Modeling ash deposition and shedding during oxy-combustion of coal/rice husk blends at 70%inlet O_(2)

Co-firing rice husk(RH)and coal with carbon capture using oxy-combustion presents a net carbon negative energy produc-tion opportunity.In addition,the high fusion temperature of the non-sticky,silica rich,RH can mitigate ash deposition as well as promote shedding of deposits.To identify the optimum operating conditions,fuel particle sizes,and blend ratios that minimize ash deposition,a Computational Fluid Dynamic methodology with add-on ash deposition and shedding models were employed to predict outer ash deposition and shedding rates during co-combustion of coal/RH in AIR and O2/CO_(2)(70/30 vol%,OXY70)oxidizer compositions.After ensuring that the fly-ash particle size distributions and particle Stokes numbers near the deposition surface were accurately represented(to model impaction),appropriate models for coal ash and RH ash viscosities that were accurate in the temperature region(1200-1300 K)of interest in this study were identified.A particle viscosity and kinetic energy(PKE)based capture criterion was enforced to model the ash capture.An erosion/shed-ding criterion that takes the deposit melt fraction and the energy consumed during particle impact into account was also implemented.Deposition rate predictions as well as the deposition rate enhancement(OXY70/AIR)were in good agreement with measured values.While the OXY70 scenario was associated with a significant reduction(60%-70%)in flue gas velocities,it also resulted in larger fly-ash particles.As a result,the PKE distributions of the erosive RH ash were similar in both scenarios and resulted in similar shedding rates.

Soil Properties in Coniferous Forest Stands Along a Fly Ash Deposition Gradient in Eastern Germany

Physical, chemical, and microbial properties of forest soils subjected to long-term fly ash depositions were analyzed in spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands of eastern Germany on three forest sites along an emission gradient of 3 (high input), 6, and 15 km (low input) downwind of a coal-fired power plant. Past emissions resulted in an atypical high mass of mineral fly ash constituents in the organic horizons at the high input site of 128 t ha-1 compared to 58 t ha-1 at the low input site. Magnetic susceptibility measurements proved that the high mineral content of the forest floor was a result of fly ash accumulation in these forest stands. Fly ash deposition in the organic horizons at Site I versus III significantly increased the pH values, effective cation exchange capacity, base saturation and, with exception of the L horizon, concentrations of mobile heavy metals Cd, Cr, and Ni, while stocks of organic C generally decreased. A principal component analysis showed that organic C content and base status mainly controlled soil microbial biomass and microbial respiration rates at these sites, while pH and mobile fractions of Cd, Cr, and Ni governed enzyme activities. Additionally, it was hypothesized that long-term fly ash emissions would eventually destabilize forest ecosystems. Therefore, the results of this study could become a useful tool for risk assessment in forest ecosystems that were subjected to past emissions from coal-fired power plants.

Effects of Syngas Particulate Fly Ash Deposition on the Mechanical Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings on Simulated Film-Cooled Turbine Vane Components

Research is being conducted to study the effects of particulate deposition from contaminants in coal synthesis gas (syngas) on the mechanical properties of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) employed on integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) turbine hot section airfoils. West Virginia University (WVU) had been working with US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to simulate deposition on the pressure side of an IGCC turbine first stage vane. To model the deposition, coal fly ash was injected into the flow of a combustor facility and deposited onto TBC coated, angled film-cooled test articles in a high pressure (approximately 4 atm) and a high temperature (1560 K) environment. To investigate the interaction between the deposition and the TBC, a load-based multiple-partial unloading micro-indentation technique was used to quantitatively evaluate the mechanical properties of materials. The indentation results showed the Young’s Modulus of the ceramic top coat was higher in areas with deposition formation due to the penetration of the fly ash. This corresponds with the reduction of strain tolerance of the 7% yttria-stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) coatings.

