Prediction and Analysis of Surface Quality of Northeast China Ash Wood during Water-Jet Assisted CO_(2) Laser Cutting

As a natural and environmentally friendly renewable material,Northeast China ash wood(NCAW)(Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.)was cut by water-jet assisted CO_(2) laser(WACL),the surface quality was evaluated by surface roughness of cut section.The surface roughness was measured by three-dimensional(3D)profilometry.Furthermore,the micromorphology of machined surface was observed by scanning electronic microscopy(SEM).Carbon content changes of machined surface were measured by energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS).A relationship between surface roughness and cutting parameters was established using response surface methodology(RSM).It is concluded that the cutting speed,laser power and water pressure played an important role in surface roughness of cut section.The surface roughness increased as an increase in laser power.It decreased caused by increasing of cutting speed and water pressure.Measurements revealed that the surface quality of NCAW part was improved using the optimized combination of cutting parameters.The established quadratic mathematical model of a good prediction is helpful for matching suitable cutting parameters to obtain expected surface quality.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Wood Ash for Agronomic Purposes

The oil refinery of the food products company SOPAL, located in the port area of TOGO, produces an average of 200 kg of eucalyptus wood ash per day. This ash is stored in large quantities within the premises of the refinery, without any disposal solution. The aim of this study is to identify the physico-chemical properties of SOPAL’s wood ash for agronomic valorization. Physico-chemical analyses reveal the presence of major and secondary elements such as potassium (15.71 g/kg DM), phosphorus (27.90 g/kg DM), calcium (9.76 g/kg DM), magnesium (0.03 g/kg DM), sodium (1.24 g/kg DM), iron (1.49 g/kg DM) and manganese (7.82 g/kg DM). The pH is alkaline (12.97) with fairly high conductivity (24.10 mS/Cm). Heavy metals identified are cobalt (0.19 mg/kg DM), cadmium (0.10 mg/kg DM), lead (1.14 mg/kg DM), copper (19.77 mg/kg DM) and nickel (12.82 mg/kg DM). The results show that the ash contains considerable amount of major and secondary elements for agronomic uses.

Effects of Wood Ash on Properties of Concrete and Flowable Fill

This research investigated the use of wood ash to partially replace cement or sand in conventional concrete, roller compacted concrete (RCC), and flowable fill. The main focus was to determine how the wood ash addition affected the main fresh and hardened properties of these materials. It was found that the wood ash could be successfully incorporated into the conventional concrete. In particular, the wood ash addition not only accelerated the setting, but also improved the early and the 28-day compressive strength of concrete that contained the blast furnace slag. It was also observed that the wood ash could be positively added into RCC to facilitate the compaction and reduce the risk of segregation. In addition, the wood ash can be beneficially introduced into the flowable fill mixtures to facilitate flow, to alleviate bleeding and subsidence, as well as to achieve controlled strength especially when combined with the class C or the class F fly ash.

Comparative evaluation of modified neem leaf, neem leaf and woodash extracts on soil fertility improvement, growth and yields of maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) and watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) (Sole and Intercrop)

Two field experiments were carried out at Akure (7oN, 5o101E) in the rainforest zone of Nigeria in 2006 and 2007 to determine the effectiveness of neem leaf, woodash and modified neem leaf extracts as fertilizer sources in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) and watermelon (Citrulus lanatus) sole and intercrop. There were six treatments namely, poultry manure, neem leaf extract (sole), woodash extract, modified neem leaf (neem leaf + woodash), NPK 15-15-15 and a control (no fertilizer nor extract), replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCB). The extracts (neem leaf, wood ash and modified neem leaf) were applied at 1200 litres per hectare each, NPK 15-15-15 at 300 kg/ha and poultry was applied at 6t/ha. The results showed that there were significant increases (P 2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N compared to NPK 15-15-15 and neem leaf extract. For instance, modified neem leaf extract increased soil pH (H2O), K, Ca, Mg, Na, O.M, P and N by 12.4%, 32.8%, 25%, 23.7%, 19.32%, 17.24% and 20% respectively compared to neem leaf extract under intercrop plot. The high soil K/Ca, K/Mg and P/Mg ratios in the NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer treatment led to an imbalance in the supply of P, K, Ca and Mg nutrients to maize and watermelon crops. The least values for growth, yield and soil parameters were recorded under the control treatment. In these experiments, modified neem leaf extract (woodash + neem leaf extracts) applied at 1200 litres/ha was the most effective in improving soil fertility, growth and yield of maize and watermelon (sole and intercrop) and could substitute for 6 tons per hectare of poultry manure and 300kg/ha of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer.

