When the solid fraction was fi xed, the apparent viscosity can be decreased by altering the shearing rate from 61.235 s-1 to 489.88 s-1 at steady state. An empirical equation that shows the effects of solid fraction and shearing rate on the apparent viscosity is fi tted:. The microstructure of quenched samples was examined to understand the alloy's rheological behavior.

热处理对热轧7075铝合金组织和力学性能的影响

目的探究T6、T73和RRA热处理对不同道次压下量的热轧7075铝合金板材微观组织和力学性能的影响,确定不同道次压下量的热轧7075铝合金板材最优热处理工艺。方法分别将11%和16%道次压下量的热轧7075铝合金进行T6、T73和RRA热处理,并对热处理后的试样进行微观组织表征和力学性能测试。结果3种方式热处理后,11%道次压下量的热轧板材微观组织以拉长晶粒为主,伴随有等轴再结晶晶粒的生成,而对于16%道次压下量的热轧板材,等轴晶数量增多,故经3种方式热处理后,16%道次压下量热轧板材的屈服强度和抗拉强度均高于11%道次压下量热轧板材的相应强度。RRA热处理有效提升了16%道次压下量热轧板材的延伸率,而对于11%道次压下量热轧板材,RRA的预时效等过程会造成其晶粒粗化,从而降低延伸率,与T6和RRA热处理相比,T73热处理对力学性能的提升不显著。对于2种不同道次压下量的板材,T6热处理为最优热处理工艺。经过T6处理后,11%道次压下量的热轧板材抗拉强度达到589.8 MPa,屈服强度达到560.7 MPa,延伸率达到16.6%,16%道次压下量的热轧板材抗拉强度达到607.5 MPa、屈服强度达到580.9 MPa、延伸率达到13.6%。T6热处理后,<001>方向的织构占主导,原始板材内部存在较多的小角度晶界,热处理后大角度晶界含量增多且有静态再结晶出现。3种热处理后的拉伸试样断口形貌没有太大区别,存在大量韧窝和撕裂棱特征,说明热处理后板材塑性较好。结论热处理能调控再结晶行为,优化亚晶等微观结构,与其他7系铝合金热处理后的力学性能相比,本文的7075热轧铝合金在16%道次压下量和T6热处理条件下获得了较为优异的力学性能,说明热处理工艺设计合理。

Investigation on the plastic work-heat conversion coefficient of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy during an impact process based on infrared temperature measurement technology

The plastic work-heat conversion coefficient is one key parameter for studying the work-heat conversion under dynamic deformation of materials. To explore this coefficient of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy under dynamic compression, dynamic compression experiments using the Hopkinson bar under four groups of strain rates were conducted, and the temperature signals were measured by constructing a transient infrared temperature measurement system. According to stress versus strain data as well as the corresponding temperature data obtained through the experiments, the influences of the strain and the strain rate on the coefficient of plastic work converted to heat were analyzed.The experimental results show that the coefficient of plastic work converted to heat of 7075-T651 aluminum alloy is not a constant at the range of 0.85–1 and is closely related to the strain and the strain rate. The change of internal structure of material under high strain rate reduces its energy storage capacity, and makes almost all plastic work convert into heat.

Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets reinforced 7075 aluminum alloy composite fabricated by spark plasma sintering

A 0.3wt%graphene nanoplatelets(GNPs)reinforced 7075 aluminum alloy matrix(7075 Al)composite was fabricated by spark plasma sintering and its strength and wear resistance were investigated.The microstructures of the internal structure,the friction surface,and the wear debris were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Raman spectroscopy.Compared with the original 7075 aluminum alloy,the hardness and elastic modulus of the 7075 Al/GNPs composite were found to have increased by 29%and 36%,respectively.The results of tribological experiments indicated that the composite also exhibited a lower wear rate than the original 7075 aluminum alloy.

7075铝合金多场耦合流变行为和软化机理

在应变速率为0.01~10 s^(-1),电流密度为18~27 A·mm^(-2),温度为150~330℃条件下,对7075铝合金进行了脉冲电流辅助拉伸实验。探讨了应变速率与电流密度对7075铝合金力学性能的影响,推导出耦合了电参数的修正Johnson-Cook本构模型,并进行了验证。为解析热、电与力的耦合关系提供了新的研究思路。结果表明,与室温相比,通电试样的断面形貌中出现尺寸更大、分布更规整的韧窝。应变速率0.1~1 s^(-1)和电流密度21~24 A·mm^(-2)对降低7075铝合金的流动应力有着显著影响,说明电流密度的影响存在阈值。并且修正后的Johnson-Cook模型在预测上展现出了较高的可靠性,模型预测与试验数据高度吻合,相关性达到0.9961,平均绝对相对误差仅为3.35%。

Effect of homogenizing treatment on microstructure and conductivity of 7075 aluminum alloy prepared by low frequency electromagnetic casting

The heat treatment process has great effects on microstructure and conductivity of ingots. In this study, the ingots of high strength 7075 aluminum alloy were prepared by low frequency electromagnetic casting(LFEC), and the effect of different homogenization processes(single-step homogenization at 465 ℃ for different holding times and three-step homogenization) on the microstructure and conductivity of 7075 aluminum alloy were studied by means of metallographic microscopy, electrical conductivity test, differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction phase analysis. For comparison, the ingot by conventional direct casting(DC) under the same conditions was also prepared. Results show that the non-equilibrium eutectic phases with low melting point in the ingot dissolve continuously into the matrix as the holding time of single-step homogenization increases. The endothermic peak of non-equilibrium phases can not be completely eliminated through a 24 h single-step homogenization, but can be eliminated after a three-step homogenization(200 ℃/2 h + 460 ℃/6 h + 480 ℃/12 h). Meanwhile, the homogenization has a better effect on the LFEC ingot than the conventional DC ingot. Under the same homogenizing conditions, the grains of LFEC ingot are characterized by a lower content of low melting point phases and the ingot shows higher electrical conductivity than DC ingot.

Friction and wear of 7075 aluminum alloy induced by torsional fretting

The torsional fretting wear tests of 7075 aluminum alloy flat against 52100 steel ball in dry condition were carried out on a new high-precision torsional fretting-wear tester.The kinetics behaviors and damage mechanism of 7075 aluminum alloy under different angular displacement amplitudes were investigated in detail.The results show that the torsional fretting running behaviors of 7075 aluminum alloy can be defined by three fretting regimes(i.e.partial slip regime(PSR),mixed fretting regime(MFR) and slip regime(SR)) with the increase of angular displacement amplitudes.In PSR,the damage occurs at the lateral portion of the contact zone with a slight annular shape.However,in MFR and SR,more severe damages are observed and the debris layer covers the wear scars.Friction torque and dissipation energy which are strongly dependent upon the imposed angular displacement amplitudes and presented in three stages were discussed in detail.The mechanisms of torsional fretting wear of aluminum alloy are mainly oxidative wear,abrasive wear and delamination in the three fretting regimes.In addition,the oxidative debris plays an important role during the torsional fretting wear processes.