Microstructural Degradation of Thermal Barrier Coatings on an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Simulated Film-Cooled Turbine Vane Pressure Surface Due to Particulate Fly Ash Deposition

Research is being conducted to study the degradation of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) employed on IGCC turbine hot section airfoils due to particulate deposition from contaminants in coal syn-thesis gas (syngas). West Virginia University (WVU) had been working with US Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to simulate deposition on the pressure side of an IGCC turbine first stage vane. To simulate the contaminant deposition, several TBC coated, angled film-cooled test articles were subjected to accelerated coal fly ash, which was injected into the flow of a combustor facility with a high pressure (approximately 4 atm) and a high temperature (1560 K) environment. To investigate the degradation of the TBCs due to particulate deposition, non-destructive tests were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) examinations. The SEM evaluation was used to display the microstructure change within the layers of the TBC system directly related to the fly ash deposition. The SEM micrographs showed that deposition-TBC interaction made the YSZ coating more susceptible to delamination and promoted a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism that changed the YSZ morphology and composition. The EDS examination provided elemental maps of the shallow infiltration depth of the fly ash and chemical composition spectrum results which showed yttria migration from the YSZ into the deposition.

Effect of interfacial properties on mechanical stability of ash deposit

The paper presents a study on the cohesion of volcanic ash particles using surface free energy determination and zeta potential analyses.This is a subject of great interest in physical volcanology,as many researches on volcanic particle aggregation are frequently reported.In this case,special attention is paid to the role of structural or hydration forces between hydrophilic surfaces,which are a consequence of the electron-donor/electron-acceptor character of the interface.From this point of view,the results are potentially interesting as they could give valuable insights into this process.The results are presented in terms of the total energy of interaction between dispersed particles,computed from the extended DLVO theory.Contributions to the total free energy of interaction were determined from the zeta potential and surface free energy of ash,measured under different experimental conditions.Two samples of basaltic volcanic ash(black and white)with silica contents of 44% and 63% respectively are studied.The surface free energy and zeta potential were analysed for ashes immersed in different electrolytes(NaCl,CaCl,FeCl).The presence of electrolytes changes the surface properties of the solid materials.The analysis of total interaction energy between the ash particles in aqueous medium shows that soil cohesion strongly depends on ash surface properties,chemical nature,the adsorbed cation on the surface,and p H value.

Simulation of Ash Deposition Behavior in an Entrained Flow Coal Gasifier

Fly ash deposition is an important phenomenon associated with ash/slag handling and discharge in the entrained-flow coal gasification process. Fouling and slagging inside the gasifier may cause reliability and safety problems because they can impose strong negative effects on the gasifier wall in the way of heat transfer and chemical corrosion. For these reasons, this study focuses on investigating the ash deposition distribution inside of a two-stage entrained-flow gasifier. The computational model is developed in order to simulate the gasification process with a focus on modeling ash formation, fly ash, and ash deposition. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the reactive thermal-flow field and particle trajectories with heterogeneous reactions. The governing equations include the Navier-Stokes equations, twelve species transport equations, and ten global chemical reactions consisting of three heterogeneous reactions and seven homogeneous reactions. The coal/ash particles are tracked with the Lagrangian method. The effects of different coal/ash injection schemes and different coal types on ash deposition have been investigated. The results show that the two-stage fuel feeding scheme could distribute the ash throughout a larger gasifier’s volume and, hence, could reduce the peak ash deposition rate and make the ash distribution more uniform inside the gasifier. Gasification of a high-ash coal results in a high ash deposition rate, low syngas higher heating value (HHV), and low carbon conversion rate. The result of ash deposition rate in this study can be used as a boundary condition to provide ash particle influx distribution for use in slagging models.

