蜘蛛抱蛋属Aspidistra Ker-Gawl.植物的初步研究

自1822年Ker-Gawl.首次发表了蜘蛛抱蛋属Aspidistra广东蜘蛛抱蛋Aspidistra. lurida Ker-Gawl.以来,国内外不断有新种的发现,物种数迅速增长,目前该属植物物种数已达到157种,我国分布105种,其中16种为记载药用植物。本文综合分析了蜘蛛抱蛋属植物物种的种类与分布,理清了该属植物的药用种类及其资源价值,可为该属植物的科研及其在医药、生态园林等方面的应用提供参考。

Comparison of polysaccharides from 10 species of genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum

Background:The genera Paris,Trillium,Aspidistra,and Polygonatum originally belonged to the family Liliaceae;however,recently,in the APG system,the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra were placed in the family Asparagaceae and the genera Paris and Trillium were placed in the family Melanthiaceae.Methods:To study the application of polysaccharide chemotaxonomy in Asparagaceae and Melanthiaceae,we extracted polysaccharides from the rhizomes of plants,including Paris polyphylla var.yunnanensis,Paris daliensis,Paris polyphylla var.chinensis,Trillium tschonoskii,Aspidistra elatior,Aspidistra sichuanensis,Aspidistra caespitosa,Polygonatum sibiricum,Polygonatum cyrtonema,and Polygonatum kingianum.Physicochemical and structural characterization of these polysaccharides was performed using molecular weight,monosaccharide composition,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,and scanning electron microscopy.The immunomodulatory activities were evaluated using the macrophage cell line,RAW264.7.Results:In this study,we found that the polysaccharides from the genus Polygonatum and Aspidistra were mainly comprised of fructose and glucose;the molecular weights were mostly concentrated between 4.6-6.2 kDa.The polysaccharides from species of genus Polygonatum differed in that they contained acetyl groups,while polysaccharides from species of genus Aspidistra did not.Paris and Trillium species polysaccharides mainly consisted of glucose and mannose;the molecular weights of the two major peaks were 6.3-13 kDa and 1-1.5 kDa,respectively;the main differences between polysaccharides were the ratio of glucose and mannose and the degree of branching.These results suggest that fructans might be the main feature of the family Asparagaceae and fructans with acetyl groups might be the main feature of the genus Polygonatum which is consistent with the results of previous studies.Additionally,all polysaccharides from the 10 plants promoted phagocytic activity.Some of them exhibited strong activity,including nitrogen monoxide release and TNF-αsecretion by RAW264.7 macrophages,indicating that they could be used as potential immunomodulatory agents.Conclusion:The molecular weight distribution,monosaccharide composition,and surface morphology of the polysaccharides of the Polygonatum and Aspidistra plants were similar,while those of Paris and Trillium plants were similar.These results support the APG classification system,which placed the genera Polygonatum and Aspidistra in the Asparagaceae family and placed the genera Paris and Trillium in the Melanthiaceae family.

竹节伸筋饮片质量标准研究

目的:基于2010年版《湖南省中药饮片炮制规范》优化竹节伸筋饮片质量标准。方法:以收集的样本复核原标准中性状和理化鉴别;采用电子显微镜观察横截面和粉末鉴别特征;参照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》标准测定水分、总灰分和醇溶性浸出物的含量。结果:性状鉴别和理化鉴别均沿用原标准。横截面鉴别中,未见原标准所述“外韧型维管束”。新增粉末鉴别,特征结构含针晶束、非腺毛、网纹导管等。新增水分、灰分及醇浸出物限量值,并推荐限量值分别为不得过12%、不得过7.0%及不得少于28.0%。结论:该质量标准在原标准上有较大提升,能够更为全面地控制竹节伸筋饮片的质量。

