Two-sided Long Baseline Radargrammetry from Ascending Descending Orbits with Application to Mapping Post-seismic Topography in the West Sichuan Foreland Basin

One-sided ascending or descending Synthetic Aperture Radar（SAR） stereoradargrammetry has limited accuracy of topographic mapping due to the short spatial baseline（-100 km） and small intersection angle. In order to improve the performance and reliability of generating digital elevation model（DEM） from spaceborne SAR radargrammetry, an exploration of two-sided stereoradargrammetry from the combination of ascending and descending orbits with geometric configuration of long spatial baseline（-1000 km） was conducted in this study. The slant-range geometry between SAR sensors to the earth surface and the Doppler positioning equations were employed to establish the stereoscopic intersection model. The measurement uncertainty of two-sided radargrammetric elevation was estimated on the basis of radar parallax of homogeneous points between input SAR images. Two stereo-pairs of ALOS/PALSAR（Advanced Land Observing Satellite/Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar） acquisitions with the orbital separation almost 1080 km over the west Sichuan foreland basin with rolling topography in southwestern China were employed in the study to obtain the up-to-date terrain data after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake that hit this area. Thequantitative accuracy assessment of two-sided radargrammetric DEM was performed with reference to field GPS observations. The experimental results show that the elevation accuracy reaches 5.5 m without ground control points（GCPs） used, and the accuracy is further improved to 1.5 m with only one GPS GCP used as the least constraint. The theoretical analysis and testing results demonstrate that the twosided long baseline SAR radargrammetry from the ascending and descending orbits can be a very promising technical alternative for large-area and high accuracy topographic mapping.

Relationships between In SAR Seismic Deformation and Fault Motion Sense,Fault Strike,and Ascending/Descending Modes

Based on the working principle of satellite radars, the earthquake deformation field measured by interferometric synthetic aperture（InSAR） is the projection of ground displacement associated with the seismogenic fault in the line of sight（LOS） of the satellite. However, LOS projections are complex, and are not only related to the ascending/descending modes and incidence angles of SAR data, but also related to the strike and motion senses of the fault. Even for the same earthquake, the LOS deformation derived from different ascending/descending data can be almost identical in one case, but quite different in another case, which makes the interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation and its comparison with field observations difficult. In this study, we undertook a quantitative analysis of the relationships between LOS observation sensitivity of InSAR and fault strike, fault motion sense, and ascending/descending modes, as well as 3D deformation fields. We studied the features and differences of the LOS deformation fields in different types of earthquakes using ascending/descending modes, with a particularly detailed analysis of the relations for a strikeslip type of earthquake. We also summarized the characteristics of LOS deformation fields of faults with different strikes and optimal observational data modes. Taking the strike-slip Yushu earthquake and the normal Gaize event as examples, we used SAR data of the ascending/descending modes to verify the results of quantitative calculations. These analyses will not only provide a more reasonable interpretation of InSAR seismic deformation fields and but also help understand the differences of seismic deformation fields revealed by data with different observational modes, therefore promoting the application of InSAR technology in seismology.

Central neuromechanisms underlying control of intragastric pressure through acupuncture at Zusanli(ST36) in rats: the upper cervical cord is the key link between the ascending and descending pathways

Sensory inputs stimulated by Zusanli（ST36） acupuncture in the abdomen are known to converge in the upper cervical cord. However, it is unclear whether these inputs are subsequently conveyed to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and what kind of afferent fibers are involved. We focused on the upper cervical cord, where afferent inputs converge, and detected c-fos expression in oxytocinergic neurons. We found that Zusanli acupuncture therapy effectively elevated intragastric pressure, but inhibited expression of c-fos in oxytocinergic neurons of the paraventricular nucleus in upper cervical cord injured rats. These Zusanli acupuncture effects remained even after complete dorsal cord transection. However, after complete transection of the spinal cord or dorsolateral funiculus, the effects were significantly attenuated and even disappeared. These findings suggest that the paraventricular nucleus is responsible for pooling and integrating signals from the Zusanli acupuncture and sensory information from the intragastric pressure variation, thereby contributing to the regulation of intragastric pressure. The upper cervical cord serves as the key link between ascending and descending pathways, which conveys afferent inputs to the paraventricular nucleus through the dorsolateral funiculus.

Discussion on the Application of Ascending and Descending Property of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Compatibility of Clinical Prescriptions

Through the method of literature mining,the classics of traditional Chinese medicine,materia medica works,medical cases and documents are studied.Based on common prescriptions for the treatment of diseases such as abnormal Zang-fu viscera and qi movement,dysfunction,etc.,and combined with the theory of ascending and descending property of traditional Chinese medicine,the application of ascending and descending property of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical prescription compatibility and the factors affecting the application are summarized.The ascending and descending properties of traditional Chinese medicine have been widely used in prescription compatibility for the clinical treatment of impairment of purifying and descending function of the lung,spleen and stomach's ascending and descending disorders and heart-kidney noninteractionpatte.

Discussion on the Theoretical Basis of Banxia Xiexin Decoction in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance Obesity

Through reading Chinese ancient book Huangdi Nejing,and summarizing and analyzing related literature,the basic pathogenesis of obesity have been found to be the stomach preponderance and spleen weakness,and the imbalance of ascending and descending.Banxia Xiexin Decoction not only has the functions of relieving heat to inhibit stomach intake,supplementing deficiency to assist spleen transport,regulate the ascending and descending,but also has the effects of improving insulin resistance and regulating glucolipid metabolism.Therefore,it is suggested that Banxia Xiexin Decoction can be used in the treatment of insulin resistant obesity,which provides ideas and methods for its treatment.