Compositional and structural study of ash deposits spatially distributed in superheaters of a large biomass-fired CFB boiler

Recognizing the nature and formation progress of the ash deposits is essential to resolve the deposition problem hindering the wide application of large-scale biomass-fired boilers.Therefore,the ash deposits in the superheaters of a 220 t/h biomass-fired CFB boiler were studied,including the platen(PS),the high-temperature(HTS),the upper and the lower low-temperature superheaters(LTS).The results showed that the deposits in the PSs and HTSs were thin(several millimeters)and compact,consisting of a yellow outer layer and snow-white inner layer near the tube surface.The deposits in the upper LTS appeared to be toughly sintered ceramic,while those in the lower LTS were composed of dispersive coarse ash particles with an unsintered surface.Detailed characterization of the cross-section and the initial layers in the deposits revealed that the dominating compositions in both the PSs and the HTSs were Cl and K(approximately 70%)in the form of KCl.Interestingly,the cross-section of the deposition in the upper LTS exhibited a unique lamellar structure with a major composition of Ca and S.The contents of Ca and Si increased from approximately 10%to approximately 60%in the deposits from the high temperature surfaces to the low temperature ones.It was concluded that the vaporized mineral matter such as KCl played the most important role in the deposition progress in the PS and the HTS.In addition,although the condensation of KCl in the LTSs also happened,the deposition of ash particles played a more important role.

Comparisons of Fly Ash and Deposition Between Air and Oxy-Fuel Combustion in Bench-Scale Fluidized Bed with Limestone Addition

In Oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed,the residual Ca O particles may react with high concentration of CO2 in flue gas to form bonded deposit on heat transfer surfaces in backpass when limestone is used as a sorbent to capture SO2.In this paper,experiments were designed on ash deposition in a bench-scale fluidized bed under oxy-fuel and air atmosphere. A novel ash deposit sampling probe was used to simulate the tubes of tail surfaces.The chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit from both air-firing and oxy-fuel firing cases were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry( ICP-AES) and Scanning Electron Microscopy( SEM),respectively. The degrees of carbonation reaction of ash deposits were measured by Thermo Gravimetric Analysis. The results showed that there are distinct differences in fly ash deposition rate between oxy-fuel and air firing cases,and oxy-fuel combustion with limestone addition can affect chemical composition of fly ash and ash deposit,especially for elements of Ca,Na,K,and S. However,the carbonation reaction degree of ash deposits is found weak,which is due to the relatively low Ca O content in ash deposit or not long enough of the sampling time.

Analog-experiment analysis of ash-deposition monitoring model of boiler economizers in power plants

Ash deposition is a form of particulate fouling, and appears usually in boiler economizers. The ash deposition increases capital expenditure, energy input and maintenance costs. An analog experiment for monitoring ash deposition was performed from the analogous objective of a 410 t/h boiler economizer to verify the rationality and reliability of the ash-deposition-monitoring model presented in order to increase the security and economy in economizer running. The analog experiment platform is a tube-shell exchanger that conforms well to the conditions of a self-modeling area. The analog flue gas in the shell side is the heated air mixed with ash, and in the tube side the fluid is water heated by the flue gas. The fluid state in the water side and the flue gas side follows the second self-modeling area. A 4-factor-3-level orthogonal table was used to schedule 9 operation conditions of orthogonal experiment, with the 4 factors being heat power, flue gas velocity, ashes grain diameter and adding ashes quantity while the three levels are different values due to different position classes in every factor. The ash deposition thermal resistances is calculated by the model with the measure parameters of temperature and pressure drop. It shows that the values of the ash deposition thermal resistances gradually increase up to a stable state. And the experimental results are reliable by F testing method at α= 0.001. Therefore, the model can be applied in online monitoring of ash deposition in a boiler economizers in power plants and provides scientific decision on ash deposition prediction and sootblowing.

Mass Deposition,Etching and Sputtering Effects of Low-Energy N^+Ion Irradiation on Solid Fly Ash

Fly ash is an industrial waste created when coal is burned to generate electrical power. In the present study, we used low-energy nitrogen ion implantation on fly ash to improve its surface properties. Scanning electron microscope （SEM）, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy （ICP-AES） were used to study the changes of physical and chemical properties of fly ash after N＋ ion implantation, and the mechanism of fly ash modified by ion implantation. In the optimal implantation with energy of 5 keV and dose Of 15D0, the ion beam could effectively increase the specific surface area （approximately 150% increase） of the fly ash. Lots of scratches were generated in the surface of the fly ash after N＋ ion implantation, therefore it is good for enhancing the specific surface area. Experimental results show that the ion implantation could open the chemical bonds of Si-O, Si-A1 and Al-O, and deposit nitrogen ions on the surface of fly ash.