不同遮荫条件和栽培基质对蜘蛛抱蛋属植物光合作用的影响

以蜘蛛抱蛋属植物为试材,采用分光光度法测其叶绿素含量,研究了不同遮荫条件和栽培基质对蜘蛛抱蛋属植物光合作用的影响,以期为蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的栽培提供参考依据。结果表明:在遮荫率为98%条件下,采用JZ1或JZ4栽培基质(沙∶黄土∶营养土=1∶1∶1或1∶2∶1)进行种植时,有利于提高蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的光合作用,提升该属植物叶片的观赏价值。遮荫率为84%条件下,蜘蛛抱蛋属植物叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量以及类胡萝卜素含量的平均值分别为131.66、67.72、200.39、33.37 mg·g^(-1);遮荫率为98%条件下,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总含量以及类胡萝卜素含量的平均值分别为164.81、87.88、252.41、34.08 mg·g^(-1)。在遮荫率为98%条件下,采用JZ1和JZ4栽培基质时,蜘蛛抱蛋属植物叶片叶绿素总含量最高,分别为279.13 mg·g^(-1)和277.50 mg·g^(-1);采用栽培基质JZ3和JZ5时,类胡萝卜素含量最高,分别为38.54 mg·g^(-1)和38.25 mg·g^(-1)。

基于流式细胞术的蜘蛛抱蛋属植物倍性检测和核DNA含量测定体系的建立

为建立适用于蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的倍性检测及其核DNA含量的流式细胞术方法,以蜘蛛抱蛋属植物成熟叶片为材料,比较了WPB解离液、LB01解离液、Galbraith’s解离液以及改良Galbraith’s解离液制备的细胞核悬液的效果。结果表明:改良Galbraith’s解离液能够更广泛地适用于蜘蛛抱蛋属植物成熟叶片的细胞核悬液的制备且效果较好。利用改良Galbraith’s解离液对12种13个居群的蜘蛛抱蛋属植物进行倍性检测,并通过染色体制片计数法进行验证。结果表明:12种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的DNA含量的荧光强度峰值范围为1753078.81~5817826.99。其中,11种二倍体植物的峰值范围为1753078.81~2937690.80,四倍体辐花蜘蛛抱蛋的峰值为3892503.69,六倍体泰国蜘蛛抱蛋的峰值为5817826.99。此外,以葱为内标,对以上蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的核DNA含量进行测定和估算,首次估测了11种蜘蛛抱蛋植物的核DNA含量,蜘蛛抱蛋的DNA含量与已有报道的结果相近。其中,二倍体植物的核DNA含量为14.16~18.73 Gb;四倍体辐花蜘蛛抱蛋的核DNA含量为28.33 Gb;六倍体泰国蜘蛛抱蛋的核DNA含量为43.03 Gb。结果可为蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的遗传育种研究、全基因组研究以及喀斯特植物的起源与演化研究提供重要科学依据。

Classification of Guizhou Aspidistra Plants by Near-infrared Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy

[Objective] This study was conducted to establish a near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy of Guizhou Aspidistra plants. [Method] Twenty three batch- es of Guizhou Aspidistra plants including A. chishuiensis, A. spinula, A. Caespitosa, A. sichuanensis, A. ebianensis, A. retusa, A. guizhouensis and A. liboensis were subjected to drying, pulverization and sieving and then directly determined for near- infrared reflectance spectrums; and the plants in this genus were classified by clus- ter analysis and principal component analysis （PCA）. [Result] The near-infrared re- flectance spectrums of the 23 batches of Guizhou Aspidistra plants showed very high similarity. The spectrums were processed by first derivative method, and the spectral range of 4 000-7 500 cm-1 was selected as the analytical range. Cluster analysis and PCA were employed to mass spectrum variables of plants in Aspidis- tra, fewer new variables became the linear combination of primary variables, and small differences between different varieties were enlarged, thereby facilitating intu- itive classification of plants in this genus. [Conclusion] Near-infrared diffuse re- flectance spectroscopy is nondestructive and rapid for determination of solid sam- pies, and provides a new method for the classification of Guizhou Aspidistra plants combined by information processing techniques.