Comparative Effect of Foliar Application of Cow Dung, Wood Ash and Benlate on the Disease Initiation and Development of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Coniella musaiensis Var. Hibisci. in Makurdi, Central Nigeria

A study on the comparative effect of cow dung, wood ash and benlate for the control of leaf spot disease of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was carried out following the preparation and foliar application of the materials on selected Roselle plants of the green and red accessions (Acc1 & Acc3) in the field. The cow dung was fermented for 14 days while sour milk was added to wood ash, dissolved and all filtered and labeled. The spraying commenced soon after the plants were thinned to one and was done weekly until after 50% of the plants had flowered. Results showed significant (p = 0.05) difference between benlate, the synthetic fungicide and the bio-fertilizers (cow dung and wood ash) for the two years of the study. Disease severity was significantly lower in the benlate than in the bio-fertilizers. There was no significant difference in yield between the treatments although higher yield was recorded in benlate. Though the bio-fertilizers could not suppress infection, they aided the growth of the plants by boosting luxuriant growth. The result showed that these bio-fertilizers cannot be used as substitute to the synthetic fungicide for the control of this leaf spot disease caused by Coniella musaiensis var. hibisci. However, since they give equally good yield the bio-fertilizers can still be used to minimize the reliance upon use of chemical fungicides.

Modeling and Simulation of Wood and Fly Ash Behaviour as Partial Replacement for Cement on Flexural Strength of Self Compacting Concrete

Flexural strength was monitored and predicted on the application improving concrete strength with wood and fly as partial replacement for cement.The study observed the pressure from the constituent of these locally sourced material that has been observed from the study to influence the flexural strength through the effect from this locally sourced addictives.The study monitors concrete porosity on heterogeneity as it reflect on the flexural strength of self compacting concrete.Other condition considered was the compaction and placement of concrete.These effects were monitored at constant water cement ratio from design mix.The behaviour from this effects on the concrete observed the rate of flexural growth under the influences of these stated conditions.The simulation expressed the reactions of these effects through these parameters monitored to influence the system.Numerical simulations were also applied to the optimum curing age of twenty eight days,while analytical simulation was also applied.This concept is the conventional seven days interval that concrete curing were observed,these are improvement done on the study carried out by experts[16].These locally sourced material were experimentally applied.The simulation predictive values are at the interval of seven days of curing,which was also simulated.The predictive values were compared with the experimental values of the researchers[16],and both values developed best fits correlations.The study is imperative because the system considered the parameters used on experimental and observed other influential variables that were not examined.These were not observed in the experimental procedure.Experts in concrete engineering will definitely find these concept a better option in monitoring flexural strength of self compacting concrete in general.

Density and Strength of Mortar Made with the Mixture of Wood Ash, Crushed Gneiss and River Sand as Fine Aggregate

The main purpose of this paper is to study the feasibility of using wood bottom ash to partially replace natural fine aggregate or crushed gneiss sand in the manufacturing of mortars. The experiment uses wood ash as fine aggregates, which passes through 5 mm sieve, in proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight to replace partially river sand and crushed gneiss, and the both sand of the same size as the aggregate respectively. Experimental results show that density of mortar and the compressive strength of mortar decrease globally with the increase in wood ash content. At 56 days, and for all replacements with wood ash, compressive strengths values of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand is greater than 20 MPa, which is not the case for mortar made with crushed gneiss and wood ash. Moreover, for 5% of replacement with wood ash, compressive strengths of mortar obtained with the mixture of wood ash and river sand and the mixture of wood ash and crushed gneiss are respectively 37 MPa and 32 MPa at 56 days. These values satisfied the strength requirements. Hence, 5% replacement of crushed gneiss with wood ash is suggested and could be benefit for mortar. In addition, the replacement of sand by wood ash is preferable with river sand which contains fewer fines than crushed gneiss. The compressive strength of mortar with 25% wood ash + river sand could be suitable.

Production of Safe Charcoal from Waste Construction Wood Treated With Citric Acid

For practical reuse of wastewater containing citric acid and the production of safe and healthy high-quality charcoal from waste construction wood, basic data regarding the influence of citric acid washing treatments on the physico- chemical property of charcoal was investigated in order to find the benefits of using citric acid for washing out impurities of the wood, owing to its chelate bonding ability with elements such as metals. Parameters obtained for evaluating the benefits were water content, volatile component content, ash content, fixed carbon content, and the heat value of the charcoal. All parameters, except ash content, throughout all carbonization temperatures were not significantly different between the charcoal of the wood treated with and without citric acid. However, the ash content showed significant differences between the charcoal treated with and without citric acid throughout all carbonization temperatures. Regarding the heat value, the highest heat value was shown on the charcoal carbonated at 600?C with the static washing treatment. Dioxins that were higher in content than the control sample were somehow detected in the ash of the charcoal with the shaking treatment. Further investigation is needed for the production of safe and healthy charcoal using waste citric acid.