燃准东煤电站锅炉沾污结渣特性及防治措施研究进展

新疆地区的准东煤预测储量高达3900亿t,然而煤灰的高沾污结渣倾向严重制约着准东煤在电站锅炉的安全经济利用。为了明晰沾污结渣机理,推动准东煤在电站锅炉的高比例掺烧甚至纯烧,该文从准东煤的无机组分组成、煤的成灰特性、灰的沉积特性、电站锅炉受热面沾污结渣特性和防治措施5个方面对相关基础研究和工业应用情况进行总结。碱金属钠的释放、冷凝和低熔点组分的形成是沾污结渣主要原因,混煤和添加剂的使用以及燃烧调整是最常用的应对措施,降低炉膛出口烟气温度、优化受热面布置和吹灰方式是目前主流的炉型设计思路。开发完善新的炉型和技术手段有望为纯烧准东煤提供解决思路,但还需要应对燃准东煤电站锅炉灵活低碳发展过程的新挑战。

粉煤灰堆积体大断面连拱隧道失稳破坏模式及施工力学研究

国内目前并无在粉煤灰堆积体中采用暗挖法修建大断面连拱隧道的先例,给隧道的设计和施工带来了巨大挑战。依托盐坪坝隧道工程,开展了室内相似模型试验,探讨了该地层下大断面连拱隧道塌落拱演化规律及开挖施工力学行为。研究结果表明:连拱隧道在粉煤灰堆积体中开挖极易发生失稳,将失稳过程划分为4个演化阶段,破坏模式具有突发性、剧烈性、对称性、同步性特征;塌落拱高度约为隧道开挖跨度的40%。采用单侧壁导坑法开挖时粉煤灰堆积体承载力严重不足,根据相似换算关系左、右洞拱顶沉降分别为16.86,14.91cm,需对地层实施注浆加固;地层沉降呈对称“双峰状”,先行洞相较于后行洞受开挖影响较大,中隔墙的承载作用能够有效降低地层位移,单洞压力拱向双洞压力拱转换过程中,中隔墙受到偏压作用容易向先行洞侧偏转,建议在先行洞开挖时中隔墙添加支撑物。

换热管表面的分形表征及积灰特性数值模拟

【目的】模拟换热器管束的实际工况,研究不同粒径飞灰颗粒在粗糙管束表面的沉积特性。【方法】基于分形理论,通过改进的Weierstrass-Mandelbrot函数建立不同粗糙程度的管束表面模型,使用Fluent软件,结合用户自定义函数,分析表面形貌对流体流动的影响以及不同粒径下的颗粒沉积与碰撞特性。【结果】换热器管束表面粗糙度对壁面附近流速和湍流强度影响显著,粗糙表面会使湍流强度增大、流体速度降低,进一步加快颗粒沉积;流体压降随着管束表面粗糙度的增大而增大;相对于光滑管束表面,粗糙表面通过涡流卷吸作用增强对颗粒的捕获效果,导致颗粒具有更高的沉积率和壁面碰撞概率。【结论】飞灰颗粒的沉积与管束粗糙表面的形成具有正反馈效应,揭示表面粗糙度与颗粒沉积特性之间的内在关联。

