Ascosphaera apis spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae,resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease.However,little is known about the pigment or whether it ...Ascosphaera apis spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae,resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease.However,little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by A.apis.In this study,the pigment was isolated by alkali extraction,acid hydrolysis,and repeated precipitation.Ultraviolet(UV)analysis revealed that the pigment had a color value of 273,a maximum absorption peak at 195 nm,and a high alkaline solubility(7.67%)and acid precipitability.Further chemical structure analysis of the pigment,including elemental composition,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,mass spectrometry,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),proved that it was a eumelanin with a typical indole structure.The molecular formula of melanin is C10H6O4N2,and its molecular weight is 409 Da.Melanin has hydroxyl,carboxyl,amino,and phenolic groups that can potentially chelate to metal ions.Antioxidant function analyses showed that A.apis melanin had a high scavenging activity against superoxide,hydroxyl,and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radicals,and a high reducing ability to Fe3+.Indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses showed that A.apis melanin was located on the spore wall.The spore wall localization,antioxidant activity,and metal ion chelating properties of fungal melanin have been suggested to contribute to spore pathogenicity.However,further infection experiments showed that melanin-deficient spores did not reduce the mortality of bee larvae,indicating that melanin does not increase the virulence of A.apis spores.This study is the first report on melanin produced by A.apis,providing an important background reference for further study on its role in A.apis.展开更多
以蜜蜂球囊菌ITS1、ITS2和5.8 S rDNA保守序列(U68313)为参考,设计一对特异性引物和一条TaqMan探针,建立了一种快速检测蜜蜂球囊菌的荧光PCR方法。该方法灵敏度达1 ng/μL的阳性DNA比常规PCR高10倍。检测的特异性高,与蜜蜂幼虫芽胞杆菌...以蜜蜂球囊菌ITS1、ITS2和5.8 S rDNA保守序列(U68313)为参考,设计一对特异性引物和一条TaqMan探针,建立了一种快速检测蜜蜂球囊菌的荧光PCR方法。该方法灵敏度达1 ng/μL的阳性DNA比常规PCR高10倍。检测的特异性高,与蜜蜂幼虫芽胞杆菌、蜂房蜜蜂球菌、蜜蜂败血杆菌无交叉反应,同时可避免常规PCR因电泳造成的污染。应用该方法对蜜蜂及蜂制品的实际样品和模拟样品进行检测,结果显示所建立的荧光PCR检测方法在4 h内即可报告结果,与传统病原菌分离培养、常规PCR相比较,该方法具有快速、灵敏、特异、重复性好等优点,可以用于蜜蜂及其制品中蜜蜂球囊菌的快速检测和进出境检疫。展开更多
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.KJZD-K202100502)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing(No.cstc2021jcyj-msxm X0422)+4 种基金the Higher Education Teaching Reform Research Project of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(Nos.213132 and KJ173061)the Postgraduate Education and Teaching Reform Research Project of Chongqing Normal University(No.xyjg21012)the Creation&Research Team in College and Universities of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.CXQT21013)the College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project of the Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.202110637013)the Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing Normal University(No.13XLB009),China。
文摘Ascosphaera apis spores containing a dark-colored pigment infect honeybee larvae,resulting in a large-scale collapse of the bee colony due to chalkbrood disease.However,little is known about the pigment or whether it plays a role in bee infection caused by A.apis.In this study,the pigment was isolated by alkali extraction,acid hydrolysis,and repeated precipitation.Ultraviolet(UV)analysis revealed that the pigment had a color value of 273,a maximum absorption peak at 195 nm,and a high alkaline solubility(7.67%)and acid precipitability.Further chemical structure analysis of the pigment,including elemental composition,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,mass spectrometry,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR),proved that it was a eumelanin with a typical indole structure.The molecular formula of melanin is C10H6O4N2,and its molecular weight is 409 Da.Melanin has hydroxyl,carboxyl,amino,and phenolic groups that can potentially chelate to metal ions.Antioxidant function analyses showed that A.apis melanin had a high scavenging activity against superoxide,hydroxyl,and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radicals,and a high reducing ability to Fe3+.Indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)analyses showed that A.apis melanin was located on the spore wall.The spore wall localization,antioxidant activity,and metal ion chelating properties of fungal melanin have been suggested to contribute to spore pathogenicity.However,further infection experiments showed that melanin-deficient spores did not reduce the mortality of bee larvae,indicating that melanin does not increase the virulence of A.apis spores.This study is the first report on melanin produced by A.apis,providing an important background reference for further study on its role in A.apis.
文摘以蜜蜂球囊菌ITS1、ITS2和5.8 S rDNA保守序列(U68313)为参考,设计一对特异性引物和一条TaqMan探针,建立了一种快速检测蜜蜂球囊菌的荧光PCR方法。该方法灵敏度达1 ng/μL的阳性DNA比常规PCR高10倍。检测的特异性高,与蜜蜂幼虫芽胞杆菌、蜂房蜜蜂球菌、蜜蜂败血杆菌无交叉反应,同时可避免常规PCR因电泳造成的污染。应用该方法对蜜蜂及蜂制品的实际样品和模拟样品进行检测,结果显示所建立的荧光PCR检测方法在4 h内即可报告结果,与传统病原菌分离培养、常规PCR相比较,该方法具有快速、灵敏、特异、重复性好等优点,可以用于蜜蜂及其制品中蜜蜂球囊菌的快速检测和进出境检疫。