广西蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra retusa)的传粉生物学研究

蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的花部结构丰富多样,且常常贴地表开花,但其传粉生物学研究鲜有报道。广西蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra retusa)是广西特有植物,为揭示该物种的自然传粉机制,在蜘蛛抱蛋属世界分布和分化中心的广西境内,开展了广西蜘蛛抱蛋开花物候、访花昆虫及繁育系统的野外观测研究。结果表明:广西蜘蛛抱蛋的花部结构中雄蕊高于雌蕊,但自交不亲和,为异花传粉;双翅目瘿蚊属成虫(Cecidomyia sp.,Cecidomyiidae,Diptera)为其专性传粉者,作为回报,广西蜘蛛抱蛋为瘿蚊提供理想的交配场所,同时提供大量的花粉供雌瘿蚊取食以补充生殖所需能量,并为受精卵的孵化以及幼虫的发育提供舒适的环境。该研究用实地现场观察第一手数据验证了前人有关蜘蛛抱蛋属植物瘿蚊传粉的推测,为中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物传粉生物学研究的首次报道,然而蜘蛛抱蛋属植物花部结构极具多样性,应存在更多样的传粉方式,还有待更深入的调查研究。

蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra elatior)炭疽病病原菌的分离与鉴定

为明确蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra elatior)炭疽病病原菌的种类,本研究对采集的炭疽病样本进行分离纯化培养,得到1株蜘蛛抱蛋炭疽病病原真菌YYL,采用针刺回接实验测定其致病性,并在形态学鉴定基础上,克隆其ITS、ACT、GAPDH和CAL片段进行多基因联合鉴定。结果表明,该病原菌具有较强致病性,其菌落、菌丝和分生孢子形态符合百合炭疽菌(Colletotrichum lilii)的特征,且与百合炭疽菌相似度最高,其ITS和ACT序列与百合炭疽菌完全一致。综合形态学特征和分子生物学鉴定结果,确定引起蜘蛛抱蛋炭疽病的病原菌为百合炭疽菌。

Two new steroidal glucosides from Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl

Two new steroidal glucosides, 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl （25S）-furost-5-ene-1β,3β,22α,26-tetraol l-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl- （1 → 3）-[α-h-rhamnopyranosyl-（1 → 2）]-[β-D-fueopyranoside and （25R） spirost-5-ene-3β,14α-diol-3-β-O-β-L-rhanmopyranosyl- （1 → 2）-[β-D-xylopyranosyl（1 → 4）]-[-β-D-glucopyranoside, were isolated from the Ophiopogon japonicus （L.f.） Ker-Gaw. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

RAPD analysis on the four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl

In this study, we used RAPD to analyze four kinds of color-flowered Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl, and the optimal RAPD reaction conditions were the optimal reaction mixture （25 μL total volume） that contained 2.0 μL 10×buffer, 0.45 mmol·L^-1 dNTPs, 2.0 mmol· L^-1 Mg^2＋, 2 U Taq DNA polymerase, 0.30 umol·L^-2 primer and 40 ng genomic DNA. Total 84 bands were amplified from 12 primers used, and the differential bands had 28 bands, which was 33% of total bands. In cluster group analysis, the four kinds of color-flowered were divided into two styles. One style is that the red color and red-white color were grouped together, then they grouped with purple color into one cluster, and the white color was another style.

A New Furospirostanol Saponin,Ophiofurospiside B from Ophiopogon japonicus(Thunb.) Ker-Gawl

Introduction The tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus （ L. f） Ker- Gawl, which is a Chinese traditional medicine named ＂maidong＂ have been recorded to have various medical functions for curing cardiovascular diseases and bacterial infections, especially heart diseases. Phytochemical studies on this plant were reported previously. In search of new and bioactive components from Chinese traditional medicines, the tubers of Ophiopogon japonicus have been investigated in this study. The present paper article covers the isolation and structure elucidation of a new furospirostanol saponin, namely, Ophiofurospiside B （compound 1 ） and two known steroidal saponins （ compounds 2 and 3）.