添加石灰石对准东煤CFB燃烧过程床料团聚和受热面积灰的影响

高钠准东煤在循环流化床(circulating fluidized bed,CFB)燃烧过程产生严重的床料团聚和受热面积灰现象。为探究高钙添加剂对积灰和团聚的影响,以石灰石为添加剂、以石英砂为床料,在小型CFB系统上进行准东煤的燃烧实验,并使用环境扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪分析床料和沉积灰的微观形貌、晶相矿物组分和Na/Ca含量,结合热力学计算软件FactSage 8.2,计算平衡态时产物的化学组成。结果表明:添加石灰石有利于床料表面形成富含Ca的高熔点包覆层,从而有效抑制低熔点Na/Ca硅酸盐的形成,减缓了床料团聚。与此同时,受热面外层积灰富含CaSO_(4)、CaO和Ca的硅酸盐等高熔点矿物,无明显烧结和熔融倾向。热力学计算表明,添加石灰石促进了高熔点Ca基矿物的形成,抑制了Na基矿物和液态熔渣的形成,是缓解准东煤CFB燃烧过程受热面积灰和床料团聚的主要原因。研究结果初步证实添加石灰石能够缓解CFB燃用准东煤过程的床料团聚和积灰问题,可为CFB大规模、高比例燃用高碱金属燃料提供一定理论指导。

积灰性质对光伏组件输出性能影响研究

该文针对光伏电站现场的灰成分,进行不同粒径和不同成分积灰对光伏组件输出性能影响实验,基于实验数据建立积灰密度、太阳辐照度与光伏组件输出功率以及工作电流的拟合模型。实验结果表明,光伏组件开路电压和最佳工作电压受积灰性质波动较小,光伏组件最佳工作电流受积灰性质影响较大,光伏组件最大输出功率衰减主要是受到光伏组件最佳工作电流降低的影响,积灰粒径分布对光伏组件最大输出功率和最佳工作电流的影响远大于积灰成分的影响。

准东煤在液态排渣锅炉中的结渣特性和元素迁移规律

高碱煤的清洁高效转化及资源化利用对实现双碳目标具有重要战略意义,液态排渣锅炉在燃用高碱煤方面存在较大优势,但目前尚缺乏全烧高碱煤的灰沉积和元素迁移特性相关研究。研究了准东煤在20 MW卧式液态排渣炉上燃烧时的积灰结渣特性和元素迁移规律。通过在捕渣屏前后设置灰沉积探针1和2,研究了换热器表面灰沉积对传热效率的影响。结果表明,初始层形成阶段通过探针表面的热流密度迅速下降,随沉积物的生长热流密度缓慢下降,沉积物生长趋于稳定时,热流密度也会在一定范围内波动。按照探针表面的热流密度变化速率,可将灰沉积的形成过程分为3个阶段,分别为快速下降阶段、缓慢下降阶段和稳定阶段。探针1和2最终稳定的相对热流密度分别为0.75和0.83。此外,通过分析炉膛不同位置灰渣和沉积物的外观形貌、矿物组成和化学成分,探究了元素迁移对积灰结渣的影响。灰沉积的微观表征表明,Al_(2)O_(3)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)等氧化物在高温区渣样中富集,而CaO、MgO、Na_(2)O、SO_(3)则主要出现在低温区域的沉积物中。换热器表面沉积初始层的形成与碱金属及其硫酸盐的冷凝密切相关,高温和低温区域样品中的平均Na_(2)O质量分数分别为1.38%和4.70%。铁元素会在渣中富集并充当助溶剂的作用,与硅-钙-镁-铝体系形成低温共熔体,从而导致灰熔融温度降低。

出口直径对脉冲爆震清灰装置外场压力作用特性的影响研究

脉冲爆震清灰技术是一种利用爆震波解耦产生的冲击波清除积灰的高效清洁技术,在炉内清洁领域具有巨大优势。为探究爆震清灰装置外场压力作用特性及装置出口直径对其压力作用特性的影响,以丙烷-空气为燃料,针对某型脉冲爆震清灰装置开展数值仿真与试验研究。结果表明:随着传播距离的增加,边缘处的弧状冲击波存在转变为平面波的趋势,冲击波的作用压力峰值趋于相近,且作用压力峰值的到达时间也趋于相近。当外场冲击波作用于非对流管束积灰面时,除爆震室轴线正对处发生正反射而产生一道压力峰值外,其余位置主要因发生斜反射而产生2道压力峰值。尾段出口直径与爆震室直径比值(直径比)为1时外场冲击波作用压力峰值最大,出口直径的增加或减小均会不同程度地削弱外场冲击波的压力峰值,直径比小于1的结构对外场冲击波的削弱效果最为显著,直径比大于1的结构削弱效果较次之;在直径比小于1时冲击波作用压力峰值随直径比增大而增大,当直径比大于1时冲击波作用压力峰值随直径比增大而减小。

