RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF US ASIA-PACIFIC SECURITY STRATEGY AND CHINA'S COUNTERMEASURES

The US Asia-Pacific strategy is witnessing and will continue to witness new developments along with the evolution of its domestic politics as well as of the regional situation in Asia Pacific,particularly with Republican candidate Donald

Study on Community Ecological Security

This paper argues that community ecological security(CES) includes personal security, public safety and humanistic ecological security. The personal security is to protect the resident's life and physical health, public safety means that the residents don't suffer from physical damages or property damages in daily life, and humanistic ecological security is interpreted as that ideas of harmony, fairness, balance implied in ecology are used to coordinate the social relations of settlements, alleviate the increasingly serious social problems of residential space differentiation. In light of serious community ecological safety issues in China, the corresponding measures are pointed out: road system of "separating people and vehicles"; consideration of disaster prevention and mitigation in residential space design; the community construction from culture, environment, management and service; response to the residential space differentiation.

Policy Framework for Community and State Policing in Combating Rising Security Challenges in Nigeria

Viability of decentralizing policing in Nigeria had been on the front burner of security discourse since Nigeria returned to democratic governance in 1999.Valid points had been put forward by both those in support and those in opposition.The Community Policing Department of the Nigeria Police had remained more of an administrative unit with little impact beyond the Police Community Relations Committee activities.Rising cases of herdsmen attacks of various communities,terrorist insurgency in the North-East,kidnappings across the different geo-political zones had resulted in the need to interrogate the efficacy of effective community policing and state policing as viable options to combating rising security challenges.The study adopted qualitative method,and being a library research relied entirely on secondary data.Sources of data included journals,relevant textbooks,newspapers,magazines,and materials downloaded from internet.The paper argues that the traditional security agencies had failed to effectively combat the many security challenges that Nigeria faces.The combination of the official security agencies and the military had failed to effectively combat insecurity in the country.The local vigilante groups on the other hand had made valuable inroad in curtailing some of the security challenges including terrorist insurgency as a result of their knowledge of the terrain.The paper concludes that to effectively combat the many security challenges,there is a need for new policy framework at the federal and state levels that would decentralize policing and give legal backing for collaboration between the official security agencies under the federal government and state security outfits including the vigilante.

Study on the Community Policing Administration Innovation from the Perspective of the Public Security Governance

Since the 20th century, human public security accidents occurred frequently, so that the developed countries such as the United States, Japan, and Russia took the lead in strengthening the study of the public security administration. Since the 21th century, all walks of life have paid more attention to the public security administration in China, along with the deepened implementation of the reform and opening-up policy and the rapid development of economic construction and the effects from the outbreak of the SARS crisis and the frequent occurrence of many coal mine security accidents, etc. In this process, the non-traditional security issues and man-made crisis are gradually becoming the main threats currently to the public security of China, because the conflicts of interest and the social contradictions overlap and the social crisis such as cadres-masses and police-masses conflicts is being aggravated. At present, the Ministry of Public Security of China is pushing forward a community policing reform and great numbers of community polices in community policing administration will directly confront with the challenges of the public security administration complexity, and therefore, the promotion of community policing urgently needs the innovation of administration concept.

Social Security Internationalization During China's Reform and Opening Up from 1978 to 2018——Viewed from the Paradigm of a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

China's reform and opening-up policy,launched in 1978,marks the start of the internationalization process of its social security system.This paper takes the notion of "a community with a shared future" as the perspective to analyze the internationalization of social security in the process of China's reform and opening up.Based on China's developments in globalization,it divides the internationalization process of China's social security from 1978 to 2018 into three stages: the stage of reshaping the domestic social security system with reference to the best international practice; the stage of achieving bilateral or multilateral alignment on the premise of equality and mutual benefit,and the stage of injecting Chinese wisdom in social security into the development of global social security.The trajectory of the development of China's social security internationalization shows the incremental evolution within the country,between nations,and in the world community.This paper studies the internationalization process to show China's grand achievements in the four decades of reform and opening-up and to demonstrate Chinese wisdom and confidence.