Screening of Effective Fractions for Antitussive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Miao Medicine Aspidistra caespitosa

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects of Miao medicine Aspidistra caespitosa C.Pei.[Methods]A mouse cough model was made by the SO 2 cough induction method,and the antitussive effects of different extraction fractions of A.caespitosa were observed.The inflammation models of acute inflammatory ear swelling in mice caused by xylene,granuloma in mice caused by cotton balls,and footpad swelling in mice caused by carrageenan were made,and the different extraction fractions were used to observe the effects of different extraction fractions on mouse ear swelling,granuloma and footpad swelling.And the levels of interleukin 6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-a)in the serum of different groups of mice were detected to screen out the extraction fractions of A.caespitosa with good antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity.[Results]Antitussive experiments on mice showed that the water layer extraction fraction,ethyl acetate extraction fraction and petroleum ether extraction fraction of Miao medicine A.caespitosa could prolong the incubation period of cough in mice and reduce the number of coughs within 2 min to varying degrees,and its different extraction fractions all had different inhibitory effects on mouse ear swelling,granuloma and footpad swelling.Compared with the blank control group,the different extraction fractions could reduce IL-6,TNF-a and other indicators to different degrees.[Conclusions]Ethyl acetate extraction fraction of A.caespitosa has good antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects.

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属的细胞分类学研究Ⅱ

报道了 11种蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的染色体数目和核型。结果如下 :伞柱蜘蛛抱蛋 ** ,2 n=36 =2 0 m+6 sm(2 sat) +10 st,属 2 C型 ;辐花蜘蛛抱蛋 ** ,2 n=38=2 2 m+6 sm(2 sat) +10 st,属 2 C型 ;棒蕊蜘蛛抱蛋 **,2 n =36 =18m +8sm (2 sat) +10 st,属 2 C型 ;柳江蜘蛛抱蛋 **,2 n=38=2 0 m +6 sm(2 sat) +12 st,属 2 C型 ;小花蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=38=16 m +4sm +8st (2 sat) +10 t,属 3C型 ;线叶蜘蛛抱蛋 ** ,2 n=36 =2 0 m(2 sat) +16 st,属 2 C型 ;罗甸蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=38=16 m+6 sm(2 sat) +16 st,属 2 C型 ;四川蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=38=2 4 m +4sm+10 st (2 sat) ,属 2 C型 ;广东蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=36 =18m +2 sm(2 sat) +16 st,属 2 C型 ;洞生蜘蛛抱蛋 **,2 n=36 =18m +2 sm(2 sat) +14st+2 t,属 2 C型 ;大花蜘蛛抱蛋 ,2 n=36 =16 m+6 sm(2 sat) +14st,属 3C型。其中棒蕊蜘蛛抱蛋、柳江蜘蛛抱蛋、线叶蜘蛛抱蛋和洞生蜘蛛抱蛋的染色体数目和核型以及广东蜘蛛抱蛋的核型均为首次报道。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属一新记录种——合瓣蜘蛛抱蛋

首次报道中国蜘蛛抱蛋属一新记录种——合瓣蜘蛛抱蛋Aspidistra connata H.-J.Tillich,该种与辐花蜘蛛抱蛋A.subrotata Y.Wanet C.C.Huang相似,但叶片长椭圆形至长卵状椭圆形,花被顶端8～10裂,裂片线形,顶端联合不分开,形成一个笼状包围着雌蕊可与后者区别。凭证标本存放于广西植物标本馆(IBK)。