Cl/S与Na相互作用对Shell气化炉合成气冷却器入口积灰机制的影响

Shell干粉煤加压气化是煤炭洁净高效利用的重要技术之一,由碱金属化合物引起的合成气冷却器入口积灰结垢是导致气化炉非正常停工检修的主要原因。以添加不同含量的Na、Cl和S的Shell气化炉飞灰为原料,利用自主设计的高温竖直炉中沉积探针模拟Shell气化炉合成气冷却器入口管路,通过对积灰进行内、外分层研究,探讨内外层积灰质量的变化,并结合ICP-MS、IC、SEM-EDS和XRD等表征手段对内外层积灰的理化性质进行比较分析,获得Na、Cl、S和Fe等不同元素之间的相互作用对积灰行为的影响。结果表明,内层积灰质量随时间延长而增大,含S化合物的添加会降低内外层积灰质量,且外层积灰质量会随着时间延长而减小。Na更多以铝硅酸盐形式在外层积灰中存在,促进积灰增长;Cl通常以碱金属氯化物的形式集中在初始黏性层;S的存在会减缓管路积灰;当Cl和S共同存在时,Fe易与灰中的Si、Al和Na形成多种低温共熔物促进内、外层积灰熔融。Shell气化炉合成气冷却器入口积灰形成机制为:飞灰颗粒组分在Na、Cl、Si和Al的共同作用下,于内层形成碱金属氯化物和铝硅酸盐共晶;同时Cl、S的存在促使Fe和Na迁移到这些共晶中,形成Fe-O-Si、Fe-O-S和Fe-Na-O-Al-S共熔体。进而,铝硅酸盐与多种低温共熔体相互熔融使灰颗粒尺寸增加,促进积灰的进一步生长。

生物质锅炉中温受热面碱蒸气冷凝与飞灰黏附多重结渣模拟

生物质作为CO_(2)零排放的清洁可再生能源,在部分替代化石燃料用于燃烧发电的领域具有良好的应用价值。但生物质燃料普遍含有大量碱金属成分,在燃烧过程中易于以气相形式析出凝结在受热面形成有黏性的初始沉积层,强化壁面对烟气中飞灰颗粒的捕获,导致锅炉受热面结渣情况进一步恶化。针对以上问题,利用Factsage软件计算生物质锅炉中温过热器初始沉积层黏附特性,结合临界速度模型,建立综合考虑KCl冷凝-飞灰捕捉的受热面结渣综合模型;利用ANSYS FLUENT软件编写用户自定义函数(UDF),对生物质锅炉中温过热器受热面沾污行为进行模拟研究,并与现场采样结果对比验证模型准确性。结果表明,中温过热器区域的沉积速率与取样结果相吻合;壁面温度升高对飞灰碰撞效率影响较小,但抑制KCl冷凝导致总沉积量降低;烟气入口速度变化影响KCl冷凝和飞灰碰撞效率,大颗粒(50、80μm)碰撞效率随烟气速度增大而增大,而10μm小颗粒更易被粘性壁面捕获,导致沉积效率更高;相同烟气入口速度下,粒径50μm和80μm飞灰为主要沉积;总体上,碱蒸气冷凝在中温过热器区域结渣过程贡献显著,KCl直接冷凝在壁面的沉积质量占总沉积质量的5.41%,黏性沉积表面捕获飞灰颗粒沉积质量占19.24%。模型适用于生物质锅炉以中温过热器为代表的中温受热面(约700℃)积灰沾污预测。