Chemical characterization of smoke from the production process of wood-plastic composites

The chemical composition of unpleasant smell, emitted from the production process of wood-plastic composites using Manchurian ash sawdust （Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr.） and polypropylene powder as the raw material, was investigated. Wood sawdust and polypropylene powder were subjected to heat treatment to 290℃ during 8 min （the conditions were similar to those employed on an industrial scale）. The emitted compounds were collected and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. The analytical results showed that the unpleasant smell was emitted from the pyrogenation of wood sawdust rather than from the polypropylene powder. Nine types of compounds （hydrocarbons, ethers, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids and their derivatives, furan and its derivatives, and nitrogen-containing compounds） were collected in the gas phase during heating. Among those 126 components detected by GC-MS, 112 compounds were identified.

木质纤维碱激发地聚物胶凝材料的制备及力学性能研究

地聚物因其较低的碳排放、优异的耐久性和力学性能日益受到关注,但其普遍存在收缩大、易产生脆性破坏现象,限制了其推广和应用。为改善地聚物的收缩性,提高其强度,研究了木质纤维含量对粉煤灰—矿渣地聚物物理性能和力学性能的影响,并对其微观组织进行了分析。研究结果表明,木质纤维含量达12.5 kg/m^(3)时,地聚物试块养护28 d干缩量为0.58 mm,相较于不添加木质纤维的地聚物胶凝材料试块降低了52.5%;木质纤维地聚物胶凝材料试块的抗折强度、抗压强度均随木质纤维掺量的增加先增大后减小,当木质纤维掺量为10 kg/m^(3)并养护28 d时,其抗折、抗压强度最大,分别为6.3、79.8 MPa,抗折、抗压强度分别达到了普通混凝土试块的C60、C80标准;掺入木质纤维可以显著提升地聚物胶凝材料试块的抗收缩性和力学性能,主要得益于其内在水分调节能力,在地聚物基体水化反应需要水分时释放储存的水分,维持反应连续性并促进产物形成,同时,高比表面积的木质纤维易与地聚物基体紧密结合,并使其成为增强相,从而在提高材料的抗收缩性和力学性能中发挥关键作用。

高温热处理对水曲柳材色的影响

The color change of ash wood(Fraxinus mandshurica)before and after high temperature heat treatment were investigated with WSC-S color difference meter in this paper.The results showed that:the color of treated wood is affected by the processing temperature,the higher the temperature,the darker the appearance,moreover,the change in L component can be used for quantitative analysis on color change.The color of treated ash wood by suitable processing temperature could be simulated to some valuable wood,for example,teak wood,some rosewood species,etc.The color of treated wood could be well replicated from laboratory scale experiments to commercial scale production.

煤及木材燃烧飞灰中有毒金属形态分布

选取３种燃煤产生的飞灰颗粒物和一种燃木产生的飞灰作为研究对象，为了更好地了解颗粒物上有毒金属被浸取进入液相情况，分析３种不同浸取剂（二乙三氨五乙酸（ＤＴＰＡ）、乙二胺四乙酸（ＥＤＴＡ）和氨三乙酸（ＮＴＡ））的提取液中有毒金属Ｐｂ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ａｓ、Ｓｒ等的含量．结果表明，金属浓度因飞灰种类、浸取剂种类及金属本身类型不同而不同．由于颗粒物上金属的生物可利用性、毒性及可流动性与其存在形态密切相关，选取连续浸取法来考察飞灰颗粒物上金属形态分布情况，结果表明。

水曲柳木材涂饰界面特性的研究

用现代先进的表面分析技术，研究了水曲柳与涂饰材料间界面的特性，从微观上定量表征了渗透性及界面层的化学结构中基本基团的变化，初步揭示了木材分子与涂料分子之间的相互作用，特别是聚氨酯漆和硝基漆与木材的不同作用机理。同时说明了用Ｘ射线光电子能谱仪（ＥＳＣＡ）研究木材涂饰界面的特性，也是一种先进而科学的方法。