Toward a Security Community in Asia? The Limits of Constructivism, Developmental Statism, Liberalism, and Realism

This article asks whether a regional security community has emerged in Asia with the potential to grow mature and seeks to make a contribution to the ongoing debate on this controversial topic.It advances the argument that states in this broad region are far from being able to develop a security community for reasons different from those provided by political realists,developmental statists,liberals,and constructivists(social,discursive,and emancipationist).The role of Association of Southeast Asia(ASEAN)and that of China provide excellent test cases for the theoretical proposition that the building of a successful regional security community requires at least two necessary conditions:liberal democracy and regional democratic leadership,which remain absent in Asia.

The Romania-US Strategic Partnership and the Security of the Wider Black Sea Region: Historical Landmarks

The Strategic Partnership,launched in 1997 with the purpose of becoming an advanced mechanism of bilateral cooperation between Romania and the United States regarding fields of strategic interest for both countries,is an important element of maintaining peace and stability in South-Eastern Europe and in the Black Sea area.The Partnership determined a substantial evolution of the bilateral relations based on an intense political speech,as an important aspect for the regional security,and promoted democracy near the Euro-Atlantic community.Romania’s relation with the United States,being focused on security aspects,proves its utility,considering that to this day the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Union do not have a common strategic vision regarding the Wider Black Sea Region.This is due to conceptual differences and to the fact that,unlike Central and Eastern Europe—where the integrations of NATO and EU were linked,in the Black Sea area,the situation is different,having in mind that only Romania and Bulgaria have been part of these structures.This study’s purpose is to present both the evolution of this cooperation format between Romania and the United States in the last two decades and its relevance for the new regional security system.In the circumstances in which the events in Ukraine in 2014 lead to unprecedented tension(Post-Cold War)between the Russian Federation and the Occident,the USA’s involvement in ensuring the security of the extended Black Sea Region gains even more relevance.

Diversification of Security and Possibilities for“Cultural Security”:Focusing on the Cases of the EU and France

Security in international relations has been at a crossroads,especially after the end of the Cold War.National security has not been the only framework of security;human security has also occupied an important position.This“paradigm shift”of security occurred due to changes in the global security environment,such as the emergence of insecurity caused by poverty and ethnic conflict.It is obvious that national security based on a sovereign state and military forces are not enough to prevent war-fighting or to resolve its basic causes,so human security has attracted considerable attention,which complements national security.Human security needs the protection of communities in which people can find their identities and lead a peaceful life.For example,in Europe,a French riot by immigrant young people in 2005 indicated a lack of human security,where the shortage of protection of communities of immigrants under politics by the French government made the situation very serious.We present a new framework,“cultural security”,which complements human security in that the former protects communities based on each culture.It is ideal that all three dimensions of security work well as,if national security lacks,it may cause civil war or a failed state;if human security(in the narrow sense,focused on only individuals)lacks,it may lead to reinforced authoritarianism or a despotic regime;and if cultural security lacks,a civic nation would be developed but social life may be instable.

Security Governance and ASEAN's Political Security Community:Fragmented but Inclusive Security Communities?

The establishment of the ASEAN Political and Security(APSC)in 2015 mimics the notion of a security community where member states are imbued with deep habits of cooperation,mutual trust,a sense of'we-feeling'and the ability to manage security problems together with no prospects of any member going to war with another.But does a security community provide sufficient foundation for security governance in Southeast Asia?The idea of security governance,defined as a set of processes and arrangements carried out by a range of state and non-state actors across multiple levels from the local to the international that are aimed at defining and managing security challenges,requires a movement beyond state-centric approaches to one that is more participatory and inclusive.Despite the APSC's people-centred rhetoric,there are inherent tensions in security practices in ASEAN as states hold on to the principles of non-interference and state sovereignty,while having to respond effectively to address a host of non-traditional threats.These tensions have led to the emergence of multiple sites of governance that are changing the nature of security governance in the region.In analysing the cases of civilian protection in times of humanitarian crises and forced migration,the paper argues that multiple sites of governance point to the need to reassess the APSC as a mechanism for security governance and explore the idea of having fragmented but more inclusive and participatory security communities that work together towards the shared goal of more secure region.

Historical Experience for and Realistic Challenges to Building Security Order in the Asia-Pacific Region

Compared with the rest of the world,the Asia-Pacific region has maintained a relatively stable and prosperous overall posture in the past three decades.Despite the ups and downs of hot security issues in the region,they have been basically under reasonable crisis management and control.

