MEDIUM-RANGE OSCILLATION AND TELECONNECTION OF THE ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION SYSTEMS OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC AND SOUTH INDIAN OCEANS

This paper aims to demonstrate some characteristics of the 20-50 day oscillations of certain circulation systems in low latitudes during the northern summer seasons.The teleconnection between the variations of the Mascarene high and the Northwest Pacific high and its physical mechanism are studied.How the Mas- carene high plays an important role in the interaction between the atmospheric circulations of both hemispheres is discussed.

Summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation and Its Relationship with Atmospheric Circulation and Monsoon Rainfall

Using the ERA-40 data and numerical simulations, this study investigated the teleconnection over the extratropical Asian-Pacific region and its relationship with the Asian monsoon rainfall and the climatological characteristics of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific, and analyzed impacts of the Tibetan Plateau （TP） heating and Pacific sea surface temperature （SST） on the teleconnection. The Asian-Pacific oscillation （APO） is defined as a zonal seesaw of the tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes of the Asian-Pacific region. When the troposphere is cooling in the midlatitudes of the Asian continent, it is warming in the midlatitudes of the central and eastern North Pacific; and vice versa. The APO also appears in the stratosphere, but with a reversed phase. Used as an index of the thermal contrast between Asia and the North Pacific, it provides a new way to explore interactions between the Asian and Pacific atmospheric circulations. The APO index exhibits the interannual and interdecadal variability. It shows a downward trend during 1958-2001, indicating a weakening of the thermal contrast, and shows a 5.5-yr oscillation period. The formation of the APO is associated with the zonal vertical circulation caused by a difference in the solar radiative heating between the Asian continent and the North Pacific. The numerical simulations further reveal that the summer TP heating enhances the local tropospheric temperature and upward motion, and then strengthens downward motion and decreases the tropospheric temperature over the central and eastern North Pacific. This leads to the formation of the APO. The Pacific decadal oscillation and El Nino/La Nina over the tropical eastern Pacific do not exert strong influences on the APO. When there is an anomaly in the summer APO, the South Asian high, the westerly jet over Eurasia, the tropical easterly jet over South Asia, and the subtropical high over the North Pacific change significantly, with anomalous Asian monsoon rainfall and tropical cyclone activities over the western North Pacific. The summer cooling along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the past 40 more years is related to the APO, which is possibly a regional response to the decadal variability of the global atmospheric circulation. An anomalous signal of the APO may propagate to the Arctic and Antarctic. Moreover, the APO also appears in other seasons.

Influence of the Asian-Pacific Oscillation on Spring Precipitation over Central Eastern China

The linkage between the Asian-Pacific oscillation （APO） and the precipitation over central eastern China in spring is preliminarily addressed by use of the observed data. Results show that they correlate very well, with the positive （negative） phase of APO tending to increase （decrease） the precipitation over central eastern China. Such a relationship can be explained by the atmospheric circulation changes over Asia and the North Pacific in association with the anomalous APO. A positive phase of APO, characterized by a positive anomaly over Asia and a negative anomaly over the North Pacific in the upper-tropospheric temperature, corresponds to decreased low-level geopotential height （H） and increased high-level H over Asia, and these effects are concurrent with increased low-level H and decreased high-level H over the North Pacific. Meanwhile, an anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the upper troposphere and a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the lower troposphere are introduced in East Asia, and the low-level southerly wind is strengthened over central eastern China. These changes provide advantageous conditions for enhanced precipitation over central eastern China. The situation is reversed in the negative phase of APO, leading to reduced precipitation in this region.

Relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation and the tropical cyclone frequency in the western North Pacific

The relationship between the Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO) and the tropical cyclone frequency over the western North Pacific (WNP) in summer is preliminarily investigated through an analysis of ob- served data. The result has shown clearly that APO is significantly and positively correlated to the tropical cyclone frequency in the WNP. If APO is above (below) the normal in summer, more (less) tropical cyclones will tend to appear in the WNP. The present study also addresses the large-scale at- mospheric general circulation changes underlying the linkage between APO and the WNP tropical cy- clone frequency. It follows that a positive phase of summer APO is concurrent with weakened as well as northward and eastward located western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), low-level convergence and high-level divergence, and reduced vertical zonal wind shear in the WNP, providing favorable envi- ronment for the tropical cyclone genesis, and thus more tropical cyclones will come into being, and vice versa.