185℃高温热处理对水曲柳木材物理性能的影响

对经过185℃生产性高温热处理的水曲柳木材的物理性能指标进行了测定,并以素材为对照,对其密度、吸湿性和尺寸稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,处理材的绝干与气干密度相对素材略有下降,吸湿性则明显低于素材,且与素材之间的平衡含水率差值随相对湿度增大而增大,而在温度60℃、相对湿度分别为40%(干燥)、80%(潮湿)的环境中平衡后,处理材的弦、径向湿涨率相对素材均有不同程度的下降,两种环境下处理材的体积抗涨率分别达到了55.53%、47.34%,尺寸稳定性得到显著改善。

低钾生物质灰肥用价值综述

在国内外相关研究的基础上,对木灰这类典型生物质灰的组成和物理、化学特性进行分析,并阐述了木灰作为肥料施用后对作物、土壤表层植被、土壤微生物群和环境各方面的影响。木灰的K含量不高,但是具有较高的pH值,对酸性土壤的改良作用很明显。pH值的提高可以改变土壤中微生物结构,促进微生物的活动,增加土壤肥力。同时,木灰还具有大量元素富集的特点,施用后会改变土壤中元素的构成,增加土壤中N、K等植物生长必需元素的可利用量,从而促进作物的生长。根据目前研究情况,木灰肥用不但实现了元素循环,而且一定程度上提高和改良了土壤特性。

原状粉煤灰在水泥刨花板中应用的研究

主要论述了原状粉煤灰（Ⅲ级灰）在水泥刨花极中应用的情况。分析了在其它工艺条件（密度、水灰比、木灰比）确定情况下，粉煤灰替代量、外加剂种类和用量等因素对板各项性能指标的影响。结果表明：（１）粉煤灰替代量是影响极材性能的主要因素，外加剂种类和用量对极性能也有影响；（２）粉煤灰替代量３０％为强度转折点，但４０％替代量制板，板各性能指标仍然能达到国家行业标准要求；（３）以粉煤灰替代部分水泥生产水泥刨花板。不但可以降低生产成本，而且可以改善板的某些性能。

部分竹材灰分和木素含量的分析

１１属７６种竹材灰分含量为０．８８％～７．２３％，平均值为２．５６％，木素含量为２．３６％～３０．０４％，平均值为２４．９５％。

飞灰颗粒物介导活性氧氧化损伤与金属离子浸取浓度的关系研究

本文利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物氧化能力与络合剂及盐酸浸取颗粒物上金属浓度的关系,结果表明,代表氧化损伤程度指标的脱氧核糖氧化物,通过硫代巴比妥酸似丙二醛加合物显色反应,其吸光度值与飞灰颗粒物被浸取剂盐酸及氨三乙酸作用后的金属离子铁、锌、镉、铅和锰的浓度显著相关,基于铁在自然环境中的高含量及在活性氧催化反应中的特殊性,本文认为二乙三氨五乙酸、乙二胺四乙酸及柠檬酸浸取液中的金属浓度不能很好地表征飞灰颗粒物对生物分子的氧化能力,颗粒物产生的生物氧化损伤可以被羟自由基清除剂所抑制。

络合剂对燃煤及木材飞灰生物氧化能力的影响

利用脱氧核糖氧化法考察了飞灰颗粒物，包括５种燃煤飞灰及一种燃木飞灰，生物氧化能力以及外加螯合剂的影响．结果证实，不同来源飞灰颗粒物氧化剂产生能力不同，且燃煤飞灰产生方式不同，催化氧化剂产生能力亦不同．外加络合剂的存在对颗粒物氧化能力影响很大，其中二乙三胺五乙酸（ＤＴＰＡ）对氧化剂的产生有抑制作用，胺三乙酸（ＮＴＡ）对所有颗粒物氧化剂产生均有促进作用，ＣＩＴ（柠檬酸）的存在降低了脱氧核糖的氧化值，ＥＤＴＡ（乙二胺四乙酸）对不同类型飞灰影响不同，对燃煤飞灰氧化能力有抑制作用，相反。

几种红树植物木材热值和灰分含量的研究

在夏季对海南东寨港红树林自然保护区一些红树植物木材的灰分含量和热值进行了测定 ,并研究了夏季不同纬度的秋茄 (Kandeliacandel)木材热值的变化 .结果表明 ,红树植物木材的灰分含量较低 ,在 2 43 %～5 17%之间 ;干重热值在 17 2 3～ 19 2 1kJ·g-1之间 ,去灰分热值在 17 70～ 2 0 10kJ·g-1之间 ;嗜热窄布种无瓣海桑 (Sonneratiaapetala)木材的干重热值和去灰分热值均是最低 ;