Major Changes of China-U.S. Relations and their Impacts on the Asia-Pacific Security

Since Trump in power for about one year and half, the United States has released several documents including the National Security Strategy report, the National Defense Strategy report, Nuclear Posture Review, etc. which have made new judgments on the U.S. security threats, and new adjustments on its diplomatic strategy. Regarding relations with China.

Regional Security Dilemma and Security Ownership——Some Observations on the Possibility of the U.S.Return to Asia-Pacific

The discussions of U.S.return to Asia-Pacific unfold more around the state to state relationship,and are lack of studies based on regions.This paper intends to analyze the connections between regional security dilemma and regional security ownership,and further examine how it is possible for the United States to return to Asia-Pacific.Although the United States during the early years of the end of the Cold War overlooked the importance of its Asia-Pacific strategy,however,the Asia-Pacific countries in short of consensus on regional security and a post-Cold War extensive security dilemma enable the United States to return to Asia-Pacific,improve and upgrade its U.S.-led regional security system.But,as far as China is concerned,the U.S.return to Asia-Pacific itself is both a challenge and an opportunity.

Security Structure Transformation in the Asia-Pacific Region and the ASEAN Role

After the end of the cold war, the Asia-Pacific security structure has experienced great changes, especially on the occasion of the current "power-sharing" and "power-shifting" between China and the United States in the Asia-Pacific region, the Asia-Pacific security structure adjustment is especially significant. On the one hand, the Alliance structure with the United States as the pivot has experienced transformation from a hub-spokes system to a network, has formed the hierarchical layout of new alliance, quasi-alliance and potential alliance, On the other hand, emerging economies represented by China and Russia, while reinforcing the existing coordinate security framework, reshape the Asia-Pacific and even the whole Eurasia geopolitical posture through strategic initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative, the Eurasian Economic Union. As the third force in the Asia-Pacific security architecture, the Association of South-East Asian Nations(ASEAN) with the construction of a series of multilateral security mechanisms provides dialogue platform for the two security architectures led by major countries, and has also become one of the feasible paths to realize the future holistic security architecture in the Asia-Pacific region. Meanwhile, the major countries strategic competitions have intensified, which has gradually eroded the ASEAN ‘s cohesion, neutrality and even the central position in a holistic security architecture. The future's reconstruction of the Asia-Pacific security architecture needs to find new strategic consensus and reconfirm the ASEAN central position.

浅析全球安全倡议的实施路径

In the current era of changes unseen in a century,humanity is caught up in a deteriorating security environment on a global scale.By proposing the Global Security Initiative(GSI),China has offered its wisdom and a solution toward building a community of shared security for humanity.After a brief review of the historical evolution of the global security mechanism,the present study analyzes the main ideas and contemporary values making up the GSI.Meanwhile,based on the approaches proposed in and the spirit of the GSI Concept Paper,the authors uncover the dialectical relationship between the GSI,the Global Development Initiative,and the Global Civilization Initiative,which are all included in the Law on Foreign Relations of the People’s Republic of China adopted on June 28,2023.Furthermore,the authors recommend three practical paths toward implementing the GSI:a path toward shortterm goals,a path toward medium-term goals,and a path toward longterm goals.The success of the GSI needs the concerted efforts of all countries.China is not only an active advocate of the GSI but has also been striving to enhance its capability in safeguarding global security,implement the GSI vigorously,and spearhead a new type of global governance.

统筹全球发展倡议和全球安全倡议的几点思考

China’s Global Development Initiative(GDI)and Global Security Initiative(GSI)symbolize the important innovations,in theory and in practice,resulting from President Xi Jinping’s thought on diplomacy in recent years.Both initiatives were proposed by President Xi,who has been standing with the people and supporting laws for the development of human society.These initiatives disseminate Chinese wisdom and inputs in responding to the questions posed by the world,by our times,and by history,thus having a significant impact on China’s peaceful development,as well as on global prosperity and progress.Presently,the once-in-a-century changes that shape the world today are evolving rapidly,and the international security situation is undergoing complex transformations.To address urgent issues and make new contributions to global peace and development,it is crucial to systematically study and deeply reflect on the GDI and the GSI and seek synergy between the two.