贵州产蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的细胞分类学研究

报道了6种贵州产蜘蛛抱蛋属植物的染色体数目和核型,并与其相应近缘种对比,联系植物的外部形态特征,探讨核型结构与形态特征的相关性。发现1个种的染色体数目为2n=36,5个种的染色体数目为2n=38,核型公式分别为:平塘蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra pingtangensis),2n=38=20m+4sm(2sat)+14st;荔波蜘蛛抱蛋(A.liboensis),2n=38=22m(2sat)+4sm+12st;赤水蜘蛛抱蛋(A.chishuiensis),2n=38=22m(2sat)+8sm+8st;伞柱蜘蛛抱蛋(A.fungilliformis),2n=36=18m(2sat)+4sm+14st;四川蜘蛛抱蛋(A.sichuanen-sis),2n=38=22m(2sat)+4sm+12st;丛生蜘蛛抱蛋(A.caespitosa),2n=38=20m+6sm(2sat)+12st。核型类型都为2C型。其中平塘蜘蛛抱蛋、荔波蜘蛛抱蛋和赤水蜘蛛抱蛋的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。研究结果表明,该属植物的核型结构与外部形态特征具有一定的相关性,细胞分类学研究可以为该属植物起源进化研究以及自然分类鉴定提供一定的依据。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属二新记录种

首次报道了黄瓣蜘蛛抱蛋(Aspidistra lutea H.-J.Tillich)和吉婆岛蜘蛛抱蛋(A.arnautovii H.-J.Tillich)在中国的分布。这两种植物分别被发现于广西西南部的靖西县、龙州县。文中提供了形态学描述和图片。凭证标本存放于广西植物标本馆(IBK)。

蜘蛛抱蛋和长梗蜘蛛抱蛋的核型研究

对蜘蛛抱蛋 (AspidistraelatiorBl)和长梗蜘蛛抱蛋 (AspidistralongipedunculataD .Fang)的核型进行了分析 ,结果如下 :体细胞染色体数目均为 2n =36 ;前者核型公式为 2n =36 =16m +4sm +12st(2sat) +4t,核型为二型性 ,核型类别属于 2C ;后者核型公式为 2n =36 =2 0m(2sat) +2sm +14st,为二型性 ,类别为

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属一新记录种——两色蜘蛛抱蛋

报道了中国蜘蛛抱蛋属一新记录种———两色蜘蛛抱蛋。该种原产于越南,在中国为首次记录。本文对该种的特征进行了详细描述,尤其是对该种的花果期和果实的特征进行了重新描述和补充。凭证标本存放于广西植物研究所标本馆(IBK)。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物营养器官的解剖学研究

首次对中国蜘蛛抱蛋属 9种植物的营养器官进行了解剖学研究。结果表明 :该属 9种植物的解剖结构基本相同。根和根状茎都由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成。根表皮下有单层薄壁细胞 ;内、外皮层均为一层五面加厚的厚壁细胞 ,内皮层外切向壁薄 ,呈马蹄形 ,外皮层内切向壁薄而外切向壁特别加厚 ,并栓质化 ,在横切面上形成一明显的厚壁组织环带 ;根为多原形。根状茎有明显的内皮层 ,周木维管束散生于维管柱的基本组织中 ;具有次生结构 ,次生保护组织为周皮。叶为等面叶 ,具有C4植物结构特征 ;气孔在上、下表皮均有分布 ,保卫细胞肾形 ,属四轮列型。该属植物的解剖结构与其生态环境相适应 ,体现了结构与功能的统一。

中国蜘蛛抱蛋属植物分布及生境特点的研究

从植物区系分布分析着手 ,重点阐述了国产蜘蛛抱蛋属植物所在各种植被类型及其生境特点。现知全世界该属植物约有 50种 ,中国产 4 7种 (占该属种数的 94 % ) ,其中特有种 4 5种 (占该属种数的 90 % )。主要分布于中国长江以南尤其广西的 5个天然植被型 8个植被亚型中 ,特别在季雨林和常绿阔叶林中的种类最为丰富 (约 2 3种 )。它们是群落组成中一个不固定的成员 ,对环境中的荫闭度、湿度和土壤条件有着严格的要求。天然林的变化直接影响到它们的生存和发展。因此 ,要保护好该属植物并使其发展 。