How the “Best” CMIP5 Models Project Relations of Asian–Pacific Oscillation to Circulation Backgrounds Favorable for Tropical Cyclone Genesis over the Western North Pacific

Based on the simulations of 32 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5）, the present study assesses their capacity to simulate the relationship of the summer Asian-Pacific Oscillation （APO） with the vertical zonal wind shear, low-level atmospheric vorticity, mid-level humidity, atmospheric divergence in the lower and upper troposphere, and western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） that are closely associated with the gen- esis of tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific. The results indicate that five models can simultaneously re- produce the observed pattern with the positive APO phase accompanied by weak vertical zonal wind shear, strengthened vorticity in the lower troposphere, increased mid-level humidity, intensified low-level convergence and high-level divergence, and a northward-located WPSH over the western North Pacific. These five models are further used to project their potential relationship under the RCPS.5 scenario during 2050 2099. Compared to 1950-1999, the relationship between the APO and the vertical zonal wind shear is projected to weaken by both the multi-model ensemble and the individual models. Its linkage to the low-level vorticity, mid-level humidity, atmospheric diver- gence in the lower and upper troposphere, and the northward-southward movement of the WPSH would also reduce slightly but still be significant. However, the individual models show relatively large differences in projecting the linkage between the APO and the mid-level humidity and low-level divergence.

夏季亚洲—太平洋涛动与大气环流和季风降水

利用ERA-40再分析资料和数值模拟,分析了在亚洲—太平洋区域的大气遥相关以及与亚洲季风降水和西北太平洋热带气旋活动气候特征的关系,探讨了青藏高原加热和太平洋海表温度(SST)对遥相关的影响,结果表明:亚洲—太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation,APO)是夏季对流层扰动温度在亚洲与太平洋中纬度之间的一种"跷跷板"现象,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层偏冷时,中、东太平洋中纬度对流层偏暖,反之亦然;这种遥相关也出现在平流层中,只是其位相与对流层的相反。APO为研究亚洲与太平洋大气环流相互作用提供了一个途径。APO指数也是亚洲—太平洋对流层热力差异指数,它具有年际和年代际的多时间尺度变化特征,在1958—2001年亚洲与太平洋之间的对流层热力差异呈现出减弱趋势,同时也有显著的5.5a周期。APO形成可能与太阳辐射在亚洲陆地和太平洋的加热差异所造成的纬向垂直环流有关,数值模拟进一步表明:夏季青藏高原加热可以造成高原附近对流层温度升高、上升运动加强,太平洋下沉运动加强、温度下降,从而形成APO现象;而太平洋年代际涛动和赤道东太平洋的厄尔尼若现象对APO的影响可能较小。当夏季APO异常时,南亚高压、欧亚中纬度西风急流、南亚热带东风急流以及太平洋上空的副热带高压都出现显著变化,并伴随着亚洲季风降水及西北太平洋热带气旋活动异常。过去40多年来的长江中上游地区夏季变冷与APO有关,可能是全球大气环流年代际变化在该区域的一种反映。APO异常信号可以传播到南、北两极。此外,亚洲—太平洋之间的这种遥相关型也出现在其他季节。

秋季亚洲-太平洋涛动与中国近海热带气旋活动的关系

采用联合台风警报中心的台风最佳路径资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了秋季(9—10月)亚洲-太平洋涛动(APO)强度的年际变化与东亚-太平洋大气环流的关系,探讨了APO与西北太平洋和中国近海热带气旋(TC)活动的关系。结果表明:秋季APO年际变化与同期西北太平洋和中国近海TC活动关系紧密,即当APO偏强(弱),西北太平洋TC活跃区明显偏西(东),中国近海TC偏多(少);APO可以通过影响中国近海对流层纬向风垂直切变、低层辐合和对流层中层引导气流等,从而影响西北太平洋和中国近海TC活动;当APO偏强(弱)时,东亚大槽偏弱(强),东亚冬季风偏弱(强),使得侵入中国近海和热带西北太平洋的冷空气活动偏弱(强),有(不)利于这些海域TC的生成和发展;此外,在APO偏强时,西太平洋副热带高压脊偏西,其南侧偏东气流加强,有利于TC在偏强的偏东气流引导下向西移动或者其转向点偏西;而在APO弱年,副热带高压脊偏弱和偏东,偏东引导气流减弱,不利于TC西行或有利于其转向点偏东。

亚洲—太平洋涛动研究进展

一直以来,夏季北半球(特别是亚洲—太平洋区域)的遥相关及其对区域气候的影响都是大气科学关注的热点之一,最近针对亚洲与太平洋之间的大气遥相关取得了新进展,特别是关于亚洲—太平洋涛动(APO,Asian-Pacific Oscillation)的一系列研究,系统地揭示了亚洲—太平洋之间大气的联系以及对大气环流、季风降水和气旋活动的影响,讨论了亚洲—太平洋涛动的影响因子及其作用机理。这些研究表明APO是亚太地区大气系统一种独立的基本振荡特征,普遍存在于各个季节,但其结构和性质有所不同,APO起到了联系太平洋和亚洲大陆大气环流的重要作用。夏季APO与太平洋年代际涛动(PDO)和ENSO关系密切,对东亚地区的降水也有重要的影响。总结了APO研究的最新进展,试图促进对亚洲—太平洋海陆气耦合关系及其气候效应的认识,进一步推动亚洲—太平洋区域气候研究工作及其成果在气候诊断和预测中的应用。

一种风暴轴逐日监测的方法及应用

提出了一种风暴轴逐日监测的方法,可以获得逐日的风暴轴变化情况。并且采用了动态阈值定义了新的风暴轴的强度和位置指数,从而可以有效对比不同层次、不同区域、不同时间的风暴轴变化情况。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料进行了监测结果的诊断分析。结果表明：各气象要素滤波结果都能表现出两个风暴轴主体,但有位置上的差别。同时可以利用逐日检测的结果求得逐候、逐月的风暴轴监测结果。在不同高度的风暴轴中,250~300 h Pa高度的风暴轴强度最大,850 h Pa有极小值出现,各层风暴轴强度呈现准正压结构。采用500 h Pa高度场风暴轴监测结果做代表,讨论了两大洋上各自的风暴轴偏强/偏弱、偏东/偏西、偏北/偏南时同期大气环流的500 h Pa高度场和300 h Pa纬向风场差异。

夏季亚洲-太平洋遥相关季节演变与大气环流和降水

利用1981—2007年逐日大气再分析资料和降水资料以及统计分析方法,研究了夏季(5—9月)亚洲与太平洋区域的大气遥相关,并分析了其季节演变与夏季亚洲-太平洋大气环流和亚洲季风区降水的联系。结果表明:在5—9月逐日对流层上层扰动温度场上,亚洲与北太平洋中纬度存在着类似于亚洲-太平洋涛动的遥相关现象,即在季节尺度上,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层上层偏暖时,北太平洋中纬度对流层上层偏冷,反之亦然;亚洲与太平洋对流层上层温度的反位相变化特征也出现在对流层中下层和平流层低层。亚洲-太平洋涛动指数不仅可以指示夏季亚洲与太平洋中纬度纬向热力差异的变化特征,也可以较好地指示亚洲与热带印度洋经向热力差异的变化特征。亚洲-太平洋涛动指数最大值常出现在7月中旬到8月初,并且从1981年到2007年该最大值出现时间有偏早趋势。当夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动指数偏高(低)时,亚洲大陆上空的南亚高压和其下方的亚洲大陆低压系统偏强(弱),太平洋副热带高压偏强(弱)并偏北(南),亚洲—非洲上空的热带东风急流和低层的西南风偏强(弱),从印度到中国华南的广大地区、中国华北以及东北亚等地降水偏多(少)。

大气对南极冰异常的遥响应及其季节内振荡

运用ＩＡＰＡＧＣＭ模式证实了大气对南极冰异常的强迫遥响应是激发产生全球大气季节内振荡的重要机制，进而着重考察了候平均偏差结果的时间序列，并且通过带通滤波处理，特别分析了响应场中３０～６０ｄ低频振荡的特征及其活动。通过分析发现：大气对南极冰减退的响应是一种具有３０～６０ｄ周期的低频遥响应，并呈现出清楚的二维Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波列特征；强迫场中的３０～６０ｄ季节内振荡具有着同实际大气中的低频振荡相类似的垂直结构和传播特征。大气响应场中３０～６０ｄ振荡能量在垂直方向上随高度的增加而增加，在纬向上表现出明显的区域性特征，即季节内振荡的最大动能区（由于ＣＩＳＫ机制）分布在大洋内；ＥＵＰ，ＰＮＡ，ＡＳＡ和ＲＳＡ波列可能是全球大气低频扰动传播的主要路径，３０～６０ｄ低频扰动在波列路径上的传播具有很大的一致性和系统性，从而使中高纬和热带地区、以及南北半球的３０～６０ｄ大气振荡相互联系起来，而且可以认为，赤道中太平洋和赤道中大西洋地区是南北半球３０～６０ｄ低频振荡间相互作用和相互联系的重要通道。