Building Consensus and Making Concerted Efforts Toward a Secure Homeland in the Asia-Pacific

Distinguished guests,Ladies and gentlemen,Friends,Good morning. I am delighted to join you at the first Wanshou Dialogue on Global Security and share with you our view on the security situation both internationally and in the Asia-Pacific region.Our world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century. The trends of global multi-polarity, economic globalization,IT application.

Building a Community of Shared Destiny for Common Security: Some Observations on its Construction Path

A community of shared destiny(whose content is the same as community of shared future, an update translation) is the guiding principle and strategic objective of China's diplomacy, and is just, peaceful, inclusive, comprehensive and scientific. It reflects a rational concept of how a rising China handles relations with the outside world. It rejects analysis and understanding of simple traditional thinking that a strong power is bound to seek hegemony. However, the Chinese diplomacy also needs Chinese thinking and perspectives. With analysis eclecticism and incorporated process constructivism to carry out study on the international relations, it can be found that the community of shared destiny is an economic, political and security order, is also a concept order; while a community of shared interests is its foundation, a community of shared security is its guarantee, the common knowledge composes its highest standard. Common security is the important guarantee and strategic goal for the community of shared destiny, i.e. it shows that the peaceful development strategy highlights the reasonable security demands of others China respects; win-win cooperation principle reflects the importance of cooperative security in the international pattern of deepening interdependence; partnership strategy shows diplomatic efforts of Chinese exploration and practice of the new security concept beyond "security alliance".

SECURITY OF USE RIGHT FOR FOREST LAND AND COMMUNITY FORESTRY-A Case Study of the CompensatedTransfer of Use Right over CollectiveWasteland in Yao'an County

1Background1.1BasicsituationofstudysiteYao'ancountyislocatedinthenorthwesternpartofcentralYunnanplateau.ItisoneoftheimportantgrainProductionbasecountiesofYunnanProvince.HanandYiarethemainethnicgroupsinthisprovince.BanliuAdministrativeVillagebelongsto...

Creating Strategic Opportunities:The Concept and Practice of China-ASEAN Security Cooperation

The cooperation between China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)began with the establishment of dialogue relations between the two sides after the ending of the Cold War.In 1994,when the ASEAN Regional Forum was established,China was one of the founding members,marking the beginning of formal security cooperation between China and ASEAN.The decision to shift to cooperation/enhance willingness to cooperate was made by the two parties after taking stock of the international and regional situation and their respective interests in the wake of the collapse of the bipolar system.Security cooperation was driven by a consensus on seizing,creating and maintaining strategic opportunities;or more specifically,by taking advantage of development opportunities and striving to maintain regional stability in difficult situations,thus creating a peaceful and amicable strategic regional context for sustainable development.The core concept of China-ASEAN security cooperation is developmental peace,with the norms of cooperation being the ASEAN way,cooperative security,the new security concept and the Asian security concept.In practice,China-ASEAN security cooperation covers three dimensions-strategic stability,management and control of high tension issues,and practical cooperation.New opportunities and challenges are emerging in the new era for China-ASEAN security cooperation.Fundamentally speaking,the two sides need to strive for the goal of building an ASEAN community and a China-ASEAN community with a shared future and to properly coordinate the strategic positioning of the long-term core interests of both parties.

The UNFCCC,the EU,and the UNSC:A research agenda proposal for the climate security question

This study proposes climate security:a research agenda proposal with certain research significance.It acknowledges the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC),the European Union(EU)and the United Nations Security Council(UNSC)as current institutional case studies(and key actors)for international climate politics.It answers the question of the extent to which climate security scholars have mapped the field with respect to these three institutions.To do this,it reviews relevant literature of climate security and concisely summarizes the literature views.Although climate security scholars have studied how these specialist institutions have understood global climate governance,a comparative coverage of how the institutions have conceptualized climate security is missing in existing literature.The key finding shows the concepts of epistemic communities,climate securitization and climate-riskifications as appropriate analytical themes for interpreting the emerging norm of climate security.Arguing that conceptual development persists even though the institutions original mandates did not require such conceptualization,the study uses discourse analysis of relevant literature on climate security to orient future research on climate change and climate security given the knowledge that speech-acts on climate security(henceforth speech-acts)now seem like potential policy consideration in the foreseeable future.