Growth, Metabolism and Yield of Rice Cultivated in Soils Amended with Fly Ash and Cyanobacteria and Metal Loads in Plant Parts

Soil amendment with fly ash（FA） and combined supplementation with N_2-fixing cyanobacteria masses as biofertilizer were done in field experiments with rice. Amendments with FA levels, 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 10.0 kg/m2, caused increase in growth and yield of rice up to 8.0 kg/m2, monitored with several parameters. Pigment contents and enzyme activities of leaves were enhanced by FA, with the maximum level of FA at 10.0 kg/m2. Protein content of rice seeds was the highest in plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2. Basic soil properties, p H value, percentage of silt, percentage of clay, water-holding capacity, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content increased due to the FA amendment. Parallel supplementation of FA amended plots with 1.0 kg/m2 N_2-fixing cyanobacteria mass caused further significant increments of the most soil properties, and rice growth and yield parameters. 1000-grain weight of rice plants grown at FA level 4.0 kg/m2 along with cyanobacteria supplementation was the maximum. Cyanobacteria supplementation caused increase of important basic properties of soil including the total N-content. Estimations of elemental content in soils and plant parts（root and seed） were done by the atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Accumulations of K, P, Fe and several plant micronutrients（Mn, Ni, Co, Zn and Cu） and toxic elements（Pb, Cr and Cd） increased in soils and plant parts as a function of the FA gradation, but Na content remained almost unchanged in soils and seeds. Supplementation of cyanobacteria had ameliorating effect on toxic metal contents of soils and plant parts. The FA level 4.0 kg/m2, with 1.0 kg/m2 cyanobacteria mass supplementation, could be taken ideal, since there would be recharging of the soil with essential micronutrients as well as toxic chemicals in comparative lesser proportions, and cyanobacteria mass would cause lessening toxic metal loads with usual N_2-fixation.

Comparative Effects of Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash on Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Dry Matter Yield of Cocoa (The-obroma cacao) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria

The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as source of nutrients in cocoa (T. cacao) production. The study was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan (Lat. 7&deg25'N Long. 3&deg25'E), South-western, Nigeria during the 2010/2011 seedling production season to compare the effects of NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer, Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash (CPHA and OPA) on the seedling growth and dry matter yield of cocoa (T. cacao). Equivalent amount of different rates of two nutrients sources CPHA and OPA were applied one month after planting at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 t/ha respectively, recommended rate of 10 kg·N of the conventional NPK (20:10:10). Fertilizer was used as reference fertilizer. Results indicated that all the fertilizer materials positively and significantly (p > 0.05) increased the growth parameters considered. The influence of the ash materials irrespective of sources on the nutrient uptake, dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings and shoot to root ratio were either higher than or had a comparable results with the reference fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10). CPHA and OPA applied at a rate of 4 t/ha significantly (p > 0.05) increased the plant height and root length of cocoa seedlings respectively relative to control and in—organic fertilizer and could therefore be recommended for the prospective and existing Nigerian cocoa farmers for raising their seedlings in the nursery before transplanting to the field.

脱硫石膏与粉煤灰配施对碱化土壤改良及苜蓿生长的影响

【目的】筛选适宜新垦龟裂碱化土壤改良和苜蓿生长的脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配比。【方法】采用小区试验,试验设置CK(脱硫石膏0、粉煤灰0)、T1(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰15 t/hm^(2))、T2(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰30 t/hm^(2))、T3(脱硫石膏30 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰45 t/hm^(2))、T4(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰15 t/hm^(2))、T5(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰30 t/hm^(2))、T6(脱硫石膏45 t/hm^(2)、粉煤灰45 t/hm^(2))共7个处理,研究脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施对土壤pH值、碱化度和可溶性盐量及苜蓿生长影响。【结果】脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施显著改善龟裂碱化土壤物理性质,与CK相比,T3处理土壤体积质量降低7.69%,土壤孔隙度和田间持水率分别提高9.69%和18.70%;脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施对0~40 cm土层土壤化学性质改良效果较好,T4处理0~10、10~20 cm土层土壤pH值分别降低10.51%、11.66%,碱化度分别降低56.76%和50.27%;T4处理0~10、10~20、20~40 cm土层土壤可溶性盐量分别下降32.33%、52.55%、3.04%;T4、T1处理苜蓿增产效果较好,与CK相比,苜蓿鲜质量分别提高61.76%、43.21%,干物质量分别提高48.80%、30.72%;但脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配施量过大则会造成减产,T6处理苜蓿鲜质量和干物质量分别较CK降低19.69%、10.24%。【结论】脱硫石膏和粉煤灰配合施用能有效降低龟裂碱化土壤的体积质量、pH值、碱化度和可溶性盐量,提高土壤孔隙度、田间持水率,从而有利于苜蓿的生长和发育,其中45 t/hm^(2)脱硫石膏与15 t/hm^(2)粉煤灰为最优配比组合。

煤矿浮选尾矿绿色充填开采技术研究及应用

针对火烧铺煤矿煤矸石堆放量已超过设计量的问题,通过中煤筛分试验、煤泥筛分试验、选矿试验以及充填材料强度测定试验,进行了煤矿浮选尾矿绿色充填开采技术研究,并在火烧铺煤矿现场进行了应用。结果表明:磨矿细度、水玻璃用量、捕收剂种类和用量对尾矿产率和灰分含量的影响较大,确定最佳的磨矿细度为≤200目产物占比为85%,水玻璃用量为800 g/t,捕收剂选用LM-1,用量为200 g/t。另外,开路浮选试验和闭路浮选试验所得产品灰分指标均能满足标准要求。浮选尾矿绿色充填技术现场应用效果表明:230708充填工作面共计消耗煤矸石124000 m^(3),有效缓解了矿山煤矸石堆存的压力。

预先脱泥-精选工艺的应用效果分析

为解决当前针对高灰分、高泥化煤泥在实际分选操作中很难保证精煤的产率和质量的问题,在对选煤厂当前浮选工艺现状及其所存在的问题进行详细分析的基础上,对预先脱泥-精选工艺中的粗选浮选机类型进行确定,并对单独精选的分选效果进行分析。通过工业性试验验证了预先脱泥—粗选—精选—脱水等环节组成的浮选工艺对高灰分、高泥化煤泥的浮选效果和产品质量,达到了预期的目标。

智能浮选系统在下峪口选煤厂的应用

针对浮选系统自动化水平低、缺少实时生产数据、浮选精煤灰分波动大等问题,下峪口选煤厂结合自身实际情况,研发了基于模糊控制的智能浮选系统。该系统主要包括智能控制平台、智能感知系统、智能加药站等,分为数据采集层、数据层、控制逻辑层和人-机交互层。改造后,浮选系统由人工控制变为“机器智能控制+人工巡视”。生产实践表明:智能浮选系统的投运使浮选精煤灰分由9.0%~13.0%稳定至12.0%~13.0%,尾矿发热量由5.02MJ/kg左右降低至4.19MJ/kg以下,精煤产率提高了0.18个百分点,每年创造经济效益729万元。智能浮选系统的应用,稳定了产品质量,实现了降本增效,具有良好的社会效益,可为其他选煤厂浮选系统智能化改造提供有益参考。

Characterization of Yield Stress Development of Cement Paste by Electrical Resistivity

Yield stress development of cement paste is potentially governed by percolation of 3-dimensional links formed by hydration products on the surface of the particles. It rises steadily at a gradual rate before a sudden increase in rate of growth. In this study, a method was proposed to predict the yield stress development based on the diameter of spread（D） of mini slump cone test and gradient from electrical resistivity measurement（Km）. To evaluate the significance of（D） and（Km） in terms of yield stress, they were quantitatively compared to the initial yield stress（τ0） and rate of yield stress growth（K） obtained from a rheometer. A mathematical relationship between the yield stress of cement paste, diameter of spread and electrical resistivity characteristic gradient was developed. The equation developed can be used as an alternative method to estimate yield stress of cement paste.

选煤厂中煤破碎精选工艺研究

为解决选煤厂中煤产品的灰分和硫分指标较高导致其不能直接应用于炼焦生产而引发的能源浪费和经济效益低的问题,通过开展精煤产率与中煤破碎粒度以及中煤灰分等指标之间的直接关系研究,对应性地完成了中煤破碎再分选工艺流程的设计,经预测通过浮选和未通过浮选的精煤产率超过35%,达到了预期的指标要求。

Development of Moisture and Ash Based Correlation for the Estimation of Mineral Matter in High Ash Indian Coal

The experimental determination of mineral matter in coal is a tedious as well as time consuming process, and requires highly skilled analyst to carry out the chemical analysis of coal and ash. On the other hand, determination of moisture and ash is relatively easy using moisture oven and muffle furnace and can be determined anywhere with little care. Most of the methods reported till date for the evaluation of mineral matter in coal involves indirect determination of mineral matter using high temperature ash as one parameter. All these methods offer conversion of ash yield into mineral matter with the help of correlations based on certain assumptions. Although, the method for direct determination of mineral matter by chemical analysis is also reported, but is of little use as it requires extensive chemical analysis. In this study mineral matter is determined directly by oxygen plasma asher in coal samples collected from different regions of India. The results obtained were compared with those obtained by existing correlations. It has been observed that all the existing correlations including Parr’s, are found to be unrealistic for high ash Indian coal. An attempt has been made to develop a new correlation for the estimation of mineral matter based on two simple parameter i.e. moisture content and ash yield. Present model was developed after analyzing 75 coal samples. The developed correlation appears to be more simple and better and is represented as Mineral Matter(MM)= 0.74(Moisture) + 1.17(Ash)

粉煤灰基固废胶凝材料流变特性机理研究

为研究适用于高浓度废弃尾矿砂浆充填体的胶凝材料,通过扩展度等试验检测不同粉煤灰掺量下砂浆流变特性,并分析试验方法的适用性;通过检测砂浆微观性质探究粉煤灰基胶凝材料作用机理。结果表明:扩展度与L管模型试验的相关性为0.985,说明扩展度可作为L管的预试验,协同表征砂浆流变性能;掺入10%粉煤灰的砂浆屈服应力降低了13.06%~24.74%,3 d强度提升了40%,7 d强度提升了9.9%,使固废综效得以充分发挥;随粉煤灰含量逐渐增加,浆液离子浓度逐渐降低,导致胶凝颗粒间斥力增加,颗粒更为分散;同时10%掺量粉煤灰的浆液3 d水化放热累计量261.696 J/g,提升了2.9%,孔隙率15.15%降低了4.02%,即粉煤灰的“滚珠”特性一定程度上改善了流动性并提升了硬化体强度。

Comparative Effects of Organic Cocoa Shell-Based and Inorganic NPK Fertilization on the Growth and Yield of Four Cassava Varieties

Looking of finding an alternative to the use of chemical fertilizers to increase yields of cassava (Manihot esculenta), trials were carried out in the Lamto zone in central Côte d’Ivoire. Thus, the effects of compost and ash from cocoa shell and NPK were tested on the agronomic parameters of cassava. The trial was conducted for two years with four varieties of cassava: Yacé, Alleda agba, Six mois and Bonoua, grown on elementary plots treated with one of these fertilizers. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks with three replicates. Analysis of the results showed that the Six mois variety gave the longest stems (131, 67 cm) with the cocoa shell compost. The Bonoua variety, on the other hand, gave the largest diameter of the stem base (21.56 mm), a higher number of leaves (77.30) and a large wingspan (136.89 cm) with cocoa shell compost. The leaves developed by the plants of this variety were wider (19.30 cm) and longer (17.96 cm) with cocoa shell compost. Also, this Bonoua variety treated with shell compost yielded a high number of tuberized roots (5.11), high average weight per plant (5.83 kg/plant) and higher yield (58.29 t/ha). This compost of cocoa shell has also allowed a better conservation of the cultivated soils quality.

基于BP神经网络的焦煤浮选模型研究

为实现对不同焦煤浮选精煤产率和灰分质量分数的预测,以鄂尔多斯地区4种焦煤为研究对象,选取碳链长度8~16的烷烃为捕收剂,对4种焦煤进行浮选试验;以密度、接触角、灰分质量分数、捕收剂碳链长度和捕收剂用量为输入量,精煤产率和灰分质量分数为输出量,结合MATLAB构建BP神经网络模型,对模型预测误差进行了分析,发现精煤产率模型和灰分质量分数模型收敛速度快,分别在迭代16次和7次后达到了设定精度0.001,且模型误差小,最大误差为0.15979%。以神华某煤矿的焦煤为样本,对其浮选产率和灰分质量分数的实际结果和预测结果进行了对比,结果表明:浮选产率和灰分质量分数预测效果良好,两者误差均小于5%,模型可靠性较高。研究成果为焦煤浮选指标调控提供了一种新方法。

骨胶原蛋白肽纳滤脱盐工艺优化及其对产品整体感官品质的提升作用

为了降低骨胶原蛋白肽灰分含量,并提升骨胶原蛋白肽产品的品质。本文采用纳滤脱盐的方法对灰分进行脱除,通过设计响应面试验对骨胶原蛋白肽纳滤脱盐工艺参数进行优化,并分析纳滤膜处理后样品的理化指标、氨基酸含量、分子量分布、各元素的含量及感官评分的变化。结果表明,骨胶原蛋白肽最优脱盐工艺条件为样品浓度5%,循环次数7次,压力0.5MPa,此时脱盐率为65.89%±1.25%;纳滤膜处理后样品品质明显提升,但氨基酸含量变化不大;通过分子量分布的测定,发现纳滤脱盐对分子量分布变化影响较小,样品分子量小于3000Da的组分占比97%,符合食品安全国家标准GB31645-2018骨胶原蛋白肽的规定;利用ICP-MS对脱盐前后的各元素含量变化进行分析,发现样品中各元素含量均有不同程度的减少,Na、K、P、Mg、Ca等元素含量显著减少(P<0.05);通过感官评价发现经纳滤脱盐的样品颜色变化不大,清澈度提升,咸味明显减弱,整体可接受度提升。本研究将为生产高品质骨胶原蛋白肽产品提供技术支撑。

重庆市花椒生产的产量差及影响因素分析

基于重庆市2017年以来的225份调研数据,以产量数据前5%的平均值为产量潜力,产量水平为分类依据,分析当前小农户生产的施肥现状、产量差及其影响因素、化肥减施潜力,以期为区域花椒生产增产增效提供参考依据。重庆花椒平均产量为8.66 t/hm^(2),产量潜力为16.7 t/hm^(2),产量差达8.02 t/hm^(2),当前椒农平均生产水平仅实现了产量潜力的52%,高、中、低产农户的产量差分别为3.11、7.84、12.2 t/hm^(2);椒园氮、磷、钾化肥用量分别为N 283 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)182 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 237 kg/hm^(2)。高产组椒农的化肥减施潜力大,其氮、磷和钾肥可分别减施36%、19%和16%;农户平均施肥以及中、低产组农户施肥水平均低于线性-平台模型拟合的合理施肥量,高产组农户是化肥减量和效益提升的主要对象。当前生产条件下,优化施肥量(氮肥N 299 kg/hm^(2),磷肥P2O5228 kg/hm^(2),钾肥K_(2)O 307 kg/hm^(2))、施肥次数(4~5次)、种植密度(密植,2000株/hm^(2)以上)和整枝管理(果枝长度1.5 m以上,单株结果枝条数47~48条/株)能有效削减花椒产量差15.4%~43.3%;其中,施肥量、施肥次数和种植密度是影响花椒产量的主要因素,三者的贡献率高达52%。综上所述,重庆花椒生产上农户间产量、施肥量差异较大,提升农户科学施肥认识、整枝管理水平、耕地保护意识以及合理密植观念有利于削减花椒产量差和提高花椒生产效率,同时助力农业可持续发展。

低钙粉煤灰地聚物的流变性能、凝结时间和抗压强度

地聚物具有低碳环保的优点,但低钙粉煤灰地聚物存在黏度高、常温凝结时间过长、强度低等问题。本文研究了液固比、碱溶液浓度、减水剂掺量、矿渣掺量等因素对低钙粉煤灰地聚物流变性能、凝结时间和抗压强度的影响。结果表明:新拌地聚物的流变曲线与修正Bingham模型的拟合度较高;屈服应力受矿渣掺量影响最大,随矿渣掺量增大而增大;塑性黏度受液固比影响最大,随液固比升高显著下降。纯低钙粉煤灰地聚物常温凝结缓慢,初凝时间超过8 h,终凝时间超过23 h,当液固比为0.40、碱溶液质量浓度为29%(质量分数)、矿渣掺量为25%(质量分数)时,初终凝时间分别大幅缩短至54、145 min,7 d抗压强度达到23.2 MPa。掺加0.3%~0.5%(质量分数)聚羧酸减水剂后,纯粉煤灰地聚物的28 d抗压强度提高约20%。

尾煤泥深度分选工艺探索与应用

为了提高尾煤泥的全粒度回收,实现尾煤泥的综合回收利用,采用一段闭路磨矿+闭路浮选的方法,对浮选尾煤泥进行再选研究。结果表明:在深度加工后,对入料灰分在50%左右的高灰细粒煤泥进行再分选,可进一步回收精煤产品;采用一粗三精二扫分选工艺可得到灰分在12.00%以下、产率在35%~40%之间的精煤产品,浮选尾矿灰分可达到80%以上。

大型煤粉锅炉细颗粒物生成与痕量元素分布特性研究

为了研究燃煤过程中痕量元素的迁移行为及其向细颗粒物、飞灰中的迁移特性和分布规律,采用承重撞击器和烟尘采样仪对某1000 MW煤粉锅炉除尘器入口处烟气中的PM_(10)和总飞灰进行现场采样。同时结合X射线荧光探针分析、微波消解、电感耦合等离子质谱和痕量元素淋滤特性测定,分析了PM_(10)的生成特性和痕量元素As、Cr、Pb和Mn在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特性及富集规律。结果显示,其生成的PM_(1)和PM_(2.5)的质量浓度分别为14.85 mg/m^(3)和74.41 mg/m^(3),相应的灰基PM_(1)和PM_(2.5)产率分别为1.31×10^(-3)和6.55×10^(-3),结合已有文献分析显示,PM_(1)和PM_(2.5)的灰基产率与煤中灰质量分数呈现一定的负相关关系。As和Cr在PM_(0.2~0.5)中发生了显著富集,富集因子分别为17.58和4.05;Pb和Mn未在小粒径颗粒物中发生显著富集。总灰中四种痕量元素均主要以残渣态存在,痕量元素Cr具有最高的浸出风险,其次是As,Mn和Pb的浸出风险小于Cr和As。

煤泥直接回收与煤泥重介质旋流器回收工艺效果对比

针对当前煤炭洗选过程中粗煤泥在分选环节中效果不佳从而影响精煤产率和质量的问题,在对原煤及煤泥分选性和粒度分布进行研究的基础上,分别通过试验方式对比了粗煤泥直接回收和粗煤泥重介质旋流器回收工艺效果,并重点对比了两种回收工艺对应的精煤产率、灰分等指标,得出采用粗煤泥重介质旋流器回收工艺比直接回收工艺每年可直接增加收益1 080万元。

灰分对PVC-U管材性能的影响及其测试方法研究

采用马弗炉法测试了12种硬质聚氯乙烯(PVC-U)管材的灰分,研究了灰分含量对PVC-U管材性能的影响,对比分析了马弗炉法和管式炉法的准确性和适用条件。结果表明:随着灰分含量的增加,PVC-U管材的密度逐渐增大,拉伸性能逐渐变差。当样品质量为1.0 g时,采用管式炉法和马弗炉所得数据很相近。在灰分含量较低区域,采用管式炉法测试3次所得数据的均匀性好于马弗炉法,而在灰分含量较高区域,采用马弗炉法所得数据的均匀性更好。

Effects of Agro-Ecological Practices on the Productivity of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) and Soil Fertility in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso

This study consisted to evaluate the effects of ecological practices on the yield performance of the JEWEL of orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). The study was conducted in a Sudano-Sahelian cropping system (Lantargou, eastern region of Burkina Faso). Agro-ecological practices consisted of the inputs of 3.20 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash (CO + WA);4.90 t/ha of wood ash (WA);6.40 t/ha of compost (CO) were compared to control with no inputs (T0). Each treatment was repeated four times. The crop management consisted of plowing, harrowing, raising of ridges with 40 cm height, burying of treatments, transplanting of cuttings, two weeding’s, and using of biopesticide called PIOL for crop protection. Composite soil samples per treatment were also collected at tuber harvest and analyzed to determine the effects of treatments on residual soil fertility. Results showed that the plant heights and diameters under the CO were significantly (P < 0.001) improved by 16% and 12% compared to T0. The WA treatment significantly increased the number of large tubers by 43% (P ≤ 0.01) compared to T0. Total tuber numbers, large tuber numbers and tuber yields of sweet potato under CO + WA were significantly (P < 0.001) and respectively improved by 27%, 50% and 31% compared to T0. All treatments increased soil organic matter, N, P and K contents, and reduced soil acidity compared with those obtained under T0. Soil K content was improved by 39% under CO + WA, and soil N content by 34% under WA compared to T0. Soil C/N ratio under CO + WA was reduced by 20% compared others treatments. But, the CO + WA treatment outperformed by improving residual soil N content by 38%, and the WA treatment by increasing soil K content by 50% compared to T0. In addition, soil pHH2O increased by 1.2 units under WA treatment compared to T0. As conclusion, the application of 6.4 t/ha of compost performed well to improve the vegetative growth of orange-fleshed sweet potato while the inputs of 3.2 t/ha of compost + 2.45 t/ha of wood ash were efficacy to significantly increase the tuber yields and improve the residual